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circulatory system
Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, and respiratory questions
140
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
07/14/2009

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Cards

Term
what kind of blood is found in the rt. atrium
Definition
deoxygenated
Term
Where does blood come from to get to the right atrium
Definition
systemic circuit or the body
Term
what two large blood vessels bring blood to the right atrium?
Definition
superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
Term
What kind of blood is found in the right ventricle?
Definition
deoxgenated
Term
Where is blood in the right ventricle going to go?
Definition
to the lungs
Term
What blood vessel takes blood from the left ventricle towards the lungs?
Definition
pulmonary trunk
Term
what kind of blood is found in the left atrium?
Definition
oxygenated
Term
Where does blood in the left atrium come from?
Definition
lungs
Term
what 4 blood vessels bring blood to the left atrium?
Definition
Pulmonary veins
Term
What kind of blood si found in the left ventricle?
Definition
Oxygenated
Term
Where is blood in the left ventricle going?
Definition
body
Term
What vessel take sblood from the left ventricle?
Definition
Aorta
Term
What is the general function of the valves?
Definition
Maintain one way flow of blood
Term
What valve is found between the right atrium and ventricle?
Definition
tricupsip or Rt AV valve
Term
Semilunar valves can only be found in what typeof blood vessels and specifically which two?
Definition
Arteries of the pulmonary trunk and aorta
Term
How can you tell the difference between the atrioventricular and semilunar valves?
Definition
The AV vavles are tethered to chordae tendonae
Term
How can you tell the difference between the left and rt side of the heart?
Definition
Left AV vavle is bicupsid while the right valve is tricupsid
Term
The technical term for the heart strings is?
Definition
Chordae Tendinae
Term
Which valves are the chordae tendinae assocated with?
Definition
Left and Right atrioventricular valves or the bicupsid and tricupsid.
Term
What is the function of the papillary muscles?
Definition
They tether the AV vavles and prevent them from prolapsing back into the atria
Term
Semilunar valves prevent backflow into the what?
Definition
Ventricles
Term
What actually closes the semilunar valves to prevent backflow into the ventricles?
Definition
I saw pressure, but the HW assignment answer is blood flowing backward in the vessel.
Term
AV or cupsid valves prevent backflow into the?
Definition
Atria
Term
What type of vessel carries blood toward the heart?
Definition
Veins and lymphatic vessels
Term
What vessels carry blood away from the heart?
Definition
arteries
Term
In the systemic system, arteries always carry what kind of blood? What kind of blood do veins carry?
Definition
In the systemic circuit, arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood
Term
In the pulmonic system, arteries always carry what kind of blood and what kind of blood do veins carry?
Definition
In the pulmonic system, arteries carry oxygen poor blood and veins carry oxygen rich blood.
Term
Is deoxygenated blood really deoxygenated?
Definition
No, just oxygen poor
Term
What do you call the system of blood vessels that deliver and drain blood from the heart muscle cells?
Definition
Coronary arteries and veins
Term
The coronary sinus delivers deoxygenated blood to what atrium?
Definition
The right atrium
Term
Where do the right and left coronary arteries originate?
Definition
Base of aorta
Term
What two seperate networks do cardiac muscle cells form? What seperates them?
Definition
Atrial and Ventricular and seperated by sheets of connective tissue.
