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chp 8
chp 8
56
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/13/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

structural classification of joints

 

Definition

 the material binding bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present

       classifications are: 
§Fibrous
§Cartilaginous
§Synovial
Term
Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures
Definition

 

§Occur between the bones of the skull
§Comprised of interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers
§Bind bones tightly together, but allow for growth during youth
§In middle age, skull bones fuse and are called synostoses
Term
Cartilaginous Joints
Definition

 

§Articulating bones are united by cartilage
§Lack a joint cavity
§Two types – synchondroses and symphyses
Term
Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses
Definition

 

§Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
§Amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility

Examples include intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis

Term
Synovial Joints
Definition

 

§Those joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity
§All are freely movable diarthroses
§Examples – all limb joints, and most joints of the body
Term
Synovial Joints: General Structure
Definition

 

§Articular cartilage
§Joint (synovial) cavity
§Articular capsule
§Synovial fluid
§Reinforcing ligaments
Term
bursae and tendon sheath
Definition
Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing Structures
Term
Synovial Joints: Stability is determined by
Definition

 

§Articular surfaces – shape determines what movements are possible
§Ligaments – unite bones and prevent excessive or undesirable motion
muscle tone
Term

Synovial Joints: Stability

 

muscle tone is accomplished by

Definition

 

§Muscle tendons across joints acting as stabilizing factors
§Tendons that are kept tight at all times
Term

Synovial Joints: Movement

 

the two muscle attachments across a joint are

 

 

Definition
Term
muscle tendons that cross the joint are the most stabilizing factors. muscle tone is extrememly important in reinforcing the shoulder and knee joints and the arches of the foot
Definition
which factor is most important in stabilizing a synovial joint?
Term

Synovial Joints: Range of Motion

 

nonaxial

Definition
slipping movements only
Term

Synovial Joints: Range of Motion

 

biaxial

Definition
movement in two planes
Term

Angular Movement

 

 

 

§Flexion
Definition

bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint

ex: bending the head forward on the chest

Term

Angular Movement

 

Extension

Definition

— reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased

ex: straightening a flexed neck, body trunk, elbow or knee

Term

Angular Movement

 

Adduction

Definition

— movement toward the midline

§
Term
Rotation
Definition

 

§The turning of a bone around its own long axis
§Examples
§Between first two vertebrae
Term

Special Movements

 

 

 

supination

Definition
rotating the forearm laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly
Term

Special Movements

 

 

pronation

Definition
rotating the forearm medially so that the palm faces posteriorly
Term

Special Movements

 

 

eversion

Definition
the sole faces laterally
Term

Special Movements

 

 

protraction

Definition
the mandible is protracted when you jut out your jaw
Term

Special Movements

 

 

retraction

Definition
after jut your jaw forward u bring it back
Term

Special Movements

 

elevation

Definition
lifting a body part superiorly
Term

Special Movements

 

 

depression

Definition
moving the elevated part inferiorly
Term

Special Movements

 

 

opposition

Definition
grasping using thumb and finger
Term
Definition
how are joint mobility and stability related
Term
plane joint
Definition

 

§Articular surfaces are essentially flat
§Allow only slipping or gliding movements
§Only examples of nonaxial joints
ex: the intercarpal and intertarsal joints and the joints between vertebral articular articular processes
Term
hinge joint
Definition

 

§Cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another
§Motion is along a single plane
§Uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only
§Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints
Term
Condyloid Joint: 
Definition

 

§:  Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another
§Both articular surfaces are oval
§Biaxial joints permit all angular motions

Examples: radiocarpal (wrist) joints, and metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints

Term
Ball-and Socket:
Definition

 

§A spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another
§Multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints
§Examples: shoulder and hip joints
Term
Synovial Joints: Knee
Definition

 

§Largest and most complex joint of the body
§Allows flexion, extension, and some rotation
§Three joints in one surrounded by a single joint cavity
§Femoropatellar joint
§Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints
Term
Synovial Joints: Knee Ligaments and Tendons – Anterior View
Definition

 

§Tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle
§Lateral and medial patellar retinacula
§Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments
§Patellar ligament
Term
Synovial Joints: Knee –
Other Supporting Structures
Definition

