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Clarke-Development of the face and neck
4th-8th weeks
80
Anatomy
8th Grade
10/19/2012

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Cards

Term
What starts to rapidly grow in the 4th week?
Definition
the heart and brain
Term
What is sandwiched in-between the heart and brain during the 4th week?
Definition
oropharyngeal membrane(buccopharyngeal)
Term
What does the oropharyngeal membrane line?
Definition
the stomodeum
Term
What is the stomodeum?
Definition
the primitive mouth
Term
What does the oropharyngeal membrane separate?
Definition
the future oral cavity from the future pharynx
Term
What is the mesoderm developing in the 4th week?
Definition
the heart
Term
What is the ectoderm developing in the 4th week?
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
What is the endoderm developing in the 4th week?
Definition
the digestive system
Term
What happens at the end of the 4th week?
Definition
the oropharyngeal membrane ruptures, making the stomodeum continuous with the pharynx
Term
Which area of the face develops faster?
Definition
the upper face
Term
How does the face develop?
Definition
by fusion of tissue
Term
What structure is located above the stomodeum?
Definition
the frontonasal process
Term
What does the frontonasal process give rise to? (5)
Definition
the upper face, eyes, nose, primary palate, internal ear
Term
What do the globular processes form?
Definition
the philtrum
Term
What develops below the stomodeum?
Definition
the neck
Term
What does the neck develop from?
Definition
the primitive pharynx and branchial appartus
Term
What all is included in the brachial apparatus? (4)
Definition
1.branchial arches
2.branchial grooves
3.branchial membranes
4.pharyngeal pouches
Term
How many brachial arches are there?
Definition
6
Term
What is the frontal nasal process and where is it located?
Definition
a bulge of tissue located in the most cephallic end of the embryo
Term
What is on the outer surface of the frontalnasal process?
Definition
placodes
Term
What are placodes?
Definition
specialized thickened ectoderm that develop into sense organs
Term
What do lens placodes form?
Definition
the eyes
Term
What do otic placodes form?
Definition
pits that become the inner ear
Term
What do nasal placodes form?
Definition
pits that form the nasal cavity
Term
During the 4th week what happens to the nasal placodes?
Definition
the center submerge forming nasal pits
Term
Where do nasal pits deepen towards?
Definition
the brain
Term
What separates the nasal pits from the stomodeum?
Definition
the oronasal membrane
Term
What eventually happens to the oronasal membrane?
Definition
it disintegrates leaving the oral and nasal cavities in communication
Term
What does the outer nose develop from?
Definition
crest-shaped swellings
Term
What are the swellings between the nasal pits called?
Definition
medial nasal processes
Term
What do the median nasal processes form?
Definition
will grow and fuse to form the middle portion of the nose from root to philtrum
Term
What are the 2 swellings on the outer portion of the nasal pits called?
Definition
lateral nasal processes
Term
What do the lateral nasal processes eventually form?
Definition
grow and fuse to for the alae of the nose
Term
Whatwill the medial nasal processes do besides fuse? What does this form?
Definition
the will grow internally and inferiorly into the stomodeum, this forms the intermaxillary segment
Term
What is the intermaxillary segment involved in forming?
Definition
nasal septum, anterior portion of the palate, maxillary incisors
Term
What is another term used for branchial arches?
Definition
pharyngeal arches
Term
What are the branchial arches?
Definition
6 pairs of U-shaped bars of tissue inferior to the stomodeum
Term
What are branchial arches formed by?
Definition
neural crest cells
Term
What are the tissues that make up the branchial arches?
Definition
covered with ectoderm, lined with endoderm , core of mesenchyme(mesoderm)
Term
How are the branchial arches oriented?
Definition
anterior-posterior so they bend to surround and support the pharynx
Term
What does each arch contain?
Definition
1.developing cartilage
2.nerve
3.vascular components or muscle

