Term
|
Definition
| increased urea and creatinine in blood |
|
|
Term
| What does BUN stand for? What is it? |
|
Definition
| Blood Urea Nitrogen - principle product of protein metab excreted by kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-dehydration
-protein catabolism (starvation, prolonged exercise, infection, fever, steroids)
-decreased renal perfusion (shock, dehydration, CVD)
-obstructed urinary tract (also have CS: oliguria, anuria) |
|
|
Term
| What can cause decreased BUN? |
|
Definition
| chronic and end-stage liver disease, because liver synthesizes urea |
|
|
Term
| Azotemia falls into three categories. Name and describe them. |
|
Definition
PRE-RENAL
-decreased blood flow to kidney
-dehydration, V/D, blood loss, shock
RENAL
-ARF, actual kidney Dz
-only causes azotemia when 75% nephrons destroyed
POST-RENAL
-uroliths, other obstructions |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Once BUN and CREA are increased, these values can never go back to normal. |
|
Definition
| FALSE- values can rise from shock to system and then go back down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by metabolic breakdown of creatine in muscle tissue |
|
|
Term
| Creatinine is primarly cleared by ___. |
|
Definition
| the kidneys via glomerular filtration |
|
|
Term
| What does the body do with creatinine? |
|
Definition
| excrete in urine, little tubule reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| What can cause increased creatinine? |
|
Definition
-prolonged exercise
-rhabdomyolosis
-kidney Dz (only when 75% nephrons dead) |
|
|
Term
| Notes on uric acid in bird/reptiles: |
|
Definition
-end product of nitrogen breakdown in the kidneys
-preferred indicator of kidney function |
|
|
Term
| Notes on uric acid in mammals: |
|
Definition
-binds to albumin, passes through glomerulus, reabsorbed, converted to allantion, excreted in urine
-dalmations: decreased conversion to allantoin so they excrete uric acid in urine |
|
|
Term
| Water Deprivation / Urine Concentration Tests |
|
Definition
-gradual deprivation of water over 3-5 days until stimulation of endogenous ADH or vasopressin
-need 5% weight loss to trigger this release
-sufficient ADH: SG = 1.025
-failure to concentrate urine over test duration = insufficient ADH or tubular dysfunction
-may also test exogenous vasopressin
-not very commonly performed |
|
|
Term
| What is ADH? Another name for it? |
|
Definition
Anti-Diuretic Hormone, aka Vasopressin
-tells kidney to conserve water |
|
|
Term
| Dehydration is confirmed by what? |
|
Definition
-serum or plasma protein (TP)
-PCV
-BUN
-Urine SG
*all of these tests would be high |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the liver (from the PP): |
|
Definition
-metabolism of AAs, carbs, lipids
-synthesis of albumin, cholesterol, clotting factors
-digestion/absorption of nutrients related to bile formation
-secretion of bile and pigments
-elimination of toxins, catabolism of drugs |
|
|
Term
| What does bile help with? |
|
Definition
-emulsification of fats
-absorption of fatty acids and vitamins |
|
|
Term
| Name the bile pigments and their origins: |
|
Definition
-bilirubin from RBCs
-biliverdin from Hg |
|
|
Term
| Changes in liver values only occurs when... |
|
Definition
| there's severe injury to the hepatocytes (~75%) |
|
|
Term
| Three main types of liver function tests, and examples of each: |
|
Definition
ENZYME LEAKAGE
-ALT/AST
CHOLESTATIC
-ALP/GGT
OTHER
-Bilirubin
-Albumin/Globulin/A:G ratio
-Fibrinogen
-Bile acids
-Ammonia
-Cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What does ALT stand for? What was its former name and abbreviation? What is it? |
|
Definition
Alanine aminotransferase
fka SGPT (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase)
-liver specific enzyme
-signals hepatocellular damage in dogs, cats, primates
-insignificant amounts in large animal hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| Describe how long ALT rises, peaks, and goes back to normal: |
|
Definition
-rises 12 hrs
-peak 1-2 days
-decrease 2-3 weeks |
|
|
Term
| Why do we need to know the old names for liver enzymes? |
|
Definition
| some reference books still use old names |
|
|
Term
| What does AST stand for? What was its former name and abbreviation? What is it? |
|
Definition
Aspartate Aminotransferase
fka SGOT (serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase)
-NOT liver-specific enzyme (found in most tissues)
-^AST usually liver or muscle damage
-peaks and goes back to normal much faster than ALT |
|
|
Term
| Elevated AST can mean what? |
|
Definition
-liver damage
-muscle damage
-red cell hemolysis in sample |
|
|
Term
| What does CK/CPK stand for? What is it? |
|
Definition
Creatine Kinase / Creatine Phosphokinase
-specific for muscle (skeleton/cardiac) injury and necrosis
-one of most organ-specific tests, but cannot determine which muscle has been damaged |
|
|
Term
| Elevated CK / CPK can mean what? |
|
Definition
-IM injections
-persistent recumbency
-surgery
-vigorous exercise
-electric shock
-laceration
-bruising
-hypothermia
-myopathies
-significant restraint |
|
|
Term
| If CK is elevated but other liver enzymes are normal, that must mean... |
|
Definition
