Term
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Definition
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Term
Pathologic changes in tissue
that are visible with the unaided eye |
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Definition
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Term
| Pathologic changes in tissue that are microscopic |
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Definition
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Term
| Alterations or abnormalities in a tissue (pathologic changes) |
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Definition
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Term
| The sequence of events that lead to or underlie a disease |
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Definition
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Term
the study of how a disease
affects the body (the disease process) |
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Definition
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Term
| what does "damn-it" stand for? |
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Definition
degenerative
anomalous
metabolic
nutritional
inflammatory
traumatic |
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Term
| print and study the "damn-it" chart and the cell injury chart |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the disease process. just study chart. |
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Term
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Definition
| mitochondrian oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| 3 main points of the disease process |
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Definition
cell injury
inflammation
cell death |
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Term
| name the 5 different mechanisms of cell injury |
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Definition
Hypoxemia / Ischemia
Membrane damage
Oxidative damage
Enzymatic digestion
Loss of or damage to cellular components |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cell injury leads to: (3 things) |
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Definition
Inflammation
Necrosis
Neoplasia? |
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Term
| the vascular and cellular responses of living tissue to injury |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 phases of inflammation |
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Definition
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Term
| phase 1: acute - how long does this phase last and what is it characterized by? |
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Definition
| Lasts 1-3 days. Characterized by five classical signs: Heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function |
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Term
| phase 2: subacute - how long does this phase last and what is it characterized by? |
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Definition
| Lasts 3-4 days ~ 1 month. Characterized by “cleaning” and repair from initial inflammation |
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Term
| phase 3: chronic - how long does this phase last and what is it characterized by? |
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Definition
| > 1 month. Characterized by degeneration of tissues |
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Term
| 5 “Cardinal” signs of inflammation: |
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Definition
Pain
Heat
Redness
Swelling
+/- Loss of function
[image] |
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Term
| name the 5 types of inflammatory mediators |
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Definition
-Prostaglandins
-Leukotrienes
-Thromboxanes
-Kinins
-Histamine |
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Term
| how do Prostaglandins affect/cause inflammatory responses |
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Definition
Increase blood flow to tissues which causes Redness and edema
Acts on peripheral sensory neurons and
CNS sites which causes pain
Induces tissue growth factors AKA remodeling & granulation
Pro-inflammatory properties which stimulates movement of other inflammatory
mediators to site of injury |
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Term
| how do Leukotrienes affect/cause inflammatory responses |
|
Definition
Bronchoconstriction - Involved in
asthmatic and allergic reactions
“Chemotactic effect” - influence migration of neutrophils to site of injury |
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Term
| how do Thromboxanes affect/cause inflammatory responses |
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Definition
| has Prothrombotic properties which stimulates platelet aggregation AKA clot formation. (too many thromboxanes can also lead to thrombosis) |
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Term
| how do Kinins affect/cause inflammatory responses |
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Definition
kinins are Potent vasodilators that cause a decrease in blood pressure (low blood pressure) & increased vascular permeability (makes blood pass through veins easier)
-also cause contraction of smooth muscle
also Involved in pain mechanisms |
|
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Term
| how do Histamine affect/cause inflammatory responses |
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Definition
Released by basophils and mast cells
Increases the permeability of the
capillaries to white blood cells
Commonly associated with pruritus,
allergic reactions, anaphylaxis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Inflammatory Pathway - name the Tissue Injury Pathway: |
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Definition
Phospholipase:
Arachidonic acid:
Cyclooxgenase:e (COX-1, COX-2):
Lipoxygenase: |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that disrupts cell membrane phospholipids |
|
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Term
| what hormone blocks phospholipase |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by the breakdown of phospholipids |
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Term
| Cyclooxgenasee (COX-1, COX-2): |
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Definition
| Breaks down arachidonic acid into prostaglandins & thromboxanes |
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Term
| what popular medication blocks cyclo-oxygenase (“COX-inhibitors”) |
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Definition
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Breaks down arachidonic acid into leukotrienes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are Acute Phase Proteins |
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Definition
| Proteins that accumulate / respond to acute inflammation |
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Term
| Acute-phase response leads to release of what 3 cytokines: |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ affect production of acute phase proteins in the liver |
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Definition
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Term
| Positive acute-phase proteins increase with inflammation – typically _____ |
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Definition
globulins
-positive APP increases serum concentration
(Increased production of positive acute phase proteins is a sensitive indicator of inflammation which can occur prior to the development of an inflammatory leukogram.) |
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Term
| Negative acute-phase proteins decrease with inflammation – ______ |
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Definition
albumin
-negative APP decreases serum concentration |
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Term
| Acute phase proteins (not on powerpoint) |
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Definition
| Acute phase proteins (APPs) are defined as proteins that change their serum concentration by >25% in response to inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNFα). The acute-phase response is considered part of the innate immune system, and APPs play a role in mediating such systemic effects as fever, leukocytosis, increased cortisol, decreased thyroxine, decreased serum iron, and many others. APPs can be categorized as positive (increasing serum concentration) or negative (decreasing serum concentration). |
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Term
| name the four major positive acute-phase proteins in animals: |
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Definition
Serum Amyloid-A
Haptoglobin
Fibrinogen
C-reactive protein |
|
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Term
major positive acute-phase proteins in animals:
Serum Amyloid-A |
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Definition
(alpha globulin)
dogs, cats, pigs, horses |
|
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Term
major positive acute-phase proteins in animals:
Haptoglobin |
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Definition
(alpha globulin)
cattle, sheep, pigs |
|
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Term
major positive acute-phase proteins in animals:
Fibrinogen |
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Definition
(beta globulin)
cattle, horses |
|
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Term
major positive acute-phase proteins in animals:
C-reactive protein |
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Definition
(gamma globulin)
dogs, horses, pigs |
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Term
| Inflammatory Pathway: what are the 3 outcomes of inflammation |
|
Definition
Regeneration
Repair
Fibrosis
[image] |
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Term
| from page 11 chart (previous slide): GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF REGENERATION OF NORMAL STRUCTURES |
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Definition
-liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.