**ALL within the mesenchymal core **
Term
What do the first 2 arches develop?
Definition
develop the greatest, involved in the formation of the face
Term
What do the lower 4 arches develop?
Definition
formation of the neck
Term
What is special about the 5th arch?
Definition
can be rudimentary, absent, or included with the 4th
Term
What is the 1st arch called? What is it formed by?
Definition
mandibular arch, formed by the fusion of the 2 mandibular processes in the 4th week
Term
Where is the mandibular(1st) arch located?
Definition
below the stomodeum
Term
What all does the mandibular arch include?
Definition
1.meckel's cartilage
2.muscles
3.trigeminal nerve
Term
What does meckel's cartilage do? Where is it located?
Definition
loacted in the mandibular(1st arch), contributes to the formation of the mandible and middle ear bones
Term
What muscles are found in the mandibular(1st arch)? (4)
Definition
1.muscles of mastication
2.suprahyoid muscles
3.the tongue
4.some palatal muscles
Term
What nerve is found in the mandibular(1st) arch?
Definition
trigeminal nerve
Term
What serves as a template for the mandible?
Definition
Meckel's cartilage
Term
What also happens to the mandibular arch in the 4th week? How do they grow?
Definition
swellings develop from it bilateral to the stomodeum, superior and anterior
Term
What are these swellings of the mandibular arch called?
Definition
maxillary process
Term
What does the maxillary processes use with to form?
Definition
fuse with globular process of the frontonasal process to form the upper lip, cheeks, zygomatic bones, secondary plate, posterior portion of the maxilla(along with associated teeth and tissues)
Term
When is the formation of the upper lip completed?
Definition
in the 6th week
Term
What causes a cleft lip? When does this occur?
Definition
in the 4th-7th weeks, failure of fusion of the maxillary processes with globular processes of the medial nasal process
Term
What are some variations of cleft lip?(2)
Definition
1.unilateral, bilateral
2.incomplete or complete
Term
What is the second branchial arch calleD?
Definition
hyoid arch
Term
What hype of cartilage does the hyoid arch contain?
Definition
Reichert's cartilage
Term
What is Reichert's cartilage responsible for? (3)
Definition
1.bones of the middle ear
2.part of temporal bone
3.part of hyoid bone
Term
What types of muscles are in the hyoid(2nd) arch?
Definition
muscles of facial expression, suprahyoid muscle, tongue
Term
What nerve is the hyoid(2nd) arch responsible for?
Definition
facial nerve
Term
What are the other branchial arches called?
Definition
they are unnamed
Term
What do they other branchial arches comtribute to? (4)
Definition
1.formation of hyoid bone
2.laryngeal cartilage
3.pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles
4.the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves(CN IX and X)
Term
Where are the branchial grooves located?
Definition
between the branchial arches
Term
Do they all stay throughout development?
Definition
no, only the first branchial groove remains
Term
What is the first branchial groove?
Definition
tympanic membrane(eardrum)
Term
How does the branchial groove grow?
Definition
deeper until the ectoderm contacts the pharyngeal pouch's endoderm
Term
What does this groove eventually form?
Definition
the external auditory meatus
Term
What happens to the other grooves? What does this result in?
Definition
they obliterate as the hyoid arch grows inferiorly, this results in a smooth neck
Term
How many pharyngeal pouches are there and where do they form?
Definition
there are 4 that form between the branchial arches
Term
Where does the first pouch form, what does it become?
Definition
between the 1st and second arches, becomes the auditory tube
Term
What does the second pouch form?
Definition
the palatine tonsils
Term
What do the 3rd and 4th pouches form?
Definition
the thymus and parathyroid glands
Term
What happens when branchial grooves do not become obilerated?
Definition
developmental disorders occasionally, and cysts
Term
What forms the phyarnx?
Definition
foregut
Term
What is the pharynx lined with? What does it join together?
Definition
endoderm, joins the stomodeum and esophagus
Term
What does the outgrowth of the pharynx form?
Definition
the larynx, trachea, and thyroid gland
Term
Where does the pharynx end?
Definition
in the superior portion of the lungs
Term
What do the globular processes become?
Definition
the philtrum
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