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| everything above Texas, West Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri |
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| everything below Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Virginia |
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| Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland |
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| Naval ships, firearm production, iron production, total population, eligibility for the army, industrial workers |
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| strong morals because they had more to lose in the long run, better generals, but not as much industrialization (less advanced weapons. |
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-President of the Union
-Decided not to reinforce Fort Sumpter, not abandon it, so that he would not be responsible for starting hostilities which may cause the Confederacy to secede, and seem like he was treating the Confederacy as an Independent nation which would weaken his administration by upsetting the Republicans
-After he signed the Emancipation Proclamation, the Democrats in the North opposed his decision. They believed that signing it would just prolong the war
-Northern Democrats in Baltimore attacked a Union regiment in Fort Sumter a week after the war started. He suspended the writ of habeas corpus so that the Confederate sympathizers could be held in prison |
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| Northern Democrats who argued for peace with the South |
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-President of the Confederacy
-Since Lincoln decided to remain neutral about starting the war, Jefferson now had to deal with it. If he did nothing, he would be recognizing that the Confederacy is not a serious independent nation. If he started the battle, he would destroy the ease of a peaceful secession. He chose the latter.
-The confederate side was only expecting volunteers, but after the first few battles, casualties were soaring higher than expected. So, although there were many opponents to this, Davis placed conscription on all people ages 18 to 35. The law exempted slave holders with 20 or more slaves
-Also suspended habeas corpus. |
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| the union strategy that consisted of blockading southern ports, having union ships down the Mississippi so it would essentially cut the South in tow, and capture the Confederate capital, Richmond |
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| Britain was a world power that was somewhat dependent on cotton, so the South assumed that Britain would help them out. Unfortunately, Britain remained neutral because she already had enough cotton before the outbreak of the war, and she found another cotton supplier in Egypt and India |
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Confederate general who took over after Joseph E. Johntston was injured in battle
-opposed secession
-determind and quite unorthodox in fighting style
-Won second battle of bull run in 1862
-Won the battle of Antietam against McClellan in 1862 |
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•Control of Mississippi
•Union Victories
–Ft Henry/Donelson
–Grant
–Shiloh-Grant |
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•Capturing Richmond
–Lincoln struggles to find competent general
•Lost 1st Bull Run
–McDowehl
Then George McClellan in charge
who is overly cautious and an idiot |
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Sept 17 1862
•TURNING POINT- •1. Britain decides to remain out of war
–Don’t want to advocate slavery, Union starting to win, don’t want to be on losing side
•2. Purpose of war changes
–From keeping Union to freeing slaves |
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| Emancipation Proclamation |
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Definition
•Issued Sept 22 1862
•Put into effect Jan 1 1863 (incentive to end war quickly, even if it means keeping slavery)
•Lincoln doesn’t expect surrender
•BECOMES FIGHT FOR FREEDOM!
–“As he died to make men holy, let us die to make men free…” J.W. Howe |
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-Confederate General
-Got his title in the first battle of Bull run where he defeated General McDowell. The Confederates stood unwavering like a wall in 1861 |
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-General appointed by Lincoln in response to the battle of Bull Run
-Seriously slow because he was overly cautious. Proof was in Antietam when he chickened out even though the Confed was down for the count. He could have ended the war right there
-Lincoln fired him |
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Union General
-loser at everything in life but being a general
-Captured two confed forts: Henry and Donelson, telling Southern commander that only surrender is accepted |
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| Willliam Tecumseh Sherman |
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Definition
• Appointed by Grant
• Believed in total war, as evident by his udden pyromaniac destruction during his march to the sea.
-Ruthless attacker with Grant in the East for the Union |
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| This Three day bloodbath started on July 1, 1863, and ended with a Northern victory after Lee and his men surrendered. Lee insisted on the loss being his fault because he demanded that Longstreet pursue Union forces when the union men sopped firing. Not knowing that they were just refilling artillery in the cannons, the Southern soldiers was killed in droves and staggered back. |
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| another Union victory by Grant. This battle finall fulfilled one o the parts of the Anaconda Plan. The Confederacy as cut in two when the last Confederate holdout on the Mississippi river fell. |
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| the signing place of the the treat hat ended the war. Linclon term were pretty chill for the South. He let them go home with all their personal possessions, their horses, and three days rations. The officers even got to keep side arms. |
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| April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865 |
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"died of a theory"- state's rights
-60% of pre-war wealth
-borrowed $2 billion
260,000 deaths
7000% inflation
-2/3 rail system destroyed
Liberty?
