• comprised the majority of the Republican party
• led by Thaddeus Stevens
• felt the south should be punished for seceding

a U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed refugees and freedmen (freed slaves) in 1865-1869, during the Reconstruction era of the United States. Helped african americans find work, housing, and medical care.

1. Revenge: north blamed south for Civil War; their victorian morality made them belive that the south needed to be punished for their sins
2. Race: Radical republicans wanted racial equality (as long as black people remained in the South)
3. Economic: they believed that their radical reconstruction would crush paternalism

Souther Democrat; won the popular vote

accusation of voter fraud in 3 southern states so Hayes won (1876 Election)

South and North negotiated in a hotel room for several days. Resulted in:

• The removal of all Federal troops from the former Confederate States. (Troops remained in only Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida, but the Compromise finalized the process.)
• The appointment of at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes's cabinet. (David M. Key of Tennessee becamePostmaster General.) Hayes had already promised this.
• The construction of another transcontinental railroad using the Texas and Pacific in the South (this had been part of the "Scott Plan," proposed by Thomas A. Scott, which initiated the process that led to the final compromise).
• Legislation to help industrialize the South.

• a political coalition in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction era, who sought to oust the Republican coalition of freedmen,carpetbaggers and scalawags. 
• upperclass southern people (redeemers) wnated to redeem the south
• wanted industrial development
• white supremacy
• did not want to bring back slavery necessarily, but wanted to reassert blacks as inferior
• racial intimidation
• emergence of the KKK

elaborate system of legal statutes preventing blacks frome becoming equal

era of very profound change; rapid industrialization

closing of the west

• in 1889 the land was opened up to settlement
• around 100,000 people ran on horses, wagons, and mules to try to stake out their claims of land
• marked the end of the frontier (last settlement)

• before the 1880s, America was mostly rural
• in 1800 there were about 4-5 cities that had population of 1/2 million
• in 1900 six cities had pop. of 1/2 mil or above
• much of this was caused by immigration
• 1850-1880: 2.5 million people intered the country per decade
• 1880-1900: over 5 mil per decade
• earlier immigrants were from protestant Europe (ireland, germany)
• later immigrants from Eastern Europe (darker hair, catholic)

• in 1890 the U.S. was the leading industrial power in the world
• output was equal to Engalnd, France and Germany combined
• explosive growth of factory system caused by mechanization: work done by machines not people

author who wrote widely read books with stories of self-made men

• the epitome of the self-made man
• a Scottish-American industrialist, businessman, entrepreneur and a major philanthropist.
• son of a poor immigrants son, very modest upbringing
• became involved w/ railroad at low level and worked his way up to the top
• shrewdness and hard work--a christian gentleman

the "evil twin" of the self-made man

• con stands for confidence--gives people false confidence in him, cheats them out of money. gains success through dishonesty, doesn't earn it through hard work

seemed to be the self made man; wealthy, successful many people thought of him as someone like Carnegie

people then realized he's shady and hated him-- he didn't donate his money like Carnegie but flaunted it with fur coats, etc. 

• essay by Andrew Carnegie on the responsibility of philanthropy the self-made upper class has
• the wealthy entrepreneur must assume the responsibility of distributing his fortune in a way that it will be put to good use, and not wasted on frivolous expenditure.
• said people should personally donate money to make sure it helps

• early factories were tremendously unsafe to work in
• no rules/regulations

• workers withdrew from their work psychologically
• came to work drunk, slept on the job or skipped work
• workers purposely broke machines to get out

the jewish community (led by housewives) broke into grocery stores, stole food, and burnt it in the streets

great wave of strikes that began in Chicago in the 1890s

 a nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads that occurred in the United States in 1894. The conflict began in the town of Pullman, Illinois on May 11 when approximately 3,000 employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages, bringing traffic west of Chicago to a halt.^[1]

• advances in technology led to more efficient machines, meaning less people were needed to grow crops

• an collective organization for American farmers prominent in the 1860s and esp. 1870s
• farmers could band together to buy seeds,etc. (lower prices in large groups)
• working together to move themselves forward

1889: cooperative movement

• thought the govt should regulate railroad fares (claimed it charged small farmers more)
• thought tarrifs should be lowered to allow trade

politician from Georgia. In early years, Watson championed poor farmers and the working class

elected to the senate as a representative of the National Farmer's Alliance

• Based among poor, white cotton farmers in the South, and some midwest states like kansas and nebraska
• it represented a radical crusading form of agrarianism and hostility to banks, railroads, and elites generally.

• made a big splash in the political arena: presidential candidate, 3 elected governers, 4 senators, about a dozen congressmen

• people in industry facing terrible working conditions and low wages
• were increasingly being replaced by machines
• people began to walk of the job to protest(at railroads)
• striker vs. railroad conflicts: violence, deaths, etc. 
• millions of dollars of railroad property destroyed

• strikers in the square (in Chicago)
• police came to enforce safety
• someone threw a bomb into the crowd killing 1 policeman and 5 civilians
• 8 radicals accused of throwing the bomb--4 were hung

•  1892
• Homestead mill, owned by Carnegie 
• gun battle between strikers and detectives
• detectives and strikers killed
• forced to go back to work with no raise in pay

• unemployment at 20%
• industrial workers affected greately
• ohio workers thought the govt. should help them; walked to DC
• 10,000-20,000 people marched on the capitol 
• army ran them out of the capitol at gunpoint

• a series of reforms
• wanted an 8 hour workday
• asked for equal qage for industrial workers regardless of sex
• abolition of child labor

• victorians begin to question their culture
• businessmen feel threatened
• upperclass feels threatened by immigrants (racial fear)
• they feel their manliness was threatened
• biological racism

• studies came out to support the idea that immigrants are biologically inferior to whites

• Theodore Roosevelt claimed that Victorian whites were quickly being outnumbered by immigrants (racial fear)
• Roosevelt became a huge enemy of birth control within victorian families--encouraged them to have lots of kids (set an example himself)

• big businesses started to take shape and dominate

wrote many books.

social philosopher--became an idol for businessmen because he represented the highest acheivement in human life

prosperous victorian people feel anxious and restless

• argued that its caused by vicotrian culture
• symbol of the collapse of victorianism

• an organization under the leadership of William Tweed who began to run NYC
• provided services to poor immigrants in exchange for their votes

• famous muckraker
• began to write about Rockafeller and the oil industry 
• caused a public outcry

• powerful political dude in wisconsin
• against big corporations--progressive party