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| centralized army, central econ. Control, administrative bureaucracy apart from local elite |
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| Confucianism enacted, scholar-officials, control commerce, military expansionism |
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| - morality of living and behavior, moral education, man is innately good, man is perfectible & emulation of virtuous models, virtues: reciprocity, compromise, harmony, order, passivism,etc, natural hierarchy of superior-inferior relationships |
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| subject:ruler, son:father, wife:husband |
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| one who behaves properly according to his eminent status |
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| need to bring order to chaos of Warring States |
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| - permission from heaven to be ruler, legitimizes rule |
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| wu=virtue ethic, natural&civil order, wu=force, command ethic |
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| family is microcosm of state |
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| people decide emperor lost moral authority, nepotism (corruption in gov’t), official misuse of guanxi, rebel leader mobilizes uprising |
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| Manchurian rule, conquer Ming, hierarchy of administrative ranks (scholar-officials), officials exempt from taxation, |
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| 1 chinese and 1 manchu scholar official at all administrative levels & in banners |
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| officials prohibited from ruling in native province |
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| bald scalp and long braid that Manchu required men to have |
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| High-Level equilibrium trap |
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| more people on limited land caused decline in productivity per worker |
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| Merchant official Symbiosis |
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| merchant capital invested in land (which=status) and depended on local gentry for protection |
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| taxation assigned to groups |
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| drains capital needed for entrepreneurial capitalism |
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| subjection of women, spreads from elite to peasantry |
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| no set number of how much money they collect/tax, had to pay tribute for having priviledge of trading |
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| agents of mercantilism, granted exclusive trading monopolies of Asian trade, sought silk, spices, porcelain, tea |
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| British (manufacturing)=>India (opium)=>China (tea)=>Britain |
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| British ignore hongs and trade directly with Chinese, Commissioner Lin attempts by force of arms to compel British traders to comply w/ chinese authority |
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| chinese payment of indemnity, elimination of hongs, set tariff by English, extraterritoriality/ treaty ports, most-favored-nation status |
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| 2nd Opium War (arrow wars) |
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| sparked by execution of French Catholic missionary by local official, Britian&France vs. Qing |
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| more treaty ports, foreign trading posts on Yangtze, legalized opium trade |
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| disrespected Chinese sovereignty, British dictated tariffs, industry unprotected from foreign competition, legalized drug-running, most-favored-nation status=free-for-all |
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| foreigners assumed authority to create extended embassies, traders lived and do not have to abide by Chinese rule |
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| Most favored Nation Status |
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| trade terms with Britain extended to all Western Nations British Hong Kong treaty revision & rights recovery |
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| White Lotus Rebellion (1790s) |
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| anti-manchu uprising rought on by impoverished people. originally a tax protest |
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| lead by Hong Xiuquan, appealed to ethnic Chinese sense of pride, recruited masses, Anti-Manchu, anti-imperialists, anti-confucian, equal status for women, redistribution of land, no hierarchy, Qing vs. Taiping, defeated by corrupt leadership and fanaticism |
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| heavenly kingdon of great peace |
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| ”- alliance with foreigners vs. Taiping, moral reform within imperial regime (promotion of Chinese Confucians to positions of power) |
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| Self Strengthening Movement |
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| efforts to industrialize and modernize China to compete with Western powers (technology, army, navy) |
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| modernized armies with Western technology |
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| Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong still loyal to Qing but wanted to modernize |
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| )- Qing leaves Li Hongzhang's provincial army to defend vs. Japan, huge humiliation, had to pay indemnities to Japan, Qing lose prestige |
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| Japan claims and causes Western powers to scramble to claim their spheres of influence |
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| new emperor allows scholars to propose reforms after the humiliating loss of the Sino-Japanese War and the enlarged foreign spheres of influence. Empress Dowager imprisons emperor and tries to purge China of reformers “protect the emperor” |
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| - an area or region over which a state has significant cultural, economic, military, or political influence, Russia, Japan, Germany, France, Britain |
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| secret society of Chinese peasantry, Anti-Manchu and anti-imperialists, Chinese nationalists known as "Harmonius Order of Righteous Fists," Qing vs. Chinese Nationalists |
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Emp. Dowager flip flops and declares
war against the imperialists. Qing&nationalists vs. imperialists. Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong nonaligned (want to see Qing collapse) |
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| Qing has to pay indemnities, imperial officials scapegoated & executed, forced to accept Western intrusion & control |
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| secret society of ex-patriot revolutionaries founded by Sun Yatsen, tried & failed to overthrow Manchu, exiled in Japan until Double 10 |
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| China REvolutionary League |
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| fledged for Revive China Society, proclaimed to represent the true nation of China (aka Tung-meng hui) |
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| Three principles of the People |
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| Nationalism (overthrow Manchu and restore China to Chinese), Democracy (establish republic), People's Livelihood (redistribute land equally) |
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| ”- Sun's concept of need for a one-party rule temporarily until the people can unlearn Confucian principles in the process of becoming hsin min |
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| - the first day of the Wuhan Uprising, celebrated today at the national day of Taiwan and the collapse Qing |
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| : Armed uprising took place of citizens trying to overthrown the Qing dynasty. It basically started the revolution |