| muscle damage occured, liver is fine |
|
|
Term
^AST with ^CPK suggests:
^AST with normal CPK suggests: |
|
Definition
^AST/^CPK = muscle damage
^AST/normal CPK = hepatocellular injury or prior muscle injury (CPK already returned to normal) |
|
|
Term
| What does LD / LDH stand for? What is it? |
|
Definition
Lactate Dehydrogenase
-muscle injury
-NOT organ specific |
|
|
Term
| CPK values are often viewed in conjunction with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AST values are often viewed in conjunction with: |
|
Definition
| ALT; possibly LD/LDH as well |
|
|
Term
| What value would you look at to determine the liver function of a horse? Why? |
|
Definition
| SD / SDH because insignificant amounts of ALT in hepatocytes, and SD/SDH has highest concentration in liver |
|
|
Term
| What does SD / SDH stand for? What is it? |
|
Definition
Sorbitol dehydrogenase
-present in multiple organs but highest concentration in liver
-preferred assay to evaluate equine liver function
-SD/SDH is unstable- analyze within 12hrs of collection |
|
|
Term
| What does GD stand for? What is it? |
|
Definition
Glutamate dehydrogenase
-highly concentrated in liver of cattle, sheep, birds
-^GD = hepatic necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What is cholestasis? What are the two forms of it? |
|
Definition
-interruption or obstruction of bile flow or excretion
-Intrahepatic: within bile canaliculi and bile ducts of liver
-Extrahepatic: in gallbladder or common bile duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause cholestasis? |
|
Definition
-inflammation
-infection
-gall stones
-neoplasia |
|
|
Term
| What does ALP stand for? What is it? |
|
Definition
Alkatine phosphotase
-NOT liver-specific, but can help determine liver damage
-useful in cholestasis detection in dogs and cats
-not useful in large animals
-also produced in bone |
|
|
Term
| What can cause elevated ALP? |
|
Definition
-steroids
-pregnancy
-young animals forming bones
-Fx's
-arthritis, bone cancer |
|
|
Term
| What does GGT stand for? What is it? |
|
Definition
Gamma glutamyltransferase
-liver-specific enzyme
-^GGT in cholestasis
-excellent for horses, ruminants, swine, birds
-no advantage over ALP in dogs, cats |
|
|
Term
| What are the liver-specific enzymes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are muscle-specific enzymes? |
|
Definition
-CK/CPK
-LD/LDH (I think?) |
|
|
Term
| What is bilirubin? What are its two forms? What does it mean when each of these is elevated? |
|
Definition
-pigment of RBCs
Unconjugated/indirect/pre-hepatic:
-2/3 total bilirubin
-not water-soluble, binds to albumin, travels to liver
-^levels means impaired delivery to liver or impaired ability to conjugate it
Conjugated/direct:
-combines with sugars in liver to become water-soluble
-component of bile secreted by kidneys and in feces as urobilin
-always conjugated in kidneys unless renal damage
-^levels means jaundice or cholestasis |
|
|
Term
| How do we determine the levels of different types of bilirubin? |
|
Definition
| measure total bilirubin and conjugated bilirubin, subtract conj from total to get unconj |
|
|
Term
| If total bilirubin or unconjugted bilirubin is elevated, what does that mean? |
|
Definition
| usually means hemolysis (IMHA) or cirrhosis (because liver can't conjugate it anymore) |
|
|
Term
| Causes for impaired delivery of bilirubin to liver, or impaired ability to conjugate it? |
|
Definition
-delivery: decreased blood flow, bile stasis
-can't conj: hepatocyte destruction |
|
|
Term
| What gives feces its brown color? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is urine urobilinogen? |
|
Definition
-produced when bacteria from GIT act on bilirubin
-humans/dogs: amount will increase with liver Dz, decrease with obstructive problems |
|
|
Term
| What liver enzyme can be measured on a urine dip stick, but is not a great indicator of liver health? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are protein levels an indicator of liver function? |
|
Definition
| liver synthesizes tons of proteins normally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-refractometer
-chemical analysis |
|
|
Term
| Protein levels are helpful in determining: |
|
Definition
-coagulation abnormalities
-liver Dz
-renal Dz
-weight loss
-diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Albumin makes up what fraction of the body's serum concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is albumin? Its functions? What else affects its levels? |
|
Definition
-protein synthesized by liver
-transport and binding protein of blood
-maintains osmotic pressure of plasma
-affected by diet, renal Dz, intestinal absorption |
|
|
Term
| Liver damage does what to albumin levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the types of globulins, and what they are involved in: |
|
Definition
-alpha & beta: acute inflammation
-gamma = immunoglobulins |
|
|
Term
| Concentration of globulin = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause hyperglobulinemia? |
|
Definition
-infection
-inflammation
-near term pregnancy / egg-laying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What should the A:G ratio be for dogs? What other animals?