Term
Myofibers within a particular network are connected to other cells in that network by what?
Definition
Intercalated discs
Term
What do the noncontractile cells make up in the cardiac muscle systeM?
Definition
The conduction system
Term
What are the two nodes in the conduction system?
Definition
SA and AV nodes
Term
The spread of depolarizaition from the SA node to the AV node leads to what contraction?
Definition
atrial
Term
Where is the bundle of HIS located?
Definition
In the interventricular septum
Term
Where are the bundle branches and Purkinje fibers located?
Definition
Interventricular septum and the ventricular myocardium
Term
What part of the conduction system stimulates most of the ventricle cells to contract?
Definition
Purkinje fibers.
Term
Why is the Purkinje network more extensive on the left side?
Definition
It has more muscle mass to depolarize
Term
Explain why the papillary muscles contract slightly before the ventircle walls fully contract?
Definition
To put tension on the chordae tendonae before the ventricles contract?
Term
When you take someone's blood pressure, you are really measuring the contraction force of what chamber in the heart?
Definition
left ventricle
Term
What forms a double layer around the heart; fluid filled pericardial space occurs between the 2 layers
Definition
Parietal pericardium
Term
Outer, heavy connective tissue that prevents distention of the heart, protects the heart, and anchors the heart in the mediastinum?
Definition
Fibrous pericardium
Term
Cardiac muscle tissue?
Definition
myocardium
Term
Outer layer of the serous pericardium; attached to the fibrous pericardium
Definition
Parietal pericardium
Term
Inner layer of the serous pericardium; attached to the myocardium (covers the outside of the heart)
Definition
Visceral pericardium
Term
Also called the epicardium
Definition
Visceral pericardium
Term
Thin layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the insdie of the heart and covers valves and chordae tendinae
Definition
endocardium
Term
In the fetus, what 2 shunts does the blood take to bypass the pulmonary circuit?
Definition
Ductus arteriosis and foramen ovale
Term
Where does the foramen ovale occur?
Definition
Wall between the 2 atria
Term
What happens to the foramen ovale after the infant takes her first breath and the lungs inflate?
Definition
It closes due to pressure changes and due to prostaglandins released from the lungs at birth
Term
What is the remnant of the foramen ovale called?
Definition
Fossa ovalis
Term
Where does the ductus arteriosus occur?
Definition
Between the aorta and pulmonary trunk
Term
What happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth?
Definition
It closes off and becomes the ligamentum arteriosis
Term
In what blood vessels does gas, nutrient, and waste exchange take place?
Definition
Capillaries
Term
In systemic capillaries blood picks up what gas and drops off what gas?
Definition
in systemic capillaries blood picks up CO2 and drops off O2
Term
Which veins drain the stomach and intestines? These veins in turn empty their nutrient rich blood into what other vein? This vein in turn transports blood to what organ? After this organ hs processed the blood, it enters which vein? and then is dumped into a larger inferior vena cava which delivers the blood to the right atrium of the heart.
Definition
Inferior Mesenteric draining the stomach and the intestines empty their nutrient rich blood into the hepatic portal vein. which transports this blood to the lvier. after the liver has processed the blood it enters the hepatic vein and is then dumped into the  larger inferior vena cava which delivers blood to the right atrium of the heart
Term
Describe the general structure of a blood vessel
Definition

