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| Jewish sect; rivals to Sadducee; believe in future life of rewards & penalties; accepted written law & oral traditions; believed in angels & demons, and coming judgement day; very learned men |
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| members of upper class; controlled priesthood of temples; mediators between Romans & Jews; literal reading of Torah; not oral like pharisees; no angels, demons or judgement day |
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| Greek dialect spoken among soldiers; the language became the lingua franca of the Western world and the common language among the people |
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| "the word"; reason or cosmic wisdom; important concept for Stoicism which believes in a reason for everything |
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| Son of Philipp II of Macedonia who began to rule at age 20; created the expansive empire from Egypt to Western India; his legacy lasted through Hellenism |
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| Ano Dominae; year of our Lord |
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| relative age of military peace under the Roman government; lasted from the ascension of Augustus in 27 BC to the death of Marcus Aurelius; the peace was enforced by the Roman legions who patrolled the borders |
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| First 5 books of the Hebrew Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy |
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| neo-international culture; mix classical w/ older New East; 322 BC start; synthesis of other cultures of Greek; Greek ideas & education dominated; became near universal standards for learning; influence restricted to upper class |
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| love of wisdom; began late 7th century BC; Athens became center of intellect, philosophy, and culture; |
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| between 469 and 399 BC; life an unending quest for truth; questioned every belief in a good-natured way; poisoned with hemlock; dualistic philosophy of physical and invisible realm |
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| Socrates apprentice wrote for him; he developed a coherent worldview (system of myths, signs, stories, etc) |
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| a story to explain something |
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| another Greek philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno; emphasized order and moral purposes of the universe; reason-divine principle that gives coherence to the universe; reason defined as logos- cosmic wisdom; human souls are sparks from cosmic fire; everything has a reason; discipline both body and mind; Stoicism had religious overtones by the time Christianity began; understand laws of nature, and adjust to it; apatheia- life without passions; moral insight, self-control, & justice fail in one and fail in all; reject earlier cultures; cosmopolitan; famous Stoics: Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius |
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| founder of Stoicism in Athens |
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| divine principle that gives coherence to the universe; reason defined as logos |
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| life without passions; concept of Stoicism |
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| asserts that everything is either material or physical, including the soul; the gods may exist but have no contact or interest in humans; avoidance of pain; seek intellectual pleasures; unlike stoics who believe everything is ordered, they believe things just happen and free will is dominant |
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| the stuff that makes the cosmos; everything is order; concept of Stoicism |
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| Greco-Roman fostered underground religions; from the Greek misterion: parallel the Christian religion; one did not belong to a mystery religion by birth, but had to be initiated; myths regarding origin of cosmos, deity, etc; focused on promise of afterlife; dramatized myth of rebirth of a male figure; sacred meal of blood and flesh of god |
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| was a god; popular secret cult; official cult of Roman Empire and Christianity’s leading competitor later; parallels Christianity on December 25, birth of sun, etc |
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| general under Alexander then ruler of Egypt from 323-283; |
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| one of unifying tenets of Judaism; belief in one God; unique to Jews |
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| one of unifying tenets of Judaism; forever promised as a part of the blessings of Abraham |
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| one of unifying tenets of Judaism; Yahweh's temple built on Zion's hill; only place where animal sacrifice were required; housed Ark of the Covenant |
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| Lead group of rebel Jews in 142 BC and established Hasmodean dynasty |
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| Jewish sect; political party to incite rebellion; |
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| by 37 BC Herod takes Jewish city by force; acts of cruelty and violence |
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| one of distinctions of message of Jesus; coming of Christ and His ministry; understanding the life of Christ |
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| Messianic- Jesus as a savior; He explained himself until His ascension then the responsibility is on the disciples suffering and humiliation; pre-existence of Christ; point of Resurrection was when Christ was declared the Son of God; takes into account Hebrew theology, suffering servant, and stoicism (doctrine of divine intellectual logos) |
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| -representing an Independent line of thought; never knew Paul’s line of thinking; believed Christ was the Son of God at the Baptism when God spoke from heaven; Son of God through adoption; no real theory of incarnation |
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| Matthew & Luke's Christology |
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| begin with birth narrative; divine son-ship from birth; no trace of Paul’s doctrine of pre-existence |
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| John does not report on virgin birth; harmonious presentation; inexplicable conception of Christ (Word was God) |
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| Organization of Church; Jerusalem Church; Peter and James are leaders, then John; 11 disciples, 7 presbyters (deacons |
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| Organization of Church; bishop or overseer; in this part of history, just means pastor; deacons assisted even though they weren’t trained |
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| became to be role as a pastor; the bishop at Antioch acted with the right to govern other churches |
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letters written by Ignatius; in his mind each church had a bishop; spoke of deacons and presbyters as worthy of respect; case for Apostolic Succession
filled the gap in church organizationGod -->Christ-->Disciples(Peter)-->Church Fathers |
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(AD 95-150): Clement of Rome, Ignatius, etc. wrote
-Literature: Didicae: teaching of apostles; manual or discipline giving guidelines for Christian life and church; Shepherd of the Mass by brother of the bishop of Rome and dealt with remission of sins after baptism |
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150-180 AD), defended the faith, Justin Martyr
-great need to explain misconceptions
-God raised them up as able thinkers and their arguments are used throughout the centuries; forced to deal with relationship between Christians and pagan gods (reject secular things); many Christians were deemed “anti-Roman”; many Christians rejected the study of classical literature; not all agreed on attitude on classical pagan culture such as philosophers
-heresy: mixing a lie with a little truth, that sounds believable |
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| systematic theology to develop what the church believed: Tertullian of Carthage, Origen of Alexandria |
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| Early Church Father; Latin; theology on purgatory and trinity |
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| Early Church Father; perpetual virginity of Mary and pre-existing souls |
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| Early Christian apologist; 2nd Century; developed theory of Logos |
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| French theologian and pioneered biblical hermeneutics |
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| Pope from 590 to his death in 604; known as Father of Christian worship; Latin Father |
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| Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa and Gregory of Nazianus; developed advanced Christian theology in Trinity doctrine; attended First Council of Constantinople and helped final version of Nicene Creed |
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| 2nd Century Christian writer from Assyria; strict monotheist |
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| love of wisdom; began late 7th century BC; Athens became center of intellect, philosophy and culture |
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| Jewish sect; wanted to be removed from evil world |
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| Greco-Roman culture 1-500 AD |
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| Council of Christian Bishops in 325; initiated by Constantine I; first ecumenical council and developed the Nicene Creed |
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