What should the A:G ratio be for cats? What other animals? |
|
Definition
A:G > 1 dogs, horses, sheep
A:G < or = 1 cats, cattle, pigs |
|
|
Term
| What might cause an altered A:G ratio? |
|
Definition
-fail of passive transfer: baby doesn't get enough/any immunoglobulins, so A:G > 1
-inflammation/antigens cause ^G, so A:G < 1 |
|
|
Term
| If both fractions of the A:G ratio are altered _____, the ratio will remain normal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is fibrinogen? What does it tell us about liver function? |
|
Definition
-synthesized by hepatocytes
-factor necessary for clotting, precursor of fibrin (clot protein)
-good indicator of inflammation before Ab response in LA
-^fibrinogen = acute inflammation or tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| How to estimate fibrinogen? (don't need to memorize all steps, but basic outline?) |
|
Definition
-centrifuge 2 HCT tubes
-one used for TP
-other incubated, centrifuged, subtract value from TP tube |
|
|
Term
| What test can indicate inflammation even before an AB response in LA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does cholesterol tell us about liver function? |
|
Definition
-liver is primary site of cholesterol synthesis
-decreased levels: end stage liver Dz
-increased levels: hypothyroidosis, DM, hepatic lipidosis, lactation |
|
|
Term
| What can cause increased cholesterol? What about decreased? |
|
Definition
INCREASED
-hypothyroidosis
-DM
-hepatic lipidosis
-lactation
DECREASED
-end stage liver Dz |
|
|
Term
| What happens to ammonia in the body? What does ammonia tell us about liver function? |
|
Definition
-converted in liver to urea and excreted by kidneys
-increased blood ammonia = reduced liver function |
|
|
Term
| How must blood be handled when evaluating ammonia levels? |
|
Definition
-stored on ice
-refrigerated centrifuge
-we'll probably never do this |
|
|
Term
| What are bile acids? What do they tell us about liver function? |
|
Definition
-bile recycled via enterohepatic recirculation for efficient digestion
-bile stored in gall bladder, recirculated 3-5x after every meal
-normal levels should be low
-increased = liver function impairment or cholestasis
-decreased = prolonged fasting, malabsorption, diarrhea
-take pre-prandial, post-prandial test |
|
|
Term
| How to perform bile acids test? |
|
Definition
-pre-prandial and post-prandial test (except horses)
-not effective in bovids
-not specific for underlying Dz, just indicates there's something wrong |
|
|
Term
| What % of pancreatic tissue is endocrine? What % is exocrine? What are these tissues called? |
|
Definition
Endo: 1% - Islets of Langerhans
Exo: 99% - acinar cells |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine functions of the pancreas: |
|
Definition
---produce hormones insulin and glucagon
-insulin decreases blood glucose
-glucagon increases blood glucose
-DM = insulin deficiency = most common endocrine disorder of pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Exocrine functions of the pancreas: |
|
Definition
--produce bicarbonate and digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, trypsin
-pancreatitis = most common pancreatic dysfunction; more in dogs than cats |
|
|
Term
| Most common exocrine disorder of pancreas? Most common endocrine? |
|
Definition
Exo: pancreatitis
Endo: Diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Term
| Glucosuria can also be called ____. Define it: |
|
Definition
-glycosuria
-glucose exceeds tubule resorption threshold |
|
|
Term
| How to diagnose Diabetes mellitus? |
|
Definition
| glycosuria + hyperglycemia |
|
|
Term
| How to test for glycosuria? |
|
Definition
-better to use reagent sticks specific for measuring glucose (Clinistix, Chemstrip) with a morning sample
-false pos with some drugs |
|
|
Term
| What can cause hyperglycemia? Why? |
|
Definition
| -Diabetes mellitus: insulin deficient, can't decrease blood glucose -stress: catecholamines like epi promote breakdown of glycogen in hepatocytes -Cushing's: insulin resistance |
|
|
Term
| What can cause hypoglycemia? Why? |
|
Definition
-insulinoma: tumor causes ^insulin production
-malabsorption: not absorbing sugars properly
-liver Dz: can't break down glycogen
-not separating sample: RBCs use glucose for energy; 10% decrease per hour |
|
|
Term
| How to test blood glucose? |
|
Definition
Glucose Tolerance Test
-challenge pancreas with sugar to gauge response
1. fast, sample
2. infuse glucose
3. serial samples (eg every 10 min)
4. chart glucose curve |