Tunica intima = endothelium

tunica media - smooth muscle wall and is thickest of 3 intimas

tunica externa or adventitia is collegen fibers and loose connective tissue

Term
Define vasocontstriction and vasodilation
Definition
vasoconstriction is the closing down of the lumen diamter and vasodilation is the open up of the vessel lumen
Term
Which blood protein is responsible for drawing most of the interstitial fluid back into the blood at teh venous end of the capillary?
Definition
albumin
Term
Describe the general structure of capillaries.
Definition
Single layer of endothelium with a loose connective tissue basement membrane
Term
What are the 3 different types of capillaries
Definition
Continous, fenestrated and sinusoid
Term
define continuous capillary
Definition
The most common type, endothelial cells form a complete continuous lining and are connected by tight junctions
Term
Define fenestrated capillary
Definition
Have tiny holes in each endothelial cell, however the basement membrane remains continous. , seen where a great deal of fluid transport between the blood and interstitail tissue occurs such as the small intestines, ciliary process of the eye, endocrine glands and kidneys
Term
Sinusoid capillaries
Definition
have larger gaps than fenestrated capillaries and the basement membrane is either discontinouous or absent. Sinusoids tend to be wider, larger vessels with openings that allow for transport of larger materials such as proteins or cells. found in bone marrow, anterior pituitary, the parathyroid glands and the suprarenal galnds, spleen and liver.
Term
What are shunt capillaries?
Definition
Shunt capillaries regulate flow between arterioles and veinules and can shunt blood away from a capillary bed
Term
What are true capillaries?
Definition
True capillaries regulate flow through a tissue bed
Term
Compare and contrast veins and arteries
Definition
arteries are thicker walled exposed to higher pressures and carry o2 rich blood in the systemic system, veins are thinner walled low pressure vessels, hold more blood capacity and carry o2 poor blood to the heart from the systemic organs.
Term
Explain why the circle of willis is needed?
Definition
to provide adequate blood flow to all regions of the brain and insure flow should one vessel become occluded
Term
Where is the circle of Willis found?
Definition
floor of the cranial cavity surrounding the pituitary gland and posterior to the mammilary bodies and anterior to the optic chiasm
Term
What arteries feed into the circle of Willis?
Definition
The basilar arter and internal carotids
Term
What is theprocess of blood cell formation?
Definition
Hematopoiesis
Term
Hematopoesis takes place in where?
Definition
red bone marrow
Term
the liquid portion of blood is called?
Definition
plasma
Term
define serum
Definition
plasma that has coagulated and lacks fibrinogen
Term
Plasma is responsible for transportion most of what gas?
Definition
CO2
Term
Why dont red blood cells have a nucleus?
Definition
make more room for hemoglobin and they do not replicate themselves, thus no need for chromatin material.
Term
Why do rbc's wear out after 120 days?
Definition
from wear and tear of circulation and transporting o2 and Co2
Term
why dont red blood cells ahve mitochondria
Definition
no need for them sine they lack organelles and need all the o2 for delivery to tissues
Term
the pigment molecule responsible for transportion o2 in a rbc is?
Definition
hemoglobin
Term
Name the wbcs from most numerous to least numerous?
Definition
neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Basophils.
Term
What component of blood is not a cell but a cell fragment?
Definition
Platelet
Term
Platelets are involved in the clotting rxn called?
Definition
hemostasis
Term
Hemostasis involves both platelets and what in the blood?
Definition
plasma proteins
Term
What binds to oxygen in red blood cells?
Definition
hemoglobin
Term
What is the most abundant plasma protein?
Definition
albumin
Term
what protein is involved in hemostasis?
Definition
fibrinoggen
Term
what protein produces antibodies and is involved with hemostasis, transport and immunity?
Definition
globulin
Term
What protein helps buffer blood pH, contributes to blood viscocity helps regulate blood pressure (helps to draw plasma back into venule end of capillary)
Definition
albumin
Term
Differentiate between plasma, interstitial fluid and lymph
Definition
Plasma is the liquid portion of blood and contains more proteins and formed elements. Lymph is an ultrafiltrate of plasma and is reabsorbed back into the blood
Term
Where is protein concentration the highest?
Definition
in blood plasma
Term
Lymphatic vessels are similar in structure to what other vessle?
Definition
veins
Term
Where are lymphatic vessels not found?
Definition
CNS, bone marrow, and teeth
Term
How do whti eblood cells and bacteria get into lymphatic vessels?
Definition
They slide through gaps in the lymphatic vessel walls
Term
Name the two largest lymphatic vessels.
Definition
Right lymphatic and great thoracic ducts
Term
Which one drains the largest area of the body?
Definition
Great thoracic ducts
Term
Where is lymph returned to the body circulatory system?
Definition
the subclavian vein at the junction of the SVC
Term
What lymphatic organs are responsible for filtering lymph?
Definition
Lymph nodes
Term
What kind of tissue makes up lymph nodes?
Definition
Reticular connective tissue, macrophages, reticular cells
Term
Name 3 areas of the body that have a large concentration of lymph nodes?
Definition
Intestines and mesentery, cervical and axillary regions
Term
What are the 2 major functions of lymph nodes?
Definition
Filer the lymph and alert the immune system of foreign pathogens in the system
Term
How many tonsils are there? what are their names and how many are there in each type?
Definition
5 total tonsils, 1 Pharyngeal or adenoids, 2 lingual and 2 palatine
Term
Explain how tonsils invite infection?
Definition
They contain crypts or crevasses that foreign pathogens or matter get trapped in and the tonsils then begin to destroy them to prevent infection
Term
Describe the function so fhte spleen
Definition
Cleanses blood of dead rbcs stores some rbcs and platelets and reuses breakdown products from rbc recycling
Term
What organ performs the same functions as the spleen?
Definition
liver and lymph nodes
Term
The thymusgland hormones promote hte proliferation and maturation of what kind of white blood cell?
Definition
T lymphocytes
Term
Wha thappens to the thymus gland as a person ages?
Definition
It atrophies like all things as we get older
Term
What is the function of red bone marrow?
Definition
production of B lymphocytes and hematopoiesis or formation of new blood cells.
Term
Differentiate between the upper respiratory systema dn the lower respiratory system?
Definition

