Term
| what kind of blood is found in the rt. atrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does blood come from to get to the right atrium |
|
Definition
| systemic circuit or the body |
|
|
Term
| what two large blood vessels bring blood to the right atrium? |
|
Definition
| superior vena cava and inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| What kind of blood is found in the right ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is blood in the right ventricle going to go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What blood vessel takes blood from the left ventricle towards the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of blood is found in the left atrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does blood in the left atrium come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 4 blood vessels bring blood to the left atrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of blood si found in the left ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is blood in the left ventricle going? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vessel take sblood from the left ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the general function of the valves? |
|
Definition
| Maintain one way flow of blood |
|
|
Term
| What valve is found between the right atrium and ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Semilunar valves can only be found in what typeof blood vessels and specifically which two? |
|
Definition
| Arteries of the pulmonary trunk and aorta |
|
|
Term
| How can you tell the difference between the atrioventricular and semilunar valves? |
|
Definition
| The AV vavles are tethered to chordae tendonae |
|
|
Term
| How can you tell the difference between the left and rt side of the heart? |
|
Definition
| Left AV vavle is bicupsid while the right valve is tricupsid |
|
|
Term
| The technical term for the heart strings is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which valves are the chordae tendinae assocated with? |
|
Definition
| Left and Right atrioventricular valves or the bicupsid and tricupsid. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the papillary muscles? |
|
Definition
| They tether the AV vavles and prevent them from prolapsing back into the atria |
|
|
Term
| Semilunar valves prevent backflow into the what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What actually closes the semilunar valves to prevent backflow into the ventricles? |
|
Definition
| I saw pressure, but the HW assignment answer is blood flowing backward in the vessel. |
|
|
Term
| AV or cupsid valves prevent backflow into the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of vessel carries blood toward the heart? |
|
Definition
| Veins and lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
| What vessels carry blood away from the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the systemic system, arteries always carry what kind of blood? What kind of blood do veins carry? |
|
Definition
| In the systemic circuit, arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood |
|
|
Term
| In the pulmonic system, arteries always carry what kind of blood and what kind of blood do veins carry? |
|
Definition
| In the pulmonic system, arteries carry oxygen poor blood and veins carry oxygen rich blood. |
|
|
Term
| Is deoxygenated blood really deoxygenated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do you call the system of blood vessels that deliver and drain blood from the heart muscle cells? |
|
Definition
| Coronary arteries and veins |
|
|
Term
| The coronary sinus delivers deoxygenated blood to what atrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the right and left coronary arteries originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two seperate networks do cardiac muscle cells form? What seperates them? |
|
Definition
| Atrial and Ventricular and seperated by sheets of connective tissue. |
|
|
Term
| Myofibers within a particular network are connected to other cells in that network by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the noncontractile cells make up in the cardiac muscle systeM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two nodes in the conduction system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The spread of depolarizaition from the SA node to the AV node leads to what contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the bundle of HIS located? |
|
Definition
| In the interventricular septum |
|
|
Term
| Where are the bundle branches and Purkinje fibers located? |
|
Definition
| Interventricular septum and the ventricular myocardium |
|
|
Term
| What part of the conduction system stimulates most of the ventricle cells to contract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the Purkinje network more extensive on the left side? |
|
Definition
| It has more muscle mass to depolarize |
|
|
Term
| Explain why the papillary muscles contract slightly before the ventircle walls fully contract? |
|
Definition
| To put tension on the chordae tendonae before the ventricles contract? |
|
|
Term
| When you take someone's blood pressure, you are really measuring the contraction force of what chamber in the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms a double layer around the heart; fluid filled pericardial space occurs between the 2 layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outer, heavy connective tissue that prevents distention of the heart, protects the heart, and anchors the heart in the mediastinum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outer layer of the serous pericardium; attached to the fibrous pericardium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inner layer of the serous pericardium; attached to the myocardium (covers the outside of the heart) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Also called the epicardium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the insdie of the heart and covers valves and chordae tendinae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the fetus, what 2 shunts does the blood take to bypass the pulmonary circuit? |
|
Definition
| Ductus arteriosis and foramen ovale |
|
|
Term
| Where does the foramen ovale occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the foramen ovale after the infant takes her first breath and the lungs inflate? |
|
Definition
| It closes due to pressure changes and due to prostaglandins released from the lungs at birth |
|
|
Term
| What is the remnant of the foramen ovale called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the ductus arteriosus occur? |
|
Definition
| Between the aorta and pulmonary trunk |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth? |
|
Definition
| It closes off and becomes the ligamentum arteriosis |
|
|
Term
| In what blood vessels does gas, nutrient, and waste exchange take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In systemic capillaries blood picks up what gas and drops off what gas? |
|
Definition