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic function is determined by serial testing of ___ in conjunction with ___. |
|
Definition
| serial testing of amylase in conjunction with lipase |
|
|
Term
| Name the pancreatic enzymes and their function: |
|
Definition
amylase: starch > glucose
lipase: lipids > long-chain fatty acids
trypsin: proteins > AAs |
|
|
Term
| Describe what happens in pancreatitis: |
|
Definition
| -digestive enzymes within acinar cells become activated, resulting in autodigestion |
|
|
Term
| Pancreatitic inflammation can extend to surrounding organs and lead to: |
|
Definition
| -liver damage -pulmonary edema -kidney damage -cardiomyopathy -DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disseminated intravascular coagulation |
|
|
Term
| Pancreatitis is an _____ condition, but some predisposing factors include: |
|
Definition
idiopathic condition predisposed by:
-low protein / high fat diet
-obesity
-high triglyceride breeds: Siamese, Shetland, Briard, Mini Schnauzer
-blunt-force trauma (HBC, fall)
-more common in spayed female dogs and male cats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-vomiting in dogs
-abdominal pain (upper right quadrant)
-depression
-anorexia
-fever
-diarrhea
-shock/collapse |
|
|
Term
| Clinical pathology of pancreatitis: what do you see in lab tests? |
|
Definition
-elevated WBC with toxic left shift = most common
-elevated PCV from dehydration
-anemia common after rehydration in cats
-icteric/lipemic plasma
-elevated or normal lipase/amylase (not reliable) |
|
|
Term
| Increased levels of amylase and lipase: |
|
Definition
-acute, chronic, obstructive pancreatitis
-lipase more consistently elevated than amylase, but may be normal anyway in pancreatitis pt
-if both elevated, dog isn't azotemic, and isn't on steroids, pancreatitis is likely |
|
|
Term
| What can caused increased amylase and lipase, aside from pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
-azotemia
-steroids
-Cushings
-liver/kidney problems |
|
|
Term
| What could cause amylase/lipase levels to decrease? |
|
Definition
| pancreas inflammation can lead to pancreatic tissue being replaced with connective tissue; no longer functional and can't produce enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What does TLI stand for? What is it? |
|
Definition
-Trypsin-Like Immunoreactivity
-specific for for EPI (Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency)
-test of choice for dogs |
|
|
Term
| What can cause increased levels of trypsin? |
|
Definition
-acute and chronic pancreatitis, but have inconsistent results
-pancreatic injury releases trypsin into blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-k9/feline panreatic lipase
-better tests for acute/chronic pancreatitis than TLI (trypsin-like immunoreactivity) which tests for EPI |
|
|
Term
| The endocrine system includes what organs? |
|
Definition
-hypothalamus
-pituitary gland
-anterior pituitary
-posterior pituitary
-thyroid
-parathyroid
-adrenal
-pancreas
-gonads |
|
|
Term
| Hormones the AP produces: |
|
Definition
-TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
-ACTH (adenocorticotropic hormone) |
|
|
Term
| What does ACTH stand for? Where is it produced? What does it stimulate? |
|
Definition
-adenocorticotropic hormone
-from the AP
-stimulates adrenal hormone release |
|
|
Term
| What does TSH stand for? Where is it produced? What does it stimulate? |
|
Definition
-thyroid stimulating hormone
-from the AP
-stimulates thyroid hormone release |
|
|
Term
| Hormones the PP produces: |
|
Definition
| -ADH (anti-diuretic hormone, vasopressin) |
|
|
Term
| What does ADH stand for? What else is it called? Where is it produced? What is it? |
|
Definition
-anti-diuretic hormone, aka vasopressin
-from the PP
-concentrates urine by causing kidneys to conserve and reabsorb water |
|
|
Term
| The thyroid gland regulates production of what hormones? Give names, abbreviations, and functions. |
|
Definition
-T3 (triiodothyronine): active form of hormone responsible for metabolism and growth
-T4 (thyroxin): storage form of hormone responsible for metabolism and growth
-Calcitonin: regulates Ca:Phos levels; is released when blood calcium is too high ("tones down the blood calcium" |
|
|
Term
| Hormone produced by the parathyroid? What is its function? |
|
Definition
| PTH (parathormone): regulates Ca:Phos levels; is released when blood calcium is too low |
|
|
Term
| Serum levels of what thyroid hormone do not decline in early or mild hypothyroidism? What is the significance of this? |
|
