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Chemistry of life
Chapter 2
79
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/15/2010

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Cards

Term
Elements
Definition
The simples of substances consisting of only one type of atom. 90% of the body is composed of four elements which are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen
Term
Matter
Definition
anything that has space and has weight. can be liquid, solid, gas. It is compose of substance called elements.
Term
Atoms
Definition
the smallest unit of an element that still retains the chemical and physical properties of the element
Term
Neutrons
Definition
electrically neutral particle in an atomic nucleus
Term
Protons
Definition
carry a positve charge in a atomic nucleus.
Term
Isotopes
Definition
One of two or more atoms with the same atomic number that differs in the number of neutrons and therefore in weight.
Term

RADIOACTIVE

ISOTOPE

Definition
ATOM WHOSE NUCLEUS UNDERGOES DEGENERATION AND IN THE PROCESS GIVES OFF RADIATION
Term
Tracer
Definition
substance having an attached radioactive isotope that allows a researcher to track its whereabouts in a biological system
Term
Electrons
Definition
small negatively  charged particle that revolves around the nucleus of an atom
Term
Molecule
Definition
smalles quantity of a substance that retains its chemical properties
Term
Compound
Definition
chemical substance having two or more different elements in fixed ratio
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
chemical attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion.
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
chemical bond created by the sharing of electrons between atoms
Term

Salt

sodium chloride

 

Definition
salts characteristically form an ionic lattice that dissociates(separates into ions) after dissolving in water 
Term
Hypertension
Definition
high blood pressure results in too much sodium in the blood
Term
Rickets
Definition
bowing of the legs in children-not enough calcium
Term
Arrhythmia
Definition
heartbeat irregularity-too much or too little potassium 
Term
Double and Triple Bond
Definition

double bond atoms share two electrons.

triple bond atoms share three electrons

Term
Electronegative
Definition

(electrongrabber)

One of the elements often keeps the electrons for a longer period of time.

Term
Polar Covalent Bond
Definition

When the electrons spends most of their time with the electronegative element such as oxygen and teamed with a weaker elements like hydrogen a Polar Covalent Bond is form

 

Term
Inorganic Molecules
Definition
type of molecule that is not an organic molecule;not derived from a living organism
Term
Organic Molecules
Definition
Carbon containing molecule
Term
Polar Molecule
Definition
combination of atoms in which the electrical charge is nos distributed symmetrically
Term
Hydrogen Bond
Definition
weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen and a partially negative oxygen or nitrogen some distance away;found in  protein and nuclei acids 
Term
Water
Definition

1. it is solvent for polar (charged) molecules and thereby facilitates chemical reactions both outside and within our bodies.

2.molecules are cohesive. water based solutions fill vessels.

3.water has a high specific heat capacity and a high heat of vaporation

 

Term
Hydrophilic
Definition
water loving
Term
Hydrophobic
Definition
water fearing
Term
Acids
Definition
Substance that contributes or liberates hydrogen ions in a solution;opposite of base 
Term
Strong Acid
Definition
when the number of hydrogen ions increases greatly (lemon juice, vinegar, tomatoes and coffee)
Term
Base
Definition
substance that either take up hydrogen ions or release hdroxide ions
Term
Strong Base
Definition
when the sodium hydroxide is added the number of ions increases (milk of magnesium and ammonia)
Term
pH Scale
Definition
chemist shorthand-it is the negative of the base 10 logarithm of free hydrogen ion concentration.it ranges from 0 to 14 used to indicate the acidity and basicity (alkalinity) of a solution
Term
Acidosis
Definition
excessive accumulation of acids in the body fluid
Term
Alkalosis
Definition
excessive accumulation of base in body fluids
Term
Buffer
Definition
substance or compound that prevents large changes in the pH of a solution
Term
Electrolytes
Definition
substances that release ions when put into water because their ions can conduct an electrical current. it is important to our body because it affects the functioning of vital organs such as heart and brain.
Term

Molecules

of

life

 

