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| Etruscan, elected king of Rome by the Comitia Curiata, waged war against Latins and Sabines, increased size of Senate and built Circus Maximus. |
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| Succeeded Tarquinius Priscus, not elected king. Waged war against Etruscans and expanded the size and role of Rome. Was killed by son-in-law, Tarquinius Superbus, and his daughter. Body driven over by chariot. |
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| Conspired to kill his father-in-law, Servius Tullius, to make himself king. Was the last king before the Roman Republic. Described as a tyrant and dictator. |
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| Twin raised with brother Remus by a she-wolf. Killed brother for the right to found and name Rome. Founded three tribes of Rome. |
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| One of the Roman virtues, along with gravitas and dignitas. It means "duty" or loyalty. Related to both the state and the family. |
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| Another Roman virtue; meant "reliability" rather than strictly "loyalty"; governed relationships between people. |
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| Two consuls were elected each year and were co-rulers of the Republic. |
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| Magistrate positions created to ease the amount of work required by the consuls. In the Punic War era, they helped rule the army in war, while urban Praetors helped settle civic cases in the city. |
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| Two censors were elected by the Comitia Centuriata to conduct the census and to regulate public morality. |
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| Confederation of Latin villages that banded together to protect themselves against Rome, with whom they warred. Eventually, they were dominated by the Romans and assimilated into Roman society as colonists and then citizens. |
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| "Army Assembly" - part of the legislature in the Roman Republic; consisted of members of the military. Only the CC could declare war or elect Roman Magistrates. |
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| Founded by the first king of Rome, lasted through Fall of Rome. Early, it was merely an advisory counsel of aristocrats. During the Republic, directed the Magistrates. |
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| A relationship of extortion, mutual protection, and control between patricians and legislative people in the CC or even whole towns and areas. |
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| According to Livy, the descendents of the 100 first Senators. In society, they were the aristocracy and ruling class. They had special access to jobs in the Senate, CC, military, and priesthood. |
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| General Roman society; not patricians or slaves. Could be wealthy or important clients; could serve in the CC. |
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| Lowest level of free men in society. Did not own land and could not serve in legislature. Comprised the mob which influenced policy. |
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| General strike by the plebs in response to supression or tyranny by the patricians. Led to standstill of society to force patricians to obey will of the people. |
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| Position (there were 10) created in response to Plebian uprisings. Tribunes were elected and could veto laws and summon the Senate. Tribunes represented the Plebians, soldiers, etc. |
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| "Plebian Counsel" - Principal popular assembly of the legislature of the Republic. Formed on the basis of a curia with tribal implications. Patrician senators would often watch meetings and heckle. |
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| The foundation of the constitution of Roman Republican law. Created in response to demands by plebians that they would know the law and not be surprised by it. The patricians opposed them. Covered everything from marriage to court procedures and inheritence, etc. |
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| Mother of the family - the highest-ranking female in an extended family. Related to the pater familias, who wielded legal privilege over his dependents. |
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| Hellenistic military figure who led the Tarantines against the Romans. He often won battles, but suffered heavy losses, leading to the term "Pyrrhic Victory" |
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| North African city, center of Carthaginian Empire. Rival of Rome; fought Punic Wars. Destroyed and salted after Third Punic war but rebuilt by Romans. |
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| Island off the coast of Italy with ideal location for trade. Syracuse, Greeks, Carthage, Rome all fought for control. First Roman province. Italian to this day. |
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| Blood sport games between men and also animals that re-enacted battles or simply entertained; first emerged around the time of the First Punic Wars, amphitheatres were created everywhere |
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| In Spain, originally from Carthage, put in charge of winning back Spain after first Punic War. |
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| Brilliant Carthaginian general and military strategist |
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| Named after the dictator of Rome during the Second Punic War, describes the use of attrition-based battles to break down morale and strength of opponent. Led to Hannibal's downfall. |
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| First known Roman poet; translated Greek works into Latin. Helped bring Greek culture, myth, etc into Roman culture through translation of the Odyssey and mythology. |
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| Major battle of the Second Punic War, southern Italy. Hannibal was outnumbered but won. Led to the defection of several city-states from Rome. |
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| Celebrated Roman general who defeated Hannibal in the Battle of Zama, leading to the end of the Second Punic War and the downfall of Hannibal. |
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| Decisive battle in which Scipio defeated Hannibal, ending the Second Punic War in Rome's favor. Fought on Carthaginian soil. |
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