Definition
-T3 (triiodothyronine)
-thus T3 levels not correlated well with clinical Dz |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-measure T4 levels before and after administering T3
-hyperthyroid cats will have little change in T4 levels
-rarely done |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-baseline measure of resting thyroid
-includes bound and unbound T4
-T4 can be affected by other Dz's
-single high or low level not indicative of hypo/hyperthyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-measures T4 not bound to protein
-indicated for detection of feline hyperthyroidism when total T4 normal or slightly increased
-less sensitive to medications or Dz processes than total T4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-detects lack of negative feedback on pituitary/hypothalamus
-should measure in conjunction with total T4, free T4
-elevated TSH in ~75% hypothyroid dogs |
|
|
Term
| What does TRH stand for? What is it? |
|
Definition
-thyrotropin releasing hormone
-stimulates the release of TSH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-measures total T4 before and after IV TRH
-indicates hyperthyroidism if T4 fails to increase by 50% |
|
|
Term
| Hypothyroidism- who gets it? What clin path findings do we have with it? |
|
Definition
-common in dogs
-iatrogenic in cats following hyperthyroid treatment
-increased TSH, decreased total and free T4 |
|
|
Term
| Hyperthyroidism- who gets it? What clin path findings do we have with it? |
|
Definition
-most common in older cats
-polycythemia and ^ALT/AST and Alk Phos in ~50% affected cats
-increased creatinine
-often accompanied by DM
-increased total T4
OR if total T4 normal, ^free T4, T3 suppression test = little/no change in T4, TRH stimulation test = failure to increase T4 by 50% |
|
|
Term
| Function of the adrenal glands: |
|
Definition
| -produce steroid hormones like cortisol, which is important in stress response |
|
|
Term
| Describe the feedback loop associated with the adrenal glands: |
|
Definition
-CNS triggers hypothalamus to release CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)
-CRH tells pituitary to release ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
-ACTH stimulates adrenals to release cortisol |
|
|
Term
| What does CRH stand for? From where is it released? What does it do? |
|
Definition
-Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
-released by hypothalamus
-tells pituitary gland to release ACTH |
|
|
Term
| ACTH stimulates ____ to release ____. |
|
Definition
| ACTH stimulates adrenals to release cortisol |
|
|
Term
| Addison's Dz is also called: |
|
Definition
| Primary Hypoadrenocorticism |
|
|
Term
| Define Addison's Dz, including what can cause it: |
|
Definition
-gradual destruction of adrenal gland by the body's own immune system OR by:
-adrenal tumor
-hemorrhage
-infarction
-iatrogenic (overdose of mitotane from Cushing's Tx) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug used to treat Cushing's, aka hyperadrenocorticism |
|
|
Term
| Primary vs Secondary Hypoadrenocorticism |
|
Definition
-Primary = Addison's, gradual destruction of adrenals
-Secondary = decreased production of ACTH |
|
|
Term
| Describe what is secondary hypoadrenocorticism: |
|
Definition
-decreased production of ACTH
-leads to glucocorticoid deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What can cause secondary hypoadrenocorticism? |
|
Definition
-iatrogenic Addison's from sudden termination of prolonged or high dose glucocorticoids = most common cause
-lesion destroying hypothalamus or pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-depression, lethargy, weight loss, GI upset, PU/PD, shaking/shivering
-signs come and go until in crisis |
|
|
Term
| Clin Path findings of Addison's: |
|
Definition
-Leukogram: eosinophilia, lymphocytosis
-^BUN/^CREA common bc of dehydration from PU
-hyponatremia, hyperkalemia
-low SG (dilute urine) |
|
|
Term
| Cushing's Dz is also called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Cushing's? What can cause it? |
|
Definition
-excess glucocorticoids in system
-pituitary tumor (adrenocortical hyperplasia)
-adrenal tumor
-excessive/prolonged exogenous steroids = iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosing Cushing's or Addison's: |
|
Definition
1. get baseline blood cortisol
2. Dexamethasone Suppression Test
--low dose screens for Cushing's (both pituitary and adrenal dependent)
--high dose distinguishes pituitary and adrenal dependent Cushing's (adrenal tumor = no suppression of cortisol)
