Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chemical Senses
Neuro Assessment 7
59
Anatomy
Graduate
10/05/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is Gustation?
Definition
Taste, Sensations arising from taste buds
Term
What are the 5 qualities of Taste?
Definition
Salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami
Term
What does umami refer to?
Definition
the taste of certain amino acids - glutamic acid (MSG)
Term
What is olfaction?
Definition
Smell, Senstion of odors
Term
What is Trigeminal irritation?
Definition
Common chemical sense in both mouth and nose
Term
What do GSA respond to?
Definition
General Sensory Afferents, in oral and nasal mucosa respond to burning or cooling stimuli
Term
What constitues flavor?
Definition
Taste, Smell and Trigeminal sensations together
Term
What is a common trigger for taste and smell loss?
Definition
URI, upper respiratory infection
Term
What disease can be diagnosed by biopsy of the olfactory mucosal with loss of smell?
Definition
Alzheimer's Disease
Term
Where are taste buds located?
Definition
tongue, oral mucosa of palate and epiglottis
Term
Where are the fugiform papillae?
Definition
Anterior tongue
Term
What houses the taste bud?
Definition
Papillae
Term
What kind of papillae are on the posterior tongue?
Definition
Foliate and circumvallate
Term
What innervates the anterior tongue taste buds?
Definition
Chorda Tympani, CN VII
Term
What does the greater superficial Nerve innervate? What is it a branch of?
Definition
Palate taste buds
CN VII
Term
What innervates the Posterior tongue taste buds?
Definition
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Term
What innervates the epiglottis taste buds?
Definition
Vagus Nerve
Term
Which papillae are the largest and contain hundreds of taste buds?
Definition
circumvallate
Term
What ganglia holds the cell bodies for the nerves that innervate the fungiform and palatal taste buds?
Definition
Geniculate ganglion
Term
What ganglia is associated with the Circumvallate and foliate taste buds?
Definition
Petrosal Ganglion
(Inferior glossopharyngeal ganglia)
Term
What ganglia holds the cell bodies of nerves that innervate the epiglottal taste buds?
Definition
Nodose Ganglia
(Infereior vagal ganglia)
Term
What Cranial nerve has its cell bodies in the geniculate ganglion for taste?
Definition
Facial Nerve VII
-Chorda Tympani
-Greater Superficail nerve
Term
What CN has its cell bodies in the petrosal ganglion?
Definition
Glossopharyngeal nerve IX
Term
What CN has its cell bodies in the Nodose ganglion?
Definition
Vagus Nerve X
Term
What is the life span of a taste bud?
Definition
9-10 days
Term
What kind of cells are the taste receptor cells?
Definition
modified epithelial cells, not neurons
Have ability to depolarize in response to stimulation and release neurotransmitters
Term
How is the taste bud arranged?
Definition
Onion-shaped clusters of taste receptor cells
Term
How do salts and acids depolarize taste cells?
Definition
interacting directly with ion channels
Term
How do Sweet, bitter, and umami depolarize taste cells?
Definition
stimulate G-protein-coupled receptors
Term
How is the afferent nerve stimulated?
Definition
Stimulation with taste chemicals, depolarization, Ca influx, transmitter released onto afferent nerve.
Term
What are T1Rs?
Definition
receptors for sweet and umami taste
Term
How many genes encode T1Rs?
Definition
3
Term
What responds to most sweet stimuli?
Definition
T1R2 + T1R3 heterodimer
Term
What responds to most L-type amino acids?
Definition
T1R1 + T1R3 heterodimer
Term
How many genes encode receptors for bitter taste? What are those receptors called?
Definition
30, T2Rs
Term
What is the thalamocortical pathway?
Definition
Taste bud -> Rostral part of nucleus of the solitary tract in medulla (via CN) -> VPM of Thalamus-> Taste Area of cortex (Insula and Opercular Cortex)
Term
What is the hedonic component of taste?
Definition
those connections to the limbic system that are involved in motivation.
Feeding and Reward
Term
What is ageusia?
Definition
complete loss of taste
Term
What is hypogeusia? What is this typically associated with?
Definition
reduction in taste
upper respiratory illness
Term
What can a diminished taste lead to?
Definition
compromised nutritional intake and anorexia
Term
What are alcoholics more likely to prefer?
Definition
Sweet
Term
Where are the olfactory receptor neurons found?
Definition
upper nasal epithelium
Term
What do the ORNs form? Where do they project?
Definition
olfactory nerve CNI
olfactory bulb
Term
What structure do the axons of the receptor neurons pass through in route to the olfactory bulb?
Definition
Cribriform plate
Term
Where are the olfactory receptors found?
Definition
cilia of the olfactory neurons
Term
What are the olfactory receptors?
Definition
huge family of 7 transmembrane domain proteins
Term
How many olfactory receptor genes are there? How many are functional?
Definition
630 genes, half are functional
Term
What 2 pathways do odorants use to depolarize the cells?
Definition
cAMP pathway OR IP3 pathway
Term
What type of channel does the IP3 pathway open?
Definition
Ca channel, which gates a Cl- conductance
Term
How does the cAMP pathway work?
Definition
gates a non-specific cation channel
Term
What does depolarization of the olfactory receptor cells lead to?
Definition
AP -> olfactory bulb -> realeases transmitter onto dendrites of high-order neurons in the bulb
Term
What part of the stimuli interacts with residues in the binding pockets of the the receptors?
Definition
Epitopes
Term
How do we recognize the huge amount of odors with limited numbers of receptors?
Definition
Receptors can bind more than one stimulus and a stimulus with multiple epitopes may recognize multiple receptors
Term
What do the ORNs synapes on in the olfactory bulb?
Definition
glomeruli
Term
How many different types of receptors do each ORN have?
Definition
ONE
Term
How many different types of ORNs converge on a single glomerulus?
Definition
ONE
Term
What are the output neurons of the bulb?
Definition
Mitral and tufted cells
Term
Where do Mitral and Tufted cells send their axons?
Definition

olfactory cortex and amygdala (limbic system)

 

hippocampus (memory)

Term
Where are the dendrites of the mitral and tufted cells?
Definition
glomeruli
Supporting users have an ad free experience!