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Chemistry
Biology chemistry
76
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/11/2009

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Term
element
Definition
substance made only of one type of atom
Term
Atom
Definition
smallest part of an element
Term
proton
Definition
positive electrical charge and is found in the nucleus of the atom
Term
neutron
Definition
electrically neutral and found in the nucleus
Term
electron
Definition
electrically negative charged found in nucleus
Term
atomic number
Definition
determined by the number of protons
Term
atomic weight
Definition
determined by number of protons and neutrons
Term
bond
Definition
connection with another atom
Term
molecules
Definition
combination of atoms (usually more than one element); behaves as a single unit
Term
energy levels
Definition
shells on which electrons orbit the nucleus
Term
chemical bond
Definition
a force or attraction between positive and negative electrical charges; keeps two or more atoms closely associated
Term
ionic bonds
Definition
involves the loss of one or more electrons by one atom and the gain of the electrons by the other atom/atoms
Term
valence
Definition
number of electrons on outermost level; determines electrical charge of the atom
Term
ion
Definition
an atom or group of atoms with a charge (positive or negative)
Term
cation
Definition
an ion with a positive charge such as Na, Ca, K and Fe
Term
anion
Definition
an ion with a negative charge such as Cl, SO, and HCO
Term
aqueous
Definition
water
Term
aqueous solution
Definition
water solution which may weaken ionic bonds
Term
ionize/dissociation
Definition
ions break bonds and are now free to participate in other chemical reactions and form new bonds. HCL, for instance, must have Cl from NaCl to help in digestion
Term
synthesis
Definition
chemical manufacture as described in dissociation/ionization
Term
covalent bond
Definition
involves sharing electrons between atoms; not weakened in aqueous solutions
Term
disulfide bond
Definition
found in some proteins; called a disulfide bridge--a covalent bond between two atoms of sulfur
Term
hydrogen bond
Definition
part of many different molecules; does not involve sharing or exchanging electrons but results because of a property of hydrogen (positive when sharing, so attractive to negatively charged atoms nearby)
Term
synthesis reaction
Definition
bonds formed to join two or more atoms or molecules to make a new compound
Term
decomposition reaction
Definition
bonds are broken and large molecules are changed to two or more smaller ones (example is digestion of starch into glucose molecules)
Term
solvent
Definition
example is water; can dissolve substances (solutes)
Term
solute
Definition
substance that dissolves in a solvent
Term
intracellular fluid (ICF)
Definition
water within cells; about 65% of total body water
Term
extracellular fluid (ECF)
Definition
about 35% of the total body water (all the rest of the water except ICF)
Term
plasma
Definition
water found in blood vessels
Term
lymph
Definition
water found in lymphatic vessels
Term
tissue fluid or interstitial fluid
Definition
water found in the small spaces between cells
Term
specialized fluids
Definition
synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor in the eye and others
Term
acidosis
Definition
a build up of carbon dioxide in the blood
Term
cell respiration
Definition
name for energy production within cells and involves both respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Term
hypoxia
Definition
lack of oxygen reaching tissues
Term
trace elements
Definition
needed by the body in small amounts
Term
acid
Definition
substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a water solution
Term
base
Definition
substance that decreases the concentration of hydrogen in a water solution
Term
pH
Definition
parts hydrogen
Term
buffer system
Definition
chemical or pair of chemicals that minimizes changes in pH by reacting with strong acids or strong bases to transform them into substances that will not drastically change the pH
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
serve as a source of energy; contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
Term
monosaccharides
Definition
single-sugar compounds; simplest sugars
Term
glucose
Definition
hexose--six carbon sugar
Term
fructose and galactose
Definition
same formula as glucose but different physical arrangements of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; liver changes these to glucose, which is used by cells in ATP
Term
pentose
Definition
five carbon sugar; not involved in energy production; components of nucleic acids
Term
deoxyribose
Definition
part of DNA
Term
ribose
Definition
part of RNA, which is necessary for protein synthesis
Term
disaccharides
Definition
double sugars; two monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds; examples are sucrose, lactose and maltose present in food used for energy production
Term
oligosaccharides
Definition
consist of 3-20 monosaccharides; found on outer surface of cell membranes; serve as antigens
Term
antigens
Definition
chemical markers that identify cells as "self" or "not self" to identify foreign bodies
Term
polysaccharides
Definition
made of thousands of glucose molecules
Term
starch
Definition
branched chains of glucose and are produced by plant cells to store energy; when split by digestive enzymes, glucose is released; used to produce ATP
Term
glycogen
Definition
highly branched chain of glucose molecules, storage form for glucose; stored in liver and skeletal muscles
Term
cellulose
Definition
fiber; straight chain of glucose molecules produced by plant cells as part of their cell walls; we have no enzymes to digest cellulose; promotes contractions of colon
Term
peristalsis
Definition
contractions of colon; moves undigested material through the colon
Term
lipids
Definition
contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (some contain phosphorus)
Term
true fats
Definition
one molecule of glycerol and one-three fatty acid molecules
Term
triglyceride
Definition
three fatty acids bonded to a single glycerol; present in highly processed foods, indicating fat has been added
Term
phospholipids
Definition
diglycerides with phosphate group in third bonding site of glycerol; not stored energy; structural components of cells such as lecithin, which is part of the cell membrane
Term
myelin
Definition
forms the myelin sheath around nerve cells and provides electrical insulation for nerve impulse transmission
Term
proteins
Definition
made of smaller subunits or building blocks called amino acids
Term
amino acid
Definition
contains elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (some contain sulfur); permits the formation of disulfide bonds
Term
peptide bond
Definition
bond between amino acids
Term
polypeptide
Definition
a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Term
enzyme
Definition
speed up chemical reactions without the need for an external source of energy such as heat
Term
catalyst
Definition
enzyme
Term
Active site theory
Definition
based on the shape of the enzyme and the shapes of the reacting molecules; matches the shapes of the substrates; temporary bonds may form between the enzyme and substrate
Term
substrate
Definition
reacting molecules
Term
enzyme-substrate complex
Definition
bond formed between enzyme and substrate, creates new compound
Term
structural protein
Definition
form pores and receptor sites in cell membranes; Keratin (skin and hair); collagen (tendons and ligaments)
Term
hormones
Definition
insulin (lowers blood glucose; enables cells to take in glucose), growth hormones (increase protein synthesis and cell division)
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
enables red blood cells to carry oxygen
Term
antibodies
Definition
produced by lymphocytes (WBC);label pathogens for destruction
Term
myosin and actin
Definition
muscle structure and contraction
Term
denature
Definition
enzyme having lost its shape and therefore unable to act as a catalyst
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