3. ACTH Stimulation Test
--distinguishes between primary and secondary Addison's
--primary: ^cortisol
--secondary: no/little response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cation = positive ion
anion = negative ion |
|
|
Term
| What is the predominant extracellular cation? What is the predominant extracellular anion? |
|
Definition
cation: sodium (Na+)
anion: chloride (Cl-) |
|
|
Term
| Sodium: how is it abbreviated? what's its function as an electrolyte? what can cause hyponatremia? |
|
Definition
Na+
-predominant extracellular cation
-major contributer to maintaining effective osmolality
-hyponatremia from renal failure, V/D |
|
|
Term
| Chloride: how is it abbreviated? what's its function as an electrolyte? what can cause hypochloremia? what can cause hyperchloremia? |
|
Definition
Cl-
-predominant extracellular anion
-major contributor to maintaining effective osmolality
-maintains electro-neutrality for Na
-hypochloremia: vomiting, anorexia/malnutrition, diabetes in sipidus
-hyperchloremia: acidosis |
|
|
Term
| Dexamethasone Suppression Test |
|
Definition
-dexamethasone should suppress cortisol in healthy animal
-low dose: screens for both pituitary and adrenal-dependent Cushing's
-high dose: distinguishes pituitary / adrenal Cushing's (adrenal tumor = no suppresion of cortisol) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-distinguishes between primary and secondary Addison's
-primary= ^cortisol (bc body wasn't producing enough on own)
-secondary = no/little response (body has ACTH, but adrenals aren't making enough cortisol) |
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Term
| When testing for electrolyte levels, make sure you don't use anticoagulants containing the ____ for which you are testing. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What electrolytes are involved in nerve impulses and muscle contractions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrolytes are all charged ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major intracellular cation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potassium: how is it abbreviated? what is its function as an electrolyte? what can cause hypokalemia and hyperkalemia, and what are the symptoms of each? |
|
Definition
K+
-cardiac and neuromuscular tissue function
-hypokalemia: alkalosis, V/D -> decreases cell excitability (weakness, paralysis)
-hyperkalemia: acidosis, late stage renal failure -> increases cell excitability (most serious = arrhythmia) |
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|
Term
| What percentage of calcium is the body is in the bones? What is the rest used for it? |
|
Definition
99% in bones
1% for muscle contractions, blood coagulation, nerve impulses, cell membrane / capillary permeability |
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|
Term
| How are calcium levels related to phosphorus levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regulates calcium and phosphorus levels? |
|
Definition
| PTH (parathyroid hormone) and vitamin D |
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|
Term
| Calcium levels vary with ____ because it binds calcium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause hypocalcemia? |
|
Definition
-malabsorption
-eclampsia / lactation
-hypoparathyroidism
-hypoalbuminemia |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of phosphorus is found in the bones? Where is the rest found? |
|
Definition
> 80% in bones
< 20% in extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of phosphorus? |
|
Definition
-carbohydrate metabolism
-energy storage |
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|
Term
| What can cause hypophosphatemia? What can cause hyperphosphatemia? |
|
Definition
hypo: hyperparathyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism
hyper: renal failure, hypoparathyroidism |
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|
Term
| How is magnesium abbreviated? Where is it found in the body? What is its function? |
|
Definition
Mg+
-found in all body tissues
-catalyst for many biological enzymes |
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|
Term
| Magnesium is closely related to levels of what other 2 materials? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Magnesium balance is affected by...? |
|
Definition
| absorption from GIT, and kidney excretion |
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|
Term
| Imbalance in calcium-magnesium ratio results in: |
|
Definition
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