-superficial skin wounds
-resorption of exudate in lobar pneumonia |
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Term
| from page 11 chart: GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A SCAR FORMATION REPAIR |
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Definition
-deep excisional wounds
-myocardium infarction |
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Term
| from page 11 chart: GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF TISSUE SCAR FIBROSIS |
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Definition
| -chronic inflammatory diseases such as chronic pancreatitis and pulmonary fibrosis |
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Term
Description of Lesions
"Class C" |
|
Definition
“CLASS-C” = color, location, appearance, size, shape, cut surface
1. Identify the lesion organ, location and size (weight, number, dimensions, % involvement)
2. Shape, surface, and margin appearance
3. Texture, contour, and consistency
4. Appearance of cut surface |
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Term
| Lesions – Descriptive Terminology (just remember a few from each.. this is dumb) |
|
Definition
------Patterns------
Focal
Multifocal
Locally extensive
Diffuse
Coalescing
Discrete
Indistinct
--------Shapes--------
Oval, round, etc
Depressed
Concave / Convex
Pedunculated
-----Textures, surfaces, appearances----
Rough
Smooth
Glistening
Nodular
Mucinous
Fibrinous
Friable
Hemorrhagic
Foamy
Viscous
Gas-filled
Erosive
Ulcerated |
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Term
| the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to cellular injury |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| name the 5 types of necrosis |
|
Definition
Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Fat
Gangrenous |
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Term
| Most common type of necrosis |
|
Definition
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Term
Coagulative necrosis - appearance
[image][image] |
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Definition
- Pale segment of tissue surrounded by normal/vascularized tissue
-Tissues have a pale, “coagulated” appearance
Cell injury blocks proteolysis (cell break down) of damaged tissue |
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Term
| Coagulative necrosis - causes (2) |
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Definition
1) ischemia (an inadequate blood supply)
2) infarction (hypoxemia) |
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Term
| Liquefactive Necrosis - appearance |
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Definition
--liquefied, viscous tissue. Often contains purulent material.
An abscess is the most classical example |
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Term
| Liquefactive Necrosis - Most commonly associated with what 2 type of infections |
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Definition
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Term
| Liquefactive Necrosis - most common where at in the body |
|
Definition
central nervous system (CNS)
“Malacia” |
|
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Term
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Definition
| is abnormal softening of a biological tissue, most often cartilage |
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Term
| Caseous Necrosis - Appearance |
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Definition
| Soft, white to tan, cheese-like consistency |
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Term
| Caseous Necrosis - Most commonly associated with what 2 infections |
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Definition
-tuberculosis infections
-fungal infections |
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Term
| Caseous Necrosis - example of a bacteria that causes the tuberculosis infections |
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Definition
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Term
| Caseous Necrosis - example of a bacteria that causes “Caseous lymphadenitis” |
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Definition
| Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis |
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Term
| Caseous Necrosis -Neutrophils are unable to digest bacteria due to |
|
Definition
thick capsules.