| in systemic capillaries blood picks up CO2 and drops off O2 |
|
|
Term
| Which veins drain the stomach and intestines? These veins in turn empty their nutrient rich blood into what other vein? This vein in turn transports blood to what organ? After this organ hs processed the blood, it enters which vein? and then is dumped into a larger inferior vena cava which delivers the blood to the right atrium of the heart. |
|
Definition
| Inferior Mesenteric draining the stomach and the intestines empty their nutrient rich blood into the hepatic portal vein. which transports this blood to the lvier. after the liver has processed the blood it enters the hepatic vein and is then dumped into the larger inferior vena cava which delivers blood to the right atrium of the heart |
|
|
Term
| Describe the general structure of a blood vessel |
|
Definition
Tunica intima = endothelium
tunica media - smooth muscle wall and is thickest of 3 intimas
tunica externa or adventitia is collegen fibers and loose connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| Define vasocontstriction and vasodilation |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction is the closing down of the lumen diamter and vasodilation is the open up of the vessel lumen |
|
|
Term
| Which blood protein is responsible for drawing most of the interstitial fluid back into the blood at teh venous end of the capillary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the general structure of capillaries. |
|
Definition
| Single layer of endothelium with a loose connective tissue basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 different types of capillaries |
|
Definition
| Continous, fenestrated and sinusoid |
|
|
Term
| define continuous capillary |
|
Definition
| The most common type, endothelial cells form a complete continuous lining and are connected by tight junctions |
|
|
Term
| Define fenestrated capillary |
|
Definition
| Have tiny holes in each endothelial cell, however the basement membrane remains continous. , seen where a great deal of fluid transport between the blood and interstitail tissue occurs such as the small intestines, ciliary process of the eye, endocrine glands and kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have larger gaps than fenestrated capillaries and the basement membrane is either discontinouous or absent. Sinusoids tend to be wider, larger vessels with openings that allow for transport of larger materials such as proteins or cells. found in bone marrow, anterior pituitary, the parathyroid glands and the suprarenal galnds, spleen and liver. |
|
|
Term
| What are shunt capillaries? |
|
Definition
| Shunt capillaries regulate flow between arterioles and veinules and can shunt blood away from a capillary bed |
|
|
Term
| What are true capillaries? |
|
Definition
| True capillaries regulate flow through a tissue bed |
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast veins and arteries |
|
Definition
| arteries are thicker walled exposed to higher pressures and carry o2 rich blood in the systemic system, veins are thinner walled low pressure vessels, hold more blood capacity and carry o2 poor blood to the heart from the systemic organs. |
|
|
Term
| Explain why the circle of willis is needed? |
|
Definition
| to provide adequate blood flow to all regions of the brain and insure flow should one vessel become occluded |
|
|
Term
| Where is the circle of Willis found? |
|
Definition
| floor of the cranial cavity surrounding the pituitary gland and posterior to the mammilary bodies and anterior to the optic chiasm |
|
|
Term
| What arteries feed into the circle of Willis? |
|
Definition
| The basilar arter and internal carotids |
|
|
Term
| What is theprocess of blood cell formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hematopoesis takes place in where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the liquid portion of blood is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma that has coagulated and lacks fibrinogen |
|
|
Term
| Plasma is responsible for transportion most of what gas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why dont red blood cells have a nucleus? |
|
Definition
| make more room for hemoglobin and they do not replicate themselves, thus no need for chromatin material. |
|
|
Term
| Why do rbc's wear out after 120 days? |
|
Definition
| from wear and tear of circulation and transporting o2 and Co2 |
|
|
Term
| why dont red blood cells ahve mitochondria |
|
Definition
| no need for them sine they lack organelles and need all the o2 for delivery to tissues |
|
|
Term
| the pigment molecule responsible for transportion o2 in a rbc is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the wbcs from most numerous to least numerous? |
|
Definition
| neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Basophils. |
|
|
Term
| What component of blood is not a cell but a cell fragment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platelets are involved in the clotting rxn called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemostasis involves both platelets and what in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What binds to oxygen in red blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant plasma protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what protein is involved in hemostasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what protein produces antibodies and is involved with hemostasis, transport and immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protein helps buffer blood pH, contributes to blood viscocity helps regulate blood pressure (helps to draw plasma back into venule end of capillary) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between plasma, interstitial fluid and lymph |
|
Definition
| Plasma is the liquid portion of blood and contains more proteins and formed elements. Lymph is an ultrafiltrate of plasma and is reabsorbed back into the blood |
|
|
Term
| Where is protein concentration the highest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic vessels are similar in structure to what other vessle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are lymphatic vessels not found? |
|
Definition
| CNS, bone marrow, and teeth |
|
|
Term
| How do whti eblood cells and bacteria get into lymphatic vessels? |
|
Definition
| They slide through gaps in the lymphatic vessel walls |
|
|
Term
| Name the two largest lymphatic vessels. |
|
Definition
| Right lymphatic and great thoracic ducts |
|
|
Term
| Which one drains the largest area of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is lymph returned to the body circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| the subclavian vein at the junction of the SVC |
|
|
Term
| What lymphatic organs are responsible for filtering lymph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of tissue makes up lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| Reticular connective tissue, macrophages, reticular cells |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 areas of the body that have a large concentration of lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| Intestines and mesentery, cervical and axillary regions |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 major functions of lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| Filer the lymph and alert the immune system of foreign pathogens in the system |
|
|
Term
| How many tonsils are there? what are their names and how many are there in each type? |
|
Definition
| 5 total tonsils, 1 Pharyngeal or adenoids, 2 lingual and 2 palatine |
|
|
Term
| Explain how tonsils invite infection? |
|
Definition
| They contain crypts or crevasses that foreign pathogens or matter get trapped in and the tonsils then begin to destroy them to prevent infection |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function so fhte spleen |
|
Definition
| Cleanses blood of dead rbcs stores some rbcs and platelets and reuses breakdown products from rbc recycling |
|
|
Term
| What organ performs the same functions as the spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thymusgland hormones promote hte proliferation and maturation of what kind of white blood cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wha thappens to the thymus gland as a person ages? |
|
Definition
| It atrophies like all things as we get older |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of red bone marrow? |
|
Definition
| production of B lymphocytes and hematopoiesis or formation of new blood cells. |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between the upper respiratory systema dn the lower respiratory system? |
|
Definition
Upper respiratory includes nares, nasal cavity, nasopharynx and oropharynx
Lower respiratory includes the voice box (larynx) down to the alveoli of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between the conducting division and the respiratory division in the respiratory system |
|
Definition
| Upper respiratory is a conduction division, deliver air to the respiratory devision. Lower respiratory is the exchange system or respiratory division where CO2 is blown off and O2 is picked up in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the nasal conchae? |
|
Definition
| To create turbulence of the air and increase moisture content as well as warm the air. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 regions of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
| Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx |
|
|
Term
| What part of the pharynx cotains the opening ot hte Eustachian tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the mucociliary escalator |
|
Definition
| Consists of cilia that line the trachea and are in constant motion to move mucous up and out of the trachea to be swallowed or expectorated |
|
|
Term
| What is the common name of the pharynx and the larynx? |
|
Definition
| Pharynx is the throat and larynx is the voice box |
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 important cartilages that I need to know |
|
Definition
| Thyroid, arytendoid, cricoid, epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| What cartilage forms the Adam's apple? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the epiglottis? what is the glottis? |
|
Definition
| Epiglottis acts as a valve to close the glottis and deflect food and water away from the glottis. The glottis is the opening into the trachea |
|
|
Term
| Why does the cricoid cartilage have clinical importance? |
|
Definition
| For performance of a tracheotomy just superioer to it and the thyroid cartilage |
|
|
Term
| What cartilages are the true vocal cords attached to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between the vestibular and true vocal cords? |
|
Definition
| True vocal cords are bands of ligamentes that are used to form speech. Vestibular folds play no role in speech and are lateral to the vocal cords |
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for the trachea/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the histological structure of the trachea? |
|
Definition
| Cartilage is C shaped and compsed of hyaline cartilage; epithelium is Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Why are the cartilage rings C - shaped? |
|
Definition
| To allow food to bulge into the trachea. The esophagus is immediately posterior to the trachea |
|
|
Term
| Describe the branching of the respiratory tree |
|
Definition
| Trachea down to terminal bronchioles is the conducting zone; from terminal branchioles to alveoli is the respiratory zone |
|
|
Term
| How many lobes does each lung have? |
|
Definition
| 5 total, 3 right side and 2 left side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the tubes of the bronchial tree get smaller, how does thier histology change? |
|
Definition
| 1. Cartilaginous rings are replaced by plates. 2. Cartilage is replaced by smooth muscle more and more and 3 mucociliated membrane is replaced by simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| If there is no mucociliary response in the smaller tubes, how does one get rid of debris, bacteria etc that make their way into the smaller tubes? |
|
Definition
| By the alveolar macrophages (dust cells) |
|
|
Term
| Explain the histology of the alveoli |
|
Definition
| Most of the alveolar epithelium is simple squamous epithelium with a very thin basement membrane. there are alos great alveolar cells that repair the alveolar epithelium and secrete surfactant that reduce the surface tension in the lungs and keep the alveoli from collapsing. The alveolar macrophages help to keep the alveoli clean from foreign matter and pathogens |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the alveoli? |
|
Definition
| They are the air sacs which create an very large surface area for O2 and CO2 exchange across the capillary epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Explain the function of surfactant |
|
Definition
| Surfactant is a phopholipid material tha treduces the surface tension and prevents the collapse of the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Increasing the volume does what to pressure? |
|
Definition
| Increasing the volume decreases the pressure. Decreasing volume increases pressure |
|
|
Term
| When we exhale what is the pressure inside the lungs relative to atmospheric pressure? |
|
Definition
| When we exhale pressure inside the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure. When we inhale pressure inside the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure. |
|
|
Term
| How do you increase the volume insdide the lungs? |
|
Definition
| Either contract the diaphragm or contract the intercostals and making the ribs rise |
|
|
Term
| What does contraction of the diaphragm do to the volume? |
|
Definition
| Contraction of the diaphragm increases volume, thus lowers pressure. |
|
|
Term
| If the oxygen carrying apacity of the blood isreduced how can the kidneys helP? |
|
Definition
| By producing and releasing erythropoietin into the blood to synthesize more rbc's |
|
|
