Term
structural classification of joints
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Definition
the material binding bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present
classifications are:
§Fibrous
§Cartilaginous
§Synovial |
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Term
| Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures |
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Definition
§Occur between the bones of the skull
§Comprised of interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers
§Bind bones tightly together, but allow for growth during youth
§In middle age, skull bones fuse and are called synostoses |
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Term
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Definition
§Articulating bones are united by cartilage
§Lack a joint cavity
§Two types – synchondroses and symphyses |
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Term
| Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses |
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Definition
§Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
§Amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility
Examples include intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
§Those joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity
§All are freely movable diarthroses
§Examples – all limb joints, and most joints of the body |
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Term
| Synovial Joints: General Structure |
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Definition
§Articular cartilage
§Joint (synovial) cavity
§Articular capsule
§Synovial fluid
§Reinforcing ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
| Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing Structures |
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Term
| Synovial Joints: Stability is determined by |
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Definition
§Articular surfaces – shape determines what movements are possible
§Ligaments – unite bones and prevent excessive or undesirable motion
muscle tone |
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Term
Synovial Joints: Stability
muscle tone is accomplished by |
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Definition
§Muscle tendons across joints acting as stabilizing factors
§Tendons that are kept tight at all times |
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Term
Synovial Joints: Movement
the two muscle attachments across a joint are
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Definition
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Term
| muscle tendons that cross the joint are the most stabilizing factors. muscle tone is extrememly important in reinforcing the shoulder and knee joints and the arches of the foot |
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Definition
| which factor is most important in stabilizing a synovial joint? |
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Term
Synovial Joints: Range of Motion
nonaxial |
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Definition
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Term
Synovial Joints: Range of Motion
biaxial |
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Definition
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Term
Angular Movement
§Flexion |
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Definition
bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint
ex: bending the head forward on the chest |
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Term
Angular Movement
Extension |
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Definition
— reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased
ex: straightening a flexed neck, body trunk, elbow or knee |
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Term
Angular Movement
Adduction |
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Definition
— movement toward the midline
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Term
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Definition
§The turning of a bone around its own long axis
§Examples
§Between first two vertebrae |
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Term
Special Movements
supination |
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Definition
| rotating the forearm laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly |
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Term
Special Movements
pronation
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Definition
| rotating the forearm medially so that the palm faces posteriorly |
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Term
Special Movements
eversion
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Definition
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Term
Special Movements
protraction
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Definition
| the mandible is protracted when you jut out your jaw |
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Term
Special Movements
retraction
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Definition
| after jut your jaw forward u bring it back |
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Term
Special Movements
elevation
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Definition
| lifting a body part superiorly |
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Term
Special Movements
depression
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Definition
| moving the elevated part inferiorly |
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Term
Special Movements
opposition |
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Definition
| grasping using thumb and finger |
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Term
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Definition
| how are joint mobility and stability related |
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Term
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Definition
§Articular surfaces are essentially flat
§Allow only slipping or gliding movements
§Only examples of nonaxial joints
ex: the intercarpal and intertarsal joints and the joints between vertebral articular articular processes |
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Term
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Definition
§Cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another
§Motion is along a single plane
§Uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only
§Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints |
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Term
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Definition
§: Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another
§Both articular surfaces are oval
§Biaxial joints permit all angular motions
Examples: radiocarpal (wrist) joints, and metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints |
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Term
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Definition
§A spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another
§Multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints
§Examples: shoulder and hip joints |
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Term
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Definition
§Largest and most complex joint of the body
§Allows flexion, extension, and some rotation
§Three joints in one surrounded by a single joint cavity
§Femoropatellar joint
§Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints |
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Term
| Synovial Joints: Knee Ligaments and Tendons – Anterior View |
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Definition
§Tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle
§Lateral and medial patellar retinacula
§Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments
§Patellar ligament |
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Term
Synovial Joints: Knee –
Other Supporting Structures |
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Definition
§Anterior cruciate ligament
§Posterior cruciate ligament
§Medial meniscus (semilunar cartilage)
§Lateral meniscus |
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Term
Synovial Joints: Knee –
Posterior Superficial View |
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Definition
§Adductor magnus tendon
§Articular capsule
§Oblique popliteal ligament
§Arcuate popliteal ligament
§Semimembranosus tendon |
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Term
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Definition
§Annular ligament
§Ulnar collateral ligament
§Radial collateral ligament |
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Term
| Synovial Joints: Hip Stability |
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Definition
§Acetabular labrum
§Iliofemoral ligament
§Pubofemoral ligament
§Ischiofemoral ligament
§Ligamentum teres |
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Term
| Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) |
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Definition
§Mandibular condyle articulate with the temporal bone
§Two types of movement
§Hinge – depression and elevation of mandible
§Side to side – (lateral excursion) grinding of teeth |
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Term
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Definition
§The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
§Partially torn ligaments slowly repair themselves
§Completely torn ligaments require prompt surgical repair |
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Term
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Definition
§The snap and pop of overstressed cartilage
§Common aerobics injury
§Repaired with arthroscopic surgery |
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Term
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Definition
§Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
§Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization
§Caused by serious falls and are common sports injuries
§Subluxation – partial dislocation of a joint |
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Term
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Definition
§An inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction
§Symptoms are pain and swelling
§Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs; excessive fluid may be aspirated |
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Term
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Definition
§Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse
§Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis
It is commonly caused by overuse, excessive friction with surrounding tissues or ageing. The picture, right, shows how typing with the wrist excessively bent sideways (ulnar deviation) may cause excessive friction between the tendon of the 5th finger flexor muscle and the outer bones of the wrist, causing tendonitis and subsequent pain |
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Term
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Definition
§More than 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints
§Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S.
§Symptoms – pain, stiffness, and swelling of a joint
§Acute forms are caused by bacteria and are treated with antibiotics
§Chronic forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis |
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Term
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Definition
§Most common chronic arthritis; often called “wear-and-tear” arthritis
§Affects women more than men
§85% of all Americans develop OA
§More prevalent in the aged, and is probably related to the normal aging process |
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Term
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Definition
§OA reflects the years of abrasion and compression causing increased production of metalloproteinase enzymes that break down cartilage
§As one ages, cartilage is destroyed more quickly than it is replaced
§The exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement
§Joints most affected are the cervical and lumbar spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, and hips |
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Term
| Osteoarthritis: Treatments |
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Definition
§OA is slow and irreversible
§Treatments include:
§Mild pain relievers, along with moderate activity
§Magnetic therapy
§Glucosamine sulfate decreases pain and inflammation |
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Term
| Rheumatoid Arthritis: Course |
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Definition
§begins with synovitis of the affected joint
§Inflammatory chemicals are inappropriately released
§Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint, causing swelling |
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Term
| Rheumatoid Arthritis: Course |
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Definition
§Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus
§Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms, articulating bone ends connect
§The end result, ankylosis, produces bent, deformed fingers |
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Term
| Rheumatoid Arthritis: Treatment |
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Definition
§Conservative therapy – aspirin, long-term use of antibiotics, and physical therapy
§Progressive treatment – anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants
§The drug Enbrel, a biological response modifier, neutralizes the harmful properties of inflammatory chemicals |
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Term
Classification of Joints: Functional
§Diarthroses |
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Definition
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Term
| Synovial Joints: General Structure |
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Definition
§Articular cartilage
§Joint (synovial) cavity
§Articular capsule
§Synovial fluid
Reinforcing ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces
cushions and absorbs compression placed on the joint |
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Term
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Definition
unique to synovial joints
a potential space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| the joint cavity is enclosed by a 2 layered |
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Term
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Definition
| occupies all free spaces w/ in the joint capsule. provides a slippery weight bearing film that reduces friction between cartilages |
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Term
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Definition
| synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by a # of band like ligaments |
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