• 1851-1864
• Background: -political decline, military aren't getting paid, huge population growth from 1750-1850 and gov't didn't keep pace with growth.  Peasants on tax-less land cuz the gov't didn't restructure taxes
• most destructive rebellion led by Hong xiuquan
• 1853 200 million rebels
• foreigners stay out cuz didn't want to be against christianity or trade
  • unofficially foreigners on both sides

• started a "religious cult" from south china canton region
• his family see him as a intelluctual and pour money into his education
• failed the exams 4 times
• had dreams of an old man with white beard and an older brother
• meets missionaries and when he fails for the 4th time decides to read the bible
• he is the younger bro of jesus and son of god sent to save the ppl of god, the chinese
• he destroys buddhist and confuscian temples
• claims the manchus as pagans
• he controls 200 million ppl by brute force and ideology
• cuts his queue
• followers are continuously growing
• at 1st only the ethnic group Hakka and poor ppl in the group but it expands to rich and military later
• jan 1851 he declares himself the new emperor of the Taiping (great peace) Dynasty, now considered a serious rebellion
• ideology ideals:
  • veneration of god, j.c. and hong xiuquan
  • filial piety
  • anti manchu
  • redistribution of land
  • communal
  • equality of gender
  • puritanical society (no opium/concubine
  • establish civil service exam
    • both men and women
    • bible translations and quotes of hong xiuquan
•  

• Developed in Shanghai, most sucessful to supress the rebellion
• funded by rich business ppl both chinese and foreigners
• westerners are officials in military while the chinese are the soldiers
• mission to defeat taiping to protect trade
• 2 battles
  • 1860- led by an american Fredrick Townsend Ward
  • 1862- led by a brit Charles Chinese Gordon

Zeng Guofan

• Most credited with supressing Taiping Rebellion (chinese, not manchus which is what the Qing dy. needed)
• Governer in South China
• develops pattern to defeat taiping reb.
  • build a local army- hybid deal with confuscist ideals and western military, pays well for participants  (fund raising and allowance to use local taxes)
  • 1864- taiping rebellion is put down and Hong xiuquan committs suicide
• lingering problem:
  • militarization of country that the soldiers are loyal to a governer not the Qing

• Antifoot binding movements begin in 1870s (converts to christ. have to stop and unbind feet)
• society starts in 1895 in Shanghai
• established by chinese antifoot binding motivation, to make china look better to the west cuz foot-binding=barbaric in west eyes
• acts as a marriage registrar cuz the feet aren't binded so members marry members
• upper-class mostly
• Negative effects
  • demonstrates cultural misunderstanding
  • lots of anti-christian and west mvmts
  • west vs china problem is increasing from 1860-1890

• 1870
• huge diplomatic problem, illustrates cultural misunderstanding
• this city french nuns decide to set up an orphanage
  • Problems:
    • they built it on a buddhist temple, fungshi
    • few ppl wanted to send kids there cuz they didn't know what was going on there, so nuns started paying for kids and this looked like they were kidnapping kids and baby buyers
    • common belief was that westerners killed kids for medication this was fueled by the high mortality rates at orphanage cuz they took sick kids in and they don't come out
• Governer wanted to be permitted to go inside to stop all the rumors and was denied by the consul and this fueled the fire and the ppl thought that the rumors must be true!
• huge riot ensued; the consul fires his gun and accidently shoots and kills someone and the violence escalates from that
  • consul and associates are killed
  • total causualities 10 nuns and 11 foreigners
• 7 nations filed "complaints" to china
• china paid indemnity of 400,000 ounces of silver to France and send a apology to france
• 16 chinese are sentenced to death and 25 chinese r given a lesser sentence