-suspend habeas corpus
-food taxes
-1863 impressment taxes
-70,000 bureaucrats |
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During War
-$3 billion cost
-70% (wages up 42%-economically fall behind)
-360,000 deaths
-Economic growth (exploitation/profiteering)
Liberty?
-tremendous explosion of federal gov power
-Gov- 2% GNP pre-war-15% post-war
-RR grants Pacific Railway act- gov 20 mil acres/$60 mil in loans
-Homestead Act- 160 acres-5 years= 20,000 Americans affected
-Morill Act- provided funding for land grant colleges (U of M-Iowa State)
-Native Wars- '62-'64- fed gov crushed Sioux (Dakota uprising '62), Cheyenne, Navajo
-Draft- draft riots NYC 1863
-Income Tax
-Habeus Corpus-15,000 imprisoned
-National Bank issued 1st paper national currency called "greenbacks" |
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Term
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• Deal harshly with confederate leaders
• Presidential Reconstruction- Confederate states can rejoin union if they swear allegiance to union, annul confederate war debts, withdraw secession, and ratifying the thirteenth amendment, which is abolishing slavery.
• One major difference from Lincoln’s plan: wanted to screw over wealthy and prominent confederate leaders by not allowing them to take the oath so that they couldn’t vote.
-anyone worth over $20,000 couldn't take oath-1/2
-excludes more officials from Confed |
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• Thaddeus Stevens- Led a radical group that wanted to destroy the power of former slave holders and wanted to give African Americans full citizenship and the right to vote.
• Wade Davis Bill- congress, not the president, should be in charge of Reconstruction. Also wanted more than ten percent majority to support constitution (part of Lincoln’s ten percent plan). Lincoln pocket vetoed the bill.
• Three perceived failures of Lincoln/Johnson Plan- didn’t address former slaves in respect to land, voting, and protection under the law. |
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| Led a radical group that wanted to destroy the power of former slave holders and wanted to give African Americans full citizenship and the right to vote. |
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congress, not the president, should be in charge of Reconstruction. Also wanted more than ten percent majority to support constitution (part of Lincoln’s ten percent plan). Lincoln pocket vetoed the bill.
-Congress in Charge
-Over 1/2 take "ironclad oath" |
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Term
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| a name given to northerners who came to the south to exploit the war torn south and start unfair businesses. Some Northerners actually wanted to start an honest business, but a few bad grapes spoil the vine I guess. |
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| Presidential v. Congressional Power |
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Definition
• Tenure and Office Act and impeachment- the act stated that a president couldn’t remove cabinet members that were appointed during the term of the president that appointed them.
• Reconstruction Act of 1867- Radicals and Moderates passed it, but it did not recognize state governments formed under Lincoln/Johnson plans. It divided the ten remaining confederate states into five military districts. Voters in military districts could delegate to conventions which new state conventions could be drafted. A confederate state could be admitted if it had ensured African Americans the right to vote and the state ratified the 14th amendment. |
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Term
| Tenure and Office Act and impeachment |
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Definition
| the act stated that a president couldn’t remove cabinet members that were appointed during the term of the president that appointed them. |
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Term
| Reconstruction Act of 1867 |
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Definition
| Radicals and Moderates passed it, but it did not recognize state governments formed under Lincoln/Johnson plans. It divided the ten remaining confederate states into five military districts. Voters in military districts could delegate to conventions which new state conventions could be drafted. A confederate state could be admitted if it had ensured African Americans the right to vote and the state ratified the 14th amendment. |
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| Political/economic gains for African Americans in Reconstruction |
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Definition
• 14th amendment- makes all people born or naturalized in the United States citizens. Barred confederate leaders from holding office
• Civil Rights Act of 1866- Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law for African Americans
• 15th Amendment- states cannot keep people from voting because of the race, color, or previous conditions f servitude.
• Hiram Revels- The first African American senator. Senator of Mississippi.
• Forty acres and a mule- freed slaves received 40 acres and war mules Freed African Americans plotted on this land until Johnson ordered that the original landowners could be allowed to reclaim their own land and evict slave honors.