 

§Anterior cruciate ligament
§Posterior cruciate ligament
§Medial meniscus (semilunar cartilage)
§Lateral meniscus
Term
Synovial Joints: Knee –
Posterior Superficial View
Definition

 

§Adductor magnus tendon
§Articular capsule
§Oblique popliteal ligament
§Arcuate popliteal ligament
§Semimembranosus tendon
Term
Synovial Joints: Elbow
Definition

 

§Annular ligament
§Ulnar collateral ligament
§Radial collateral ligament
Term
Synovial Joints: Hip Stability
Definition

 

§Acetabular labrum
§Iliofemoral ligament
§Pubofemoral ligament
§Ischiofemoral ligament
§Ligamentum teres
Term
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Definition

 

§Mandibular condyle articulate with the temporal bone
§Two types of movement
§Hinge – depression and elevation of mandible
§Side to side – (lateral excursion) grinding of teeth
Term
Sprains
Definition

 

§The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
§Partially torn ligaments slowly repair themselves
§Completely torn ligaments require prompt surgical repair
Term
Cartilage Injuries
Definition

 

§The snap and pop of overstressed cartilage
§Common aerobics injury
§Repaired with arthroscopic surgery
Term
Dislocations
Definition

 

§Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
§Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization
§Caused by serious falls and are common sports injuries
§Subluxation – partial   dislocation of a joint
Term

 

§Bursitis
Definition

 

§An inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction
§Symptoms are pain and swelling
§Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs; excessive fluid may be aspirated
Term

 

§Tendonitis
Definition

 

§Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse
§Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis
It is commonly caused by overuse, excessive friction with surrounding tissues or ageing. The picture, right, shows how typing with the wrist excessively bent sideways (ulnar deviation) may cause excessive friction between the tendon of the 5th finger flexor muscle and the outer bones of the wrist, causing tendonitis and subsequent pain
Term
Arthritis
Definition

 

§More than 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints
§Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S.
§Symptoms – pain, stiffness, and swelling of a joint
§Acute forms are caused by bacteria and are treated with antibiotics
§Chronic forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis
Term
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Definition

 

§Most common chronic arthritis; often called “wear-and-tear” arthritis
§Affects women more than men
§85% of all Americans develop OA
§More prevalent in the aged, and is probably related to the normal aging process
Term
Osteoarthritis: Course
Definition

 

§OA reflects the years of abrasion and compression causing increased production of metalloproteinase enzymes that break down cartilage
§As one ages, cartilage is destroyed more quickly than it is replaced
§The exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement
§Joints most affected are the cervical and lumbar spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, and hips
Term
Osteoarthritis: Treatments
Definition

 

§OA is slow and irreversible
§Treatments include:
§Mild pain relievers, along with moderate activity
§Magnetic therapy
§Glucosamine sulfate decreases pain and inflammation
Term
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Course
Definition

 

§begins with synovitis of the affected joint
§Inflammatory chemicals are inappropriately released
§Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint, causing swelling
Term
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Course
Definition

 

§Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus
§Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms, articulating bone ends connect
§The end result, ankylosis, produces bent, deformed fingers
Term
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Treatment
Definition

 

§Conservative therapy – aspirin, long-term use of antibiotics, and physical therapy
§Progressive treatment – anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants
§The drug Enbrel, a biological response modifier, neutralizes the harmful properties of inflammatory chemicals
Term

Classification of Joints: Functional

 

 

§Diarthroses
Definition
– freely movable
Term
Synovial Joints: General Structure
Definition

 

§Articular cartilage
§Joint (synovial) cavity
§Articular capsule
§Synovial fluid

Reinforcing ligaments

Term

 

§Articular cartilage

 

Definition

hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces

 cushions and absorbs compression placed on the joint

Term
§Joint (synovial) cavity
Definition

unique to synovial joints

a potential space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid

Term
§Articular capsule
Definition
the joint cavity is enclosed by a 2 layered
Term
§Synovial fluid

 

Definition
occupies all free spaces w/ in the joint capsule. provides a slippery weight bearing film that reduces friction between cartilages
Term
Reinforcing ligaments
Definition
synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by a # of band like ligaments
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