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| This was the government control that moved OUT of the mainland when they were defeated by the CCP. They established their own rule in Taiwan (used to be the Chinese KMT) |
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| wanted mining rights, control of Manchurian railroad, Shangtung, any future territorial concessions-- or refuse & go to war warlord era (1916-1927)- Chinese governor-generals with armies control interior regions until defeated by Northern Expedition |
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| reform minded intellectuals call for natural rights philosophy, capitalism, and science & technology, bourgeoisie want civil order & free enterprise Guomindang (GMD) |
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| )- student- led protest of the Treaty of Versaille giving Shangtung to Japan, birth of CCP Chinese Communist Party (CCP) |
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| GMD and CCP work together to get rid of ruling warlords throughout China. CCP joined to help spread communism and GMD wanted to control communists from within |
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| military campaign led by GMD to end rule of local warlords and unite China under GMD |
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| GMD purge of communists in Shanghai, end of 1st united front Nanjing-Wuhan Split |
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| Jiangxi Soviet Republic (1927-1935) |
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| Communism based on Soviet principles and Communist Manifesto, lead by Otto Braun until Long March when Mao & his ideology emerges over Braun’s |
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| puppet state in Manchuria set up by Japan |
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| revival of political morality (wen), acknowledgment of GMD corruption |
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| cadre of GMD idealogues enamored with fascist doctrine & discipline, anti-communist&socialist, secret police within GMD |
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| massive retreat by CCP to avoid GMD, Mao becomes in command |
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| where Mao’s power consolidated, Mao though formulated, and Cult started, later became pilgrimage for Red Guards |
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| Japanese take over Nanjing and just destroy it. Rape and kill thousands of civilians |
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| Mao & Chiang support united front against Japanese due to spread of invasion, fought Japanese independently |
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| volunteer American airmen supporting Nationalists |
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| diplomatic mission to CCP to assess political & military viability, 2 diplomats thought CCP was China's future |
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| Chinese Civil War (1945-1949) |
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| Communist vs. Nationalist, the Japanese interrupted it and they joined forced to fight the Japanese in the Second United Front |
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| Military army for the communist party |
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| Formed the peoples republic of china ( I think its when half of the government moved to Taiwan and half stayed in the mainland to rule.) |
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| Peoples Republic of China |
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| This was the party that had to leave mainland because the communist won. They went to Taiwan to set up their own government |
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| Making accusations of disloyalty or treason without evidence |
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| everyone loves Mao who is the leader of the communist party (like a cult) |
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| Peace&Land (redistribution of land), Liberate the oppressed (equality of men & women), One-party representation & rule, Maoisms (red book), |
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| a dictatorship of all revolutionary classes," power concentrated in the hands of a few in order to guarantee that all class interests are represented |
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| Doctrine of the Mass Line |
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| listening to peasantry and figuring out their needs/wants |
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| way to create new public, new way of thinking, forcefully changed thinking and consciousness through public humiliation |
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Reds (idealogues)
Socialism! (Marxist-Leninism)
Experts (Rightists, capitalist-roaders) Pragmatism (esp. economic |
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| (1950-1954): Between north and south korea. United states aid the south, Chinese communist aid the north |
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| Change modified in small changes (like china changing the government from nationalist to communist?) |
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| includes a variety of public and government control ( a mix of capitalism & socialism) |
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| central government controls all aspects of economy . they say what they want, the people must supply |
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| Three antis and Five Antis |
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| Three Antis purged gov't of corruption, waste, bureaucratization, elimate GMD officials, rise of party officials of peasant upbringing, Five Antis purged capitalists classes (merchants, factory owners, gentry), criminal prosecution, imprisonment, execution, thought reform |
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| CCP adopted the Soviet economic model, based on state ownership in the modern sector, large collective units in agriculture, and centralized economic planning |
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| Mao allowed people to make suggestions on how to reform the CCP |
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| hut down invitation of reform, campaign by Reds to purge party/China of rightists and capitalists roaders |
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| mass campaign to accelerate China's agricultural and industrial revolution, agricultural communes massive failure= cadres falsely inflate production reports, famine (20-30 people die), massive underproduction |
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| abandons soviet-style state direction of industrial development for grass-roots production directed by party cadres |
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| Khrushchev criticizes CCP and denounces GLF as 'Stalinist' |
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| China wanted to attack these Straits of Taiwan where Nationalists were but didn't inform Soviet Union, USSR didn't want China to attack b/c invited war between USSR & US |
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| Quasi military organization made up of young people, backed by Mao to destroy the Four Olds, attacked 'capitalist roaders' 'rightists' or anyone with a 'bad' background, Red Guard activity became too chaotic so Mao ordered them to be disbanded and PLA forcibly repressed the students |
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| Quasi military organization made up of young people, backed by Mao to destroy the Four Olds, attacked 'capitalist roaders' 'rightists' or anyone with a 'bad' background, Red Guard activity became too chaotic so Mao ordered them to be disbanded and PLA forcibly repressed the students |
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| Jiang Qing and Central Cultural Revolution Group, Mao disbands Red Guards to diminish their power |
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| goal of CR to bring an end to Old Culture, Habit, Ideas, and Customs, Liu Shaoqi demoted/imprisoned during campaign 4 |
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Decollectivization: un-consolidate land and labour (basically the opposite of collectivization)
sideline productions: working to make money on the side
Special Economic Zones: Special zones set up by communist where traders had privileges and tax benefits
foreign-joint ventures: formed between two or more parties to undertake economic activity together. Between foreigners.