• 1871 Enforcement Act- Protected voting of African Americans and gave the federal government power to enforce the 15th amendment. |
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| makes all people born or naturalized in the United States citizens. Barred confederate leaders from holding office |
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| Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law for African Americans |
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| states cannot keep people from voting because of the race, color, or previous conditions of servitude. |
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| The first African American senator. Senator of Mississippi. |
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General Sherman promised the freed slaves who followed his army 40 acres per family and the use of army mules. Eventually in 1865, Johnson ordred original landowners to reclaim the land and evict the former slaves.
the african americans asserted that they deserved part of the land , thaddeus stevens called for the govt to confiscate plantations and redistribute the land to the former slaves
Republicans response: it's wrong to seize citizens private property
Result: land proposals from congress which is the 1866 Homestead act. |
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| Protected voting of African Americans and gave the federal government power to enforce the 15th amendment. |
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| African American social changes |
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Definition
• Freedman’s Bureau-Established by congress to assist former slaves and power whites in the south by distributed clothing. They created 40 hospitals, 61 industrial institutions and 74 teacher centers.
• Family reunification- info. Notices were put up for getting in touch with their family split up by buying and selling |
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| Growth of Black institutions |
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Definition
• 1870- 80% of all blacks over 20 were illiterate
• Freedman’s bureau and African Americans churches established institutions
• Hampton Institute, Hampton, Virginia- college founded during Reconstruction
• $1 mil. Were spent on education
• Northern whites teachers blacks become teachers black teachers outnumbers white teachers.
• Southern Whites were getting enraged that blacks were getting educated.
• Washington Eager was a black man who was murdered because whites were threatened by is knowledge.
• From 1870-1880, enrolled blacks rose over 30% |
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| Established by congress to assist former slaves and power whites in the south by distributed clothing. They created 40 hospitals, 61 industrial institutions and 74 teacher centers. |
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| a black man who was murdered because whites were threatened by is knowledge. |
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| White reaction to political/economic advancement of African Americans |
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Definition
• Black codes- laws restricting black from carrying weapons, serving on juries, testifying against whites, marrying whites, travelling without permits, not allowed to own land, whites used violence in some cases
• KKK- stands for Klu Klux Klan. A group of confederate veterans started in Tennessee which had the overarching goal of restoring white supremacy. They used violence often and were extremely reactionary.
• Slaughterhouse cases- Most civil rights were ruled to be state, rather than federal, rights and therefore unprotected by the 14th amendment
• U.S v Reese- The fifteenth amendment was determined not to grant voting rights to anyone but rather to restrict types of voter discrimination. |
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| Democratic name for white southerners who joined the Democratic Party to gain African American votes to use for their own gain. |
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| renting land for cashing from the planters and keep all their harvest. |
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| landowners divided their land and gave each worker a few acres along with seed and tools. The borrowers gave a share of their crops to the landowner. |
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| returned the right to vote and hold office federally and in the state to about 150,000 confederates who would definitely vote democratically. |
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| as the democrats called their return to power in the South. |
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| the ability to run state governments without federal intervention |
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| withdrawl of federal troop from Southern states, federal money for improving Southern infrastructure, and appointment of a conservative Southern Cabinet member. By democrats accepting this, they would accept Rutherford B. Hayes as president |
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10% plan- of voters 1860- pledged all allegiance
-rewrite state constit/return to union |
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Dec. 1865- all Southern had met criteria- rewritten state constit to outlaw slavery
-held elections- A.J. issued 13,000 pardons
-58 members of confed Congress including former V.P. Alex Stevens
-6 members Confed. Cabinet
-4 Confed generals
Southern States-Black Codes
-South gets 20% more representation at the repealing of the 3/5 clause |
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| Congress' response to Southern Delegates returning |
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Definition
-Does not accept them
-Passes 1.extension of Freedman's Bureau (1866)-education for newly freed slaves-special military courts for crimes against blacks
2. Civil Rights Bill of 1866- gave black citizenship w/ equal rights |
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| Response to Johnson's Veto |
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Definition
Moderate Republicans go to the left joining the radicals.
Republicans- Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner
-Mid-term elections: 1866:
-2/3 house, 3/4 Senate= R. Repub
-Override veto rejection of Civil Rights Bill- turn into 14th Ammend |
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