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Chewing
Chewing
89
Anatomy
Graduate
10/16/2016

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Term
Masticatory regions
Definition
-Temporal and infra temporal regions
-Muscles of mastication
-Oral cavity: teeth, hard palate, tongue & muscles of mouth floor
Term
Deglutition regions
Definition
-Soft palate
-Pharynx and pharyngeal muscles
Term
What does the temporal infra temporal fossae contain?
Definition
Muscles of mastication located inferior and superior to the zygomatic arch
Term
Temporalis muscle of the temporal fossa
Definition
Temporal fascia to the corned process and rams of the mandible
It elevates and retracts the mandible during chewing
Term
Where is the infra temporal fossa located?
Definition
Inferior to the zygomatic arch; bounded laterally by the ramus of the mandible and medially by the lateral pterygoid plate and anteriorly by the maxilla
Term
Boundaries of the infra temporal fossa?
Definition
Laterally- ramus of mandible
Medially- lateral pterygoid plate
Anteriorly- maxilla
Term
Ramus of the mandible
Definition
-Covered laterally by the master muscle
-Takes origin from zygomatic arch
-Inserts on lateral surface of the ramus and angle of the mandible
- Innervated by masseteric branch of V3
-elevates mandible, closing the jaws during chewing.
Term
What are the contents of the infra temporal fossa?
Definition
-Lateral pterygoid muscle
-Medial pterygoid muscle
-Mandibular nerve V3
-Chorda tympani from the facial nerve
-Maxillary artery
-Pterygoid plexus of veins
Term
What innervates the muscles of mastication?
Definition
Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve V3 (from first pharyngeal arch)
Term
What are the four muscles of mastication?
Definition
Masseter
Temporalis
lateral pterygoid
Medial Pterygoid
Term
Lateral pterygoid OIA
Definition
O: Lateral pterygoid plate
I- Capsule and disk of the TMJ and neck of mandible
A- depression and protrusion of mandible; unilaterally contracts to shift the chin to the contralateral side
Term
Medial pterygoid OIA
Definition
O: Lateral pterygoid plate
I: medial surface of the ramus and angle along with MASTER forms mandibular sling
A: elevates mandible; side to side movements of the mandible
Term
Mandibular nerve of V3
Definition
-Mixed nerve
-Enters infra temporal fossa
-3rd and largest
-innervates all muscles from the first pharyngeal arch
Term
Auriculotemporal nerve
Definition
-Branch of mandibular nerve
-Carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the OTIC ganglion to the parotid gland
Term
Lingual nerve
Definition
-Branch of mandibular nerve
-Carries general sensation for anterior 2/3 of the tongue
-Joined by the chords tympani (CN VII)
-Carried taste sensation from anterior 2/3 of the tongue and pregnaglionic parasympathetic fibers TO the submandibular ganglion
Term
What do POST ganglionic parasympathetic fibers do?
Definition
They are from the submandibular ganglion and they innervate the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
Term
Inferior alveolar nerve
Definition
-Enters mandibular foramen
-Carries general sensation of mandibular teeth and gingiva
-Has mental nerve as a terminal branch
Term
Maxillary artery
Definition
-Terminal branch of external carotid artery
- Supplies infra temporal fossa, nasal cavity, and oral cavity, and cranial dura mater
-Transverses infra temporal fossa from lateral to medial
Term
Branches of the maxillary artery
Definition
-Middle meningeal artery- enters cranial cavity to supply bone and meninges
-Inferior alveolar artery- Supplies mandible, teeth, chin, and lower lip
- Muscular branches- supplies muscles of mastication
-Posterior superior alveolar artery- Supplies maxilla and its teeth
Term
Pterygoid venous plexus
Definition
-Surrounds pterygoid muscle
-Comes together to form maxillary veins
- Connects with emissary veins with cavernous sinus at the base of the brain
-Can result in CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS
Term
TMJ
Definition
-Formed by head/condyle of mandible and squamous portion of the temporal bone with an articular disk
-Does hinge movements in LOWER JC
-Does gliding movements in UPPER JC
Term
Squamous portion of the temporal bone
Definition
-Has a articular tubercle anterior to mandibular fossa
-Separates joint cavity from the temporal lobe of the brain
Term
Depression of TMJ
Definition
-Gravity
-Lateral pterygoid muscle
-Accessory muscles of mastication
(digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid)
Term
Elevation of TMJ
Definition
-Masseter
-temporalis
-Medial pterygoid muscles
Term
Protraction fo TMJ
Definition
Lateral pterygoid
Term
Retraction of TMJ
Definition
Posterior fibers of the temporals
Term
Lateral shift of TMJ
Definition
Lateral and medial pterygoid contraction
Term
Stylomandibular ligament
Definition
-runs from styloid process of temporal bone to angle of mandible
-it limits EXTREME PROTRUSION of mandible; it may dislocate anteriorly IF the head of the mandible slips over the articular tubercle
Term
What must be taken care of during TMJ injuries?
