Term
| What are the small molecules in organic molecules, and what are they referred as? |
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Definition
Monomer (One part)
Dimer (Two parts)
Polymer (Many parts)
Referred to as Macromolecules |
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Term
| In metabolism, what do anabolic & catabolic pathways do? |
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Definition
Anabolic pathways - molecules that form the cell
Catabolic pathways - uses food molecules for forms of energy & lost heat to go ino anabolic |
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Term
| What are the four (4) major macromolecules? |
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Definition
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids |
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Term
| What are the three (3) main groups of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
Monosacchardies
Disaccharides
Polysacchardies |
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Term
| What are Lipid molecules? |
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Definition
Lipid molecules are non-polar and hydrophobic. They consist of classes of:
- Fatty Acids
- Triglycerdies (fats and oils)
- