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Ch. Six (Integumentary)
questions possible for test 2
73
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
02/25/2013

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Term
Dermatology
Definition
study and treatment of the integumentary system
Term
What type of cells make up the epidermis?
Definition
stratified squamous epitheleum
Term
What type of tissue makes up the dermis?
Definition
connective tissue
Term
What are the functions of the skin? (name seven)
Definition
1. resistance to trauma and infection
2. other barrier functions (UV radiation, water barrier)
3.Vitamin D Synthesis
4. Sensation
5. Thermoregulation
6. Nonverbal communication
7. Transdermal absorption
Term
What is keratin?
Definition
The tough protein that packs the dead cells at the surface of the epidermis
Term
True or false: The epidermis lacks blood vessels
Definition
True
Term
How does the epidermis get its nutrients?
Definition
From diffusion of nutrients from underlying layers
Term
Name the five types of cells in the epidermis
Definition
1. Stem cells
2. Keratinocytes
3. Melanocytes
4. Tactile (Merkel) Cells
5. Dendric (Langerhans) Cells
Term
What layer of the epidermis contains stem cells?
Definition
Stratum Basale (or Germinativum)
Term
When the stem cells of the epidermis differentiate, what do they become?
Definition
keratinocytes
Term
Which cells make up the majority of the epidermis?
Definition
keratinocytes
Term
What do keratinocytes do?
Definition
synthesize keratin
Term
In which layer of the epidermis are melanocytes exclusively found?
Definition
basale
Term
What is melanin?
Definition
pigment that shields DNA from UV radiation
Term
What are Merkel cells?
Definition
Tactile or touch receptor cells that are associated with dermal nerve fibers
Term
What are Dendritic (Lanerghans) cells?
Definition
Macrophages originating in bone marrow that guard against pathogens
Term
In what layer are Dendritic cells found?
Definition
Spinosum and Granulosum
Term
What are the five layers of the epidermis of the palms, in order from top to bottom?
Definition
Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale
Term
Which epidermal layer is found only in the tough skin of the palms and the soles of the feet?
Definition
Stratum Lucidum
Term
Describe stratum basale
Definition
A layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane
Term
What types of cells exist in Stratum Basale?
Definition
keratinocytes
melanocytes
stem cells
Merkel (tactile)
Term
Where does mitosis of the skin cells in stratum basale cease?
Definition
three cells below the surface
Term
Describe the process of mitosis that occurs in stratum basale
Definition
The stem cells in the stratum create new keratinocytes via mitosis. As this process occurs, the new cells are constantly pushing the old ones towards the surface. The mitosis stops three cells below the surface.
Term
What types of cells can be found in stratum spinosum?
Definition
keratinocytes
Dendritic (Lanerghans) cells
Term
What happens to the cells in stratum spinosum?
Definition
The keratinocytes in the stratum produce more keratin filaments, which cause the cells to flatten. The higher up (and therefore the older the cells), the flatter they get.
Term
What is the most superficial layer (or layer closest to the surface of the skin) that is still capable of mitosis?
Definition
stratum spinosum
Term
What is KERATOHYALIN?
Definition
a protein structure that exists in granule form in keratinocytes of the stratum granulosum; releases a protein called filaggrin
Term
In what layer is keratohyalin active?
Definition
stratum granulosum
Term
What is filaggrin?
Definition
protein created by keratohyalin that binds to keratin cells in epithelium and creates TIGHT JUNCTIONS between keratin filaments to make coarse, tough bundles
Term
What processes occur in Stratum Granulosum?
Definition
- keratohyalin produces filaggrin
- membrane-coating vesicles of the keratinocytes release a lipid mixture that creates a waterproof barrier over the cell surface
Term
How is the epidermal water barrier created?
Definition
In stratum granulosum, the membrane-coating vesicles of the keratinocytes release a lipid mixture that is hydrophobic
Term
Between which layers is the epidermal water barrier found?
Definition
stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum
Term
What is the purpose of the epidermal water barrier?
Definition
prevents dehydration - one of skin's main functions!!
Term
What is the stratum lucidum?
Definition
clear layer of thick skin found superficial to the stratum granulosum
Term
What is eleidin?
Definition
a clear intracellular protein densely packing the keratinocytes of the stratum lucidum
Term
What protein densely packs the keratinocytes of the stratum lucidum?
Definition
eleidin
Term
true or false: the cells of the stratum lucidum have no nucleus
Definition
true
Term
What unique qualities do the keratinocytes of the stratum lucidum have?
Definition
- densely packed with the translucent protein eleidin
- the cells have no nucleus or other organelles
Term
Describe the stratum corneum
Definition
- up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells
- top layer of the epidermis - the layer that sloughs off when you exfoliate
Term
How many days does it take for a layer of surface cells of the stratum corneum to slough off?
Definition
30-40
Term
What causes the pace of exfoliation of the stratum corneum to change?
Definition
slows with old age
speeds up in injured or stressed skin
Term
What causes thick corns or calluses?
Definition
accumulation of dead keratinocytes on hands or feet
Term
What is dandruff?
Definition
combination of excess sebum and flakes of dead keratinocytes from the stratum corneum
Term
What does the stratum corneum help resist?
Definition
penetration
water loss
Term
What is the Dermis? What does it contain?
Definition
layer of connective tissue beneath the epidermis well supplied with blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerve endings
Term
What is the thickness of the dermis?
Definition
range from 0.2mm (thin skin like eyelids) to 4mm (thick skin of palms and soles)
Term
What tissue types make up the dermis?
Definition
collagen with elastic fibers, reticular fibers, and fibroblasts
Term
What are dermal papillae?
Definition
upward figerlike extensions of the dermis that project into the epidermis and increase the surface area of blood supply to the dermis
Term
What causes fingerprints?
Definition
Friction ridges on fingertips that take the shape of the dermal papillae pattern
Term
What are the layers of the dermis?
Definition
Papillary
Reticular
Term
Which is more superficial, the papillary or reticular layer of the dermis?
Definition
papillary
Term
what type of tissue makes up the papillary layer of the dermis?
Definition
areolar tissue near the papilla
Term
what purpose does the papillary layer serve?
Definition
allows for the mobility of leukocytes and other defense cells should the epidermis break down - it's a defense layer!
Term
What important vessels does the dermal papillary layer contain?
Definition
small blood vessels
Term
which is thicker, the papillary or reticular layer of the dermis?
Definition
Reticular
Term
What type of tissue makes up the reticular layer of the dermis?
Definition
dense, irregular connective tissue
Term
What causes stretch marks?
Definition
tears in the collagen fibers caused by stretching of the skin
Term
What is the nature of the tissues in the hypodermis?
Definition
mostly areolar and adipose
Term
What is the function of the hypodermis?
Definition
binds skin to underlying tissues
Term
What is the purpose of a subcutaneous injection?
Definition
the hypodermis is highly vascular and therefore absorbs drugs quickly and spreads them throughout the body
Term
what purpose does subcutaneous fat serve?
Definition
energy reservoir, thermal insulation
Term
What is the most significant factor in skin color?
Definition
melanin
Term
what cells are involved in the production and storage of melanin?
Definition
melanocytes produce melanin, but it is accumulated/stored in keratinocytes
Term
What color is eumelanin?
Definition
brownish black
Term
What color is pheomelanin?
Definition
reddish yellow; contains sulfur
Term
What determines skin color?
Definition
The amount of melanin produced in the melanocytes and accumulated in the keratinocytes (NOT the number of melanocytes - those are the same from color to color)
Term
What else, besides heredity, can cause an increase in melanin?
Definition
exposure to UV
Term
What function does melanin serve?
Definition
protects the skin from absorbing too much UV - people in tropical climates need more because they have maximized sun exposure; people in arctic climates need less bc they need extra UV to help produce vitamin D
Term
What are the NEGATIVE effects of UVR?
Definition
skin cancer
breaks down folic acid needed by the body for cell division, fertility, fetal development
Term
What is the desirable effect of UVR?
Definition
stimulates synthesis of vitamin D
Term
Why do women on average have less melanin than men?
Definition
Vitamin D and folic acid production are important to support pregnancy and lactation
Term
what is hemoglobin?
Definition
the red pigment of red blood cells
Term
What is carotene?
Definition
yellow
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