Definition
four categories; carbohydrates, lipids proteins and nuclei acids
Term

Micromolecules

or Polymer

Definition
are carbohydrates, lipids,protein and nucleic acids. they are composed of many smaller subunits or monomers  
Term
Dehydration reaction
Definition
Anabolic process that joins small molecules;synthesis
Term
Hydrolysis reaction
Definition
splitting of a bond by the addition of water
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
organic compound with the general formula CH20 including sugars and glycogen
Term
Simple Carbohydrates
Definition
If the number of carbon atoms in a carbohydrates is low (between 3 & 7) it called a simple sugar or monosaccharide
Term
Pentose
Definition
five carbon sugar
Term
Hexose
Definition
6 carbon sugar
Term
Glucose
Definition
blood sugar that is broken down in cell to acquire energy
Term
Disaccharide
Definition
made by joining only two monosaccharides together by dehydration reaction
Term
Maltose
Definition
is a disaccharide that contains two glucose molecules
Term
Sucrose
Definition
when glucose and fructose join. it derives by sugar cane or sugar beets
Term
Lactose
Definition
Milk sugar is formed from glucose and galactose
Term
Complex Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides)
Definition
Macromolecules such as starch, gycogen and cellulose are Polysaccharides that contain many glucose units
Term
Starch and Gycogen
Definition
ready store forms of glucose in plants and animals. flour and potatoes are high in starch
Term
Cellulose
Definition
is found in plant cell walls. it is important because human are unable to digest foods containing this type of linkage. It is believe that it helps prevent colon cancer.
Term
Lipids
Definition
contain more energy per gram than other biological molecules and some function as long term energy
Term
Steroids
Definition
they are a large class of lipids that includes among other molecules the sex hormones.  They do not dissolve in water. They contain little oxygen and consist mostly of carbon and hydrogen atom
Term
Fats and Oils
Definition
form when one glycerol molecule react with three fatty acid molecules
Term
Triglyceride
Definition
fat is sometimes called triglyceride because of its three part structure or a neutral fat because the molecule is nonpolar and carries no charge
Term
Fatty acid
Definition
Molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group
Term
Saturated fatty acid 
Definition
Organic molecule that includes a fatty acid molecule which lacks double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain
Term
Unsaturated fatty acid
Definition
organic compound that includes a fatty acid molecule having one or double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
Lipids that contain two fatty acid molecules and phosphate group combined with a gycerol molecule 
Term
Protein
Definition
are macromolecules composed of amino acid subunits. They perform many functions.
Term
Amino acid
Definition
has a central carbon atom bonded to a gydrogen atom and three groups. amino group,acidic group and R group 
Term
Dipeptide
Definition
when two amino acid join
Term
Polypeptides
Definition
three or more amino acids.  proteins are polypeptides 
Term

1.Primary structure

2.Secondary structure 

3.Tertiary structure

4.Quaternary structure

Definition

1.sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.

2.coiling and folding of the protein.

3.hydrogen,ionic, and covalent bonding all occur in polypeptides.

4.more than one polypeptide gives a protein called quarternary structure

Term
Denaturation
Definition
the loss of normal shape by an enzyme so that it no longer functions because the normal bonding between R groups has been disturbed.
Term
Metabolism
Definition
the sum of all the chemical reaction that occur in a cell
Term
Enzymes
Definition
protein catalyst that speeds up a specific reaction or a specific type of reacton
Term
Cofactors
Definition
asist an enzyme and may even accept or contribute atoms to the reaction
Term
Synthesis Reaction
Definition
two or more reactants combine to form a larger and more complex product.When glucose molecules join in the liver forming gycogen, dehydration synthesis has occurred
Term
Degradation Decomposition Reactions
Definition
a larger and more complex molecule breaks down into smaller simpler products. when protein is digested to amino acids in the stomach a degradation reaction occurs
Term
Replacement Reactions
Definition
involve both degradation decomposition and synthesis
Term
Nucleic Acids
Definition
are huge macromolecules composed of nucleotides.it contains hereditary information that determines which proteins a cell will have. two classes of nucleic acids are in cells DNA and RNA 
Term
Nucleotide
Definition
is a molecular complex of three types of subunit molecules. Phosphate,pentose sugar and nitrogen-containing base  
Term

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Definition
makes up the hereditary units called genes
Term
Genes
Definition
pass on from generation to generation the instruction for replicating DNA,making RNA, and joining amino acids to form the protein synthesis
Term
RNA
Definition
is an intermediary in the process of protein synthesis conveyin information from DNA regarding the amino acid sequence in protein
Term

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

Definition

the primary energy carrier in cells. they obtain it by braking down glucose and convert the energy that is released into ATP molecules

 

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