Definition
Facial and auriculotemporal nerves
Term
What is clicking an indication of in arthritis of TMJ?
Definition
Delayed anterior disc movements during mandibular depression and elevation
Term
What does the oral cavity consist of?
Definition
Oral vestibule- Between the lips and cheeks externally, and the teeth and gingivae internally
Oral cavity proper- internal to the teeth and gingival
Term
Boundary of the oral cavity and oropharynx is
Definition
Palatoglossal folds
Term
Describe the tongue
Definition
Has oral and oropharyngeal parts with different innervations separated by a V shaped groove, the sulcus terminalis
Term
Anterior 2/3 tongue sensory
Definition
Receives general sensory from lingual branch of the mandibular nerve of the trigeminal nerve
Term
Anterior 2/3 tongue taste
Definition
Receives taste innervation from chorda tympani
Term
Posterior 1/3 sensory and taste
Definition
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and slightly vagus nerve (CN X)
Term
What provides rapid absorption of drugs?
Definition
Deep lingual veins
Term
Sublingual papilla (sublingual caruncle)
Definition
-On each side of the base of the lingual frenulum
-Contains opening of the submandibular duct from the submandibular gland
Term
What 4 structures are lateral to the tongue in the floor of the mouth (sublingual sulcus)?
Definition
-Lingual nerve
-deep part of submandibular gland
-Submandibular duct
-Sublingual gland
Term
Submandibular ganglia
Definition
-Are parasympathetic
-Suspended from lingual nerve
-receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from chorda tympani (VII)
-Sends postganglionic fibers to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
Term
Muscles of the tongue are innervated by what?
Definition
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Except the Palatoglossus which is innervated by the vagus nerve
Term
Fibers of hyoglossus and what interdigitate?
Definition
styloglossus
Term
Which muscle protrudes the tongue?
Definition
Geneioglossus muscle
Term
What supplies the tongue?
Definition
Lingual artery, which branches from the external carotid artery; has rich blood supply; therefore, it bleeds profusely.
Term
Roof of the oral cavity is formed by what?
Definition
Anterior 2/3 hard palate formed by
-Palatine processes of the maxilla
-Horizontal plates of the palatine bones
Posterior 1/3 of soft palate formed by
-palatine aponeurosis and muscles
Term
What are the three muscles of the soft palate?
Definition
Levator veli palatini- elevates the mouth
Tensor veli palatini- tenses the palate and opens auditory tube
Palatoglossus- depresses tongue
Term
What innervates the muscles of the soft palate?
Definition
Vagus nerve;
except the tensor veil palatini which is innervated by the MANDIBULAR NERVE
Term
What supplies the palate's blood supply?
Definition
greater and lesser palatine artery (maxillary)
Term
What innervates the palate?
Definition
Nasopalatine
Greater palatine
Lesser palatine nerves
V2
Term
Name the three pairs of salivary glands
Functions
Definition
Parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands
Lubrication of mouth cavity, and moistening of food bolus, and early stage of digestion (saliva has electrolytes and digestive enzymes)
Term
What innervates the parotid glands?
Definition
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion carried by the auriculotemporal nerve; preganglionic fibers originate from glossopharyngeal nerve
Term
What innervates the submandibular and sublingual glands?
Definition
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from submandibular ganglion carried by the lingual nerve; preganglionic fibers originate with chords tympani fibers from facial nerve
Term
Which muscles holds food between the teeth for chewing?
Definition
Buccinator; it's also a muscle of facial expression innervated by the facial nerve
Term
What controls contraction of the tongue muscles and pushes food form oral cavity to oropharynx ?
Definition
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII);
Term
Describe the pharynx
Definition
It's part of the respiratory and digestive systems
-Musculofibrous tube from base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
-Has 3 parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Term
Oropharynx
Definition
-From soft palate to upper border of epiglottis
-Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches in its lateral walls
-Palatine tonsils between the folds
-Lingual tonsil on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Term
Palatine tonsils
Definition
-Lie between the palatoglossal arch anteriorly and palatopharyngeal arch posteriorly
Term
What occurs during a tonsillectomy?
