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Clin Path exam 2 proteins
Proteins Clin Path
36
Veterinary Medicine
Graduate
03/16/2013

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Cards

Term
Plasma Total Protein pTP
Definition

Use refractometer to measure 

spin  a hematocrit tube --> break --> put on refractometer

Term
Interferents of pTP - Cause false increases
Definition

Lipemia -if animal ate just before

Cholesterol 

Glucose, Urea, other solutes 

 

 

Term
pTP
Definition

Values can be high (>2g/dL) w/o knowing interferents 

Confirm with a Chemistry total Protein Value of Serum  --> Serum chem is more reliable 

Term
Albumin Values
Definition
Measure via BCG dye binding --> Human dyes are DIFFERENT!
Term
Protein in the blood
Definition
Either Abumin or Globulin
Term
Measure Globulin
Definition

not measured specifically 

 

use TP- Albumin = globuin 

Term
Plasma
Definition
Contains Fibrinogen and clotting factors
Term
serum
Definition
NO fibrinogen or clotting factors
Term
Hepatocytes
Definition
produce albumin and most globulin
Term
Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells
Definition
Produce Immunoglobulin
Term
Dysproteinemia
Definition
abnormal [ ] or presence of abnormal proteins
Selective - only some proteins affected
Non-selective all proteins affected simillary (Blood Loss - all lost simillary)
Term
Inflammation
Definition
Common cause of Dysproteniemia
Term
+ APP
Definition
Increase in concentration during inflammation
Term
- APP
Definition
Decrease in concentration during inflammation
Term
Delayed response proteins
Definition
respond later in inflammation
Term
Fibrinogen
Definition
Produced by Hepatocytes in LIVER
Cleaved by Thrombin to form Fibrin
Increases w/ inflammation if prduction >consumption
Used a lot in Large Animals as indicator of inflammation
Term
+ APP
Definition
Fibrinogen
haptoglobin, Serum Amyloid A, C-reactive protein
Term
Fibrinogen
Definition
can measure w/ 2 hematocrit tubes --> measure one pTP
Heat the other at 56 deg --> Spin --> Fibriongen will precipitate. Then measure pTP again with the clear top stuff to see protein [ ] w/o fibrinogen
Term
Serum Protein Electrophoresis
Definition
Run Serum across a gel. Albumin migrates the most (b/c -) and measure amount by intensity of band correlates to peaks)

Only a couple proteins are important
+APP -

NO FIBRINOGEN because using serum
Term
Hyperprotenemia
Definition
INCREASED [TP}
Causes:
Hemoconcentration
Increased protein Synth

BOTH can cause HyperGLOBULINEMIA
ONLY Hemoconcentration can cause HyperALBUMINEMIA
Term
Causes of Increased Protein production (Hyperprot)
Definition
1. Inflammatory Dz
-Infectious - bacteria, viral
- Non-infectious = necrosis, neoplasia, immune

2. B-Lymphocyte Neoplasia
-Plasma Cell : PC myeloma, Plamsacytoma
-Lymphocytes : Lymphoma, Leukemia
Term
Hemoconcentration
Definition
ONLY thing that can cause a HyperALbuminemia w/ Hyperproteinemia
Term
Inflammatory PAPP's
Definition
Alpha 2 globulins
Term
Delayed Response inflammation
Definition
Ig's (esp IgG) +/- Acute Phase proteins
Term
Inflammatory Dysproteinemia
Definition
Increased Alpha 2 globulins
Delayed - IgGs
Decreased Albumin
Term
Mechanism of INFLAMMATIOn
Definition
Infection --> Cytokines from M-phages/Lymphocytes --> Stimulate Liver to produce more PAPP's (alpha-@ globulins) and decrease Albumin

The cytokines also stimulate the plasma cells to produce Immunoglobulins --> will cause Increase of GAMMA globulins
Term
POlyclonal Gammopathy
Definition
Gt increase in all Immunoglobulins and see a big smear on the electrophoresis
seen with Chronic INFLAMMATION
Term
MONOclonal Antibody
Definition
Usually from NEOPLASIA of just one type of Immunoglobulin. See tight bright area not a wide smear

Ehrlichiosis also can cause same increase in protein Synth.
Term
Hypoproteinemia causes
Definition
Loosing Proteins
Decreased Synthesis
Failure of Passive Transfer - Globulins reduced
Hemodilution - Nonselective
Term
Hypoproteinemia - Loss from Vasculature cCauses
Definition
Blood Loss - Non selective (all proteins lost the same)
Protein Losing Nephropathy -Albumin loss predominates
Protein Losing enteropathy - nonselective or mostly albumin
Protein losing derma
Plasma Loss - Vasculitis, effusions
Term
Hypoproteinemia - Decreased Protein Synth causes
Definition
Liver issue - b/c where most are produced - mostly albumin affected
Malabsorption/Digestion
Cachetic states
Term
Hyperalbuminemia
Definition
ONLY ONE THING THAT CAUSES =
Hemoconcentration
- dehydration

Glucocorticoids may increase albumin some
Term
Hypoalbuminemia
Definition
Producing less by liver

Increased Albumin Loss

HemoDilution


** remember young animals have lower Albumin that adults.
Term
Hyperfibrinogenemia
Definition
See with
Inflammation (Fibrinogen increase > total protein increase
Hemoconcentration (both Fibriongen and total protein increase the same)
Term
2 causes of Hyperfibriongenemia
Definition
Inflammation
Hemoconcentration
Term
Infection Mechanism
Definition
Infection --> Inc Inflammatory Cytokines --> Increases Immunoglobuin production and PAPPS Production --> Increase in [Globuin], [Fibriongen] in blood (Hyperproteinemia)
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