Upper respiratory includes nares, nasal cavity, nasopharynx and oropharynx

Lower respiratory includes the voice box (larynx) down to the alveoli of the lungs

Term
Differentiate between the conducting division and the respiratory division in the respiratory system
Definition
Upper respiratory is a conduction division, deliver air to the respiratory devision. Lower respiratory is the exchange system or respiratory division where CO2 is blown off and O2 is picked up in the blood
Term
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
Definition
To create turbulence of the air and increase moisture content as well as warm the air.
Term
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
Definition
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx
Term
What part of the pharynx cotains the opening ot hte Eustachian tube?
Definition
Nasopharynx
Term
Explain the mucociliary escalator
Definition
Consists of cilia that line the trachea and are in constant motion to move mucous up and out of the trachea to be swallowed or expectorated
Term
What is the common name of the pharynx and the larynx?
Definition
Pharynx is the throat and larynx is the voice box
Term
Name the 4 important cartilages that I need to know
Definition
Thyroid, arytendoid, cricoid, epiglottis
Term
What cartilage forms the Adam's apple?
Definition
thyroid
Term
What is the function of the epiglottis? what is the glottis?
Definition
Epiglottis acts as a valve to close the glottis and deflect food and water away from the glottis. The glottis is the opening into the trachea
Term
Why does the cricoid cartilage have clinical importance?
Definition
For performance of a tracheotomy just superioer to it and the thyroid cartilage
Term
What cartilages are the true vocal cords attached to?
Definition
Arytenoid
Term
Differentiate between the vestibular and true vocal cords?
Definition
True vocal cords are bands of ligamentes that are used to form speech. Vestibular folds play no role in speech and are lateral to the vocal cords
Term
What is the common name for the trachea/
Definition
Windpipe
Term
Describe the histological structure of the trachea?
Definition
Cartilage is C shaped and compsed of hyaline cartilage; epithelium is Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Term
Why are the cartilage rings C - shaped?
Definition
To allow food to bulge into the trachea. The esophagus is immediately posterior to the trachea
Term
Describe the branching of the respiratory tree
Definition
Trachea down to terminal bronchioles is the conducting zone; from terminal branchioles to alveoli is the respiratory zone
Term
How many lobes does each lung have?
Definition
5 total, 3 right  side and 2 left side
Term
As the tubes
Definition
Term
As the tubes of the bronchial tree get smaller, how does thier histology change?
Definition
1. Cartilaginous rings are replaced by plates. 2. Cartilage is replaced by smooth muscle more and more and 3 mucociliated membrane is replaced by simple squamous epithelium
Term
If there is no mucociliary response in the smaller tubes, how does one get rid of debris, bacteria etc that make their way into the smaller tubes?
Definition
By the alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
Term
Explain the histology of the alveoli
Definition
Most of the alveolar epithelium is simple squamous epithelium with a very thin basement membrane. there are alos great alveolar cells that repair the alveolar epithelium and secrete surfactant that reduce the surface tension in the lungs and keep the alveoli from collapsing. The alveolar macrophages help to keep the alveoli clean from foreign matter and pathogens
Term
What is the function of the alveoli?
Definition
They are the air sacs which create an very large surface area for O2 and CO2 exchange across the capillary epithelium
Term
Explain the function of surfactant
Definition
Surfactant is a phopholipid material tha treduces the surface tension and prevents the collapse of the alveoli
Term
Increasing the volume does what to pressure?
Definition
Increasing the volume decreases the pressure. Decreasing volume increases pressure
Term
When we exhale what is the pressure inside the lungs relative to atmospheric pressure?
Definition
When we exhale pressure inside the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure. When we inhale pressure inside the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure.
Term
How do you increase the volume insdide the lungs?
Definition
Either contract the diaphragm or contract the intercostals and making the ribs rise
Term
What does contraction of the diaphragm do to the volume?
Definition
Contraction of the diaphragm increases volume, thus lowers pressure.
Term
If the oxygen carrying apacity of the blood isreduced how can the kidneys helP?
Definition
By producing and releasing erythropoietin into the blood to synthesize more rbc's
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