Definition
-Heavy bleeding from the tonsillar artery
-Injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve may occur
Term
Valleculae
Definition
Depressions between the tongue and epiglottis where food may become trapped in
Term
Laryngopharynx
Definition
-From upper border of epiglottis to lower border of cricoid cartilage
-Has a perform recess- which is a depression on each side of the laryngeal inlet
Term
Piriform recesses
Definition
Sharp objects damage here-> damages the internal laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve
Term
4 layers of the wall of the pharynx
Definition
1) mucous membrane- continuous with the lining of the oral and nasal cavities, auditory tubes, and larynx
2) submucosa
3) muscular layer
4) buccopharyngeal fascia
Term
Retropharyngeal space
Definition
-Site of abscess formation-> dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
- rupture of the abscess can cause aspiration pneumonia
-Pathway for spread of infection to the pharynx-> mediastinitis
Term
Muscles of the pharynx (external circular layer)
Definition
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Term
Muscles of the pharynx (internal longitudinal layer)
Definition
Stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Term
Superior pharyngeal constrictors
Definition
Inserts into base of skull and a median fibrous raphe
Term
Middle pharyngeal constrictors
Definition
Overlap superior constrictors above
Term
Inferior pharyngeal constrictors
Definition
Overlap middle constrictors above and are continuous inferiorly with the muscle of the esophagus
Term
What is the lower part of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor called?
Definition
Cricopharyngeus muscle
Term
What does the cricopharyngeus do? IT ACTS AS AN UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER!
Definition
Acts as UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER in which it relaxes for food to pass form the pharynx into the esophagus during swallowing; also prevents regurgitation
Term
Stylopharyngeus
Definition
Passes between superior and middle constrictors
Term
Salpingopharyngeus
Definition
Descends from the auditory tube cartilage
Term
Palatopharyngeus
Definition
Takes origin in the soft palate and inserts with the stylopharyngess into the thyroid cartilage and pharyngeal wall
Term
What innervates the pharynx?
Definition
-Glossopharyngeal servers which supply motor to stylopharyngeus muscles
-Phayngeal plexus
Term
What is the pharyngeal plexus composed of?
Definition
1) Glossopharyngeal nerves (sensory)
2) Vagus nerves (CN X) which are motor to all except the stylopharyngeus
3) superior cerical sympathetic ganglion (vasomotor)
Term
Epiglottic cartilage
Definition
Covered with mucous membrane to form the epiglottis
Term
Esophagus
Definition
-Serves as passage for pharynx in the neck and stomach in the abdomen
-anterior to bodies of the thoracic vertebrae
-Inclines slightly toward the left to transverse the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus at T10
Term
Esophagus composition
Definition
-Upper 1/3 consists of striated voluntary muscles
-Middle 1/3 consists of striated and smooth muscles MIXED
-Lower 1/3 consists of smooth (involuntary) muscles min the 1/3 of its length
Term
Where are teethe constrictions of the esophagus?
Definition
1) junction between pharynx
2) Crossing the arch of the aorta and left main broncos
3) Esophageal hiatus
Term
Where is the lower esophageal sphincter?
Definition
At the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. it prevents reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus
Term
What type of epithelium lines the esophagus?
Definition
Stratified squamous epithelium
Term
What innervates the esophagus?
Definition
Parasympathetic innervation from vagus nerve and also sympathetic innervation;
Together these form the esophageal plexus and converge into anterior and posterior vagal trunks
Term
Esophagus cervical supply
Definition
Come from branches of the inferior thyroid artery
Term
Esophageal thoracic supply
Definition
Mainly from esophageal artery that branch directly from the descending thoracic aorta
Term
Deglutition (Swallowing)
Definition
process that transfer food bolus from mouth through pharynx and esophagus into stomach. Solid food is masticated and mixed with saliva to form a soft bolus which is easier to swallow
Term
Deglutition (123)
Definition
1) (voluntary) Bolus is compressed against the palate and pushed from mouth into oropharynx, mainly coordinated by movements of muscles of the tongue and soft palate
Term
Swallowing Step 2
Definition
(involuntary and rapid) Soft palate is elevated sealing off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx and laryngopharynx. Pharynx widens and shortens to receive the bolus as the supra hyoid muscles and the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles contract, elevating larynx
Term
Swallowing step 3
Definition
(involuntary) sequential contraction of all 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles force the food bolus inferiorly into the esophagus
Term
Dysphagia
Definition
Difficulty swallowing
Caused by nerve or muscle problems
Stroke, cancer, GERD, or symptoms as several different neurological disorders
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