Macrophages predominate in response, leading to granuloma type formation instead of abscess
“Onion layers” |
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Term
| Fat Necrosis - Appearance: |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
“Saponification”
Cell injury results in release of lipases, which produce fatty acids
Fatty acids bind to calcium to form a “calcium soap” complex |
|
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Term
| Fat Necrosis - Most commonly occurs secondary to what disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Gangrenous Necrosis - Appearance |
|
Definition
| Red to black, “dead,” dry to rotting flesh |
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Term
| Gangrenous Necrosis - 4 types |
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Definition
Dry gangrene
Wet gangrene
Gas gangrene
Necrotizing fasciitis |
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Term
| Gangrenous Necrosis - causes |
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Definition
acute ischemic (hypoxic) injury, usually with secondary invasion by bacteria
Frostbite
Trauma
Saprophytic bacterial infections |
|
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Term
| proliferation of abnormal cells |
|
Definition
Neoplasia
-Benign vs. Malignant
[image] |
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Term
| Criteria of Malignancy[image] |
|
Definition
**Anisokaryosis=Extreme variation in nuclear size
Abnormal mitotic figures and/or increased normal mitotic activity
Variation in nuclear shape
Multinucleation with different sized nuclei
Variation in nucleoli size and/or shape
Extreme nucleolar enlargement
Multiple nucleoli
Note: >3 criteria tend to indicate malignancy |
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Term
| Epithelial cell tumors - name 3 |
|
Definition
-Adenoma ( benign )
-Carcinoma (m)
-Adenocarcinoma (m) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
malignant glandular tumor
E.g. Anal sac adenocarcinoma |
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Term
| Epithelial cell tumors - characteristics[image] |
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Definition
Cells exfoliate well (highly cellular)
Cells occur in clusters and are actually cohesive
Cells typically round with well defined cell membranes |
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Term
Mesenchymal cell tumors - characteristics
[image] |
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Definition
Cells exfoliate poorly (low cellularity) – scrapings are typically the best means of cell collection
Cells tend to be spindle shaped or pleomorphic
Cells typically occur individually
Mesenchyme is embryonic connective tissue
Often referred to as sarcoma |
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Term
| Mesenchymal cell tumors - examples |
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Definition
| Fibrosarcoma, Osteosarcoma |
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Term
Round cell tumors - characteristics
[image] |
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Definition
Cells typically exfoliate well
Cells are round and occur individually
May appear “clustered” in thick cytology preparation |
|
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Term
| Round cell tumors - examples (6) |
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Definition
Transmissible venereal tumors (TVTs)
Mast cells
Lymphomas
Histiocytomas
Plasma cell
Melanomas |
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Term
| SEROLOGY uses what types of test |
|
Definition
Antigen detection using antibodies or vice versa
-Detects antibodies produced by the patient as part of the immune response or antigens present in the body from an infectious agent |
|
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Term
| serology is used for what types of testing (3) |
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Definition
Endocrinology testing
Drug testing
Detecting infectious agents |
|
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Term
Serology: detecting infectious agents -
Samples taken how many weeks apart weeks apart? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Serology: detecting infectious agents -
A 4-fold(4X) increase indicates an _____ _______ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Recall - Specific Immunity:
Criteria for specific immunity to occur: (4) |
|
Definition
1. Antigen enters the body (“non-self”)
2. Specific immune response targeted at the specific antigen (humoral or cell-mediated)
3. Antibodies produced
4. The body “remembers” the antigen, so immune response occurs more quickly with a second invasion
Antigen = infectious agent
Antibody = immune response / “memory" |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Specific Immunity : Types of Antibodies (immunoglobulins) |
|
Definition
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Produced in primary exposure to an antigen (slow to rise)
-IgG antibodies account for 80% of all antibodies.
-Responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Persist in chronic or secondary infections (first responders – rise rapidly)
-the first class of antibody secreted after an antigen is encountered. IgM concentration declines as IgG production accelerates. the anti-A and anti-B antibodies responsible for the agglutination of incompatible blood types are IgM |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Involved primarily with mucosal immunity (GI tract, respiratory)
-found primarily in glandular secretions such as mucus, tears, saliva, and semen. these attack pathogens before they fain access to internal tissues |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Involved primarily with allergic responses
-attaches as an individual molecule to the exposed surfaces of basophils and mast cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Sensitization of B cells.
-individual molecule on the surface of B cells, where it can bind antigens in the EC fluid. this binding can play a role in the sensitization of the B cell involved. |
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Term
| Serologic Tests - Techniques used to perform serology (8) |
|
Definition
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
RIA (radioimmunoassay)
IRMA (immunoradiometric assay)
Western analysis
AGID (agar gel immunodiffusion)
Virus neutralization
Hemagglutination inhibition
Complement fixation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Serologic Tests - Basic principle |
|
Definition
| Binding of antigen & antibody to a detection system |
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Term
| Serologic Tests - Positive results produce |
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Definition
Colored substrate
Emission of light (chemiluminescence)
Capture of radiolabeled substance
look at slide 31 picture |
|
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Term
| SNAP test that detects antigens |
|
Definition
Parvovirus
Heartworm
Giardia
FeLV |
|
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Term
| SNAP test that detects antibodies (immunoglobulin) |
|
Definition
FIV
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Dz)
Ehrlichia |
|
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Term
| Latex Agglutination (detects antigens) |
|
Definition
Blood Typing
Brucellosis |
|
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Term
| other test that detects antibodies |
|
Definition
Coomb’s Test (IMHA)
Coggin’s Test (EIA) |
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|