privatization of SOE’s |
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| Deng allowed people to voice opinions of political reform, later cracked down |
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| brought about from Gorbachev's visit & death of rightists, people protested for economic change and democratic reform, after about a month the PLA cleared the square and leaving many dead/injured |
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| scholar that emerged during the Han dynasty, creator of the “Confucian Virtue” and “Li |
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| -- Confucius’s Number one disciple and student |
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| – The creator of the “art of war”, a book that had historical facts on battles and wars won and lost. |
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| world traveler, found the “silk road”. |
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| – Founder of the “Yuan” Dynasty, he was the first “Non han” to rule China as emperor. |
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| virtual founder of Qing dynasty, considered father of Manchu people |
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| Was the fifth Manchu emperor (not too sure about this one) |
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| very old school Confucian commissioner, sent to crack down Opium factories in China. |
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| Emperess Dowager (old buddah) |
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| Manchu Empress, came to power after organizing a Coup De’ Tat. Not a favorite among the people, allying with the foreigners to quell the rebels instead of the other way around. A very conservitive ruler, originally the emporer’s concubine, she rules 48 years for her son then nephew. |
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| – The Leader of the Taiping Rebels, adopted Chinese Christianity and led one of the biggest rebellions in China. (He thought he was Jesus’ brother) |
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| Fredrick Townstead, allied with Manchu’s to quell rebels. |
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| – A foreign general that helped the Manchu’s quell the rebels after the alliance was made between Manchu and foreigners. |
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| Zeng Guofan The Confucian General |
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| a Trusted general who served under empress Cixi, he was Han and believed in serving the emporer as the highest priority even if he/she is imcompident. Zeng demoralized the Tai Ping army and recruited the loyality of many peasants because of his heritage (Han) and Confucian virtues. |
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| Another general that served under Cixi, with the same idea that Li would demoralize the rebels how Zeng did. (General of Taijin, from Hebei province) His navy funds to fight the japanese during the Sino Japanese war was also neglected because empress Cixi used that money to build her summer palace. |
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| Governor general of Wunan, Hubei province as well. Loyal to Qing but all 3 of them think china should industrialize. Thru their own efforts (self strengthening) |
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| one of the two 100 days of reform reformists. He was a buddist that wanted to save China via consitutional monarchy. Was exiled by Cixi. |
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| — the second reformist, he believed that China needed to be revived by “Hisn Min” the new perople. Both Kang and Liang fled to Japan after being exiled. |
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| a well known novel writer in China, advacating the flaw of Confucianism in his books via secret hints. |
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| — born in a vicinity of Canton, inspired by stories told to him by a Tai Ping soldier when he was a little boy. He attended medical college in Hong Kong, Mad at Qing Rule, decided to go back to China to set things right. The founded the “secret society of expatriot revolutionaries” in Hawaii. He was in Colorado when the Qing collapsed. Founder of the Tung-Meng Hui. |
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| Cixi named Pu Yi, her 3 year old grandson as emperor when she was dying, Pu Yi was the last emperor of China. |
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| successed Li Hong Zheng as general of Taijin, commanded the most powerful army force in Beijing. Sun picked Yuan because he didn’t have any other choice, gave Yuan the opportunity to become the president of Republic of China in Nanking if Yuan would support Sun’s idea of a new government. Of course Yuan betrayed him by claming the mandate of heaven 1915, forcing China into a “warlord age”. |
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| Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) |
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| Becomes the president of GMD after Sun’s death 1925. He was NOT of peasant background, was son of a salt merchant (gentry). Educated in Japan, marries Sun’s sister in law. Fails entirely the war between the Nationalist and the CCP. Chiang HATED the communists. |
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| Sun’s sister in law, who marries Chiang. She advacated how the nationalists are right, communism is wrong when she went to America, so the Americans would support the nationalists. |
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| father of Communism, writer of Communist Manifesto, |
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| head of state of soviet union “Leninism”: having a dictatorship of the people |
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| founder and commander of red army “Marxism”: no private property (communism |
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| Russian equivalent of Mao Zedong (he is a communist) |
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| commintern agent in china. Arranged deals between china and Russia as an arms dealer. |
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| Comintern agent sent to lead Chinese communist revolution, leads CCP until Long March |
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| Communist leader of China! |
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| Ally to mao, and was a communist supporter (not quite as communist as moa) |
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| Guy from United States hired by Chinese to help fight, he wanted to reform the Chinese army but the Chinese were hesitant |
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| American military aviator who commanded the Flying Tigers |
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| FDR's emissary to Dixie Mission then US ambassador, advocates US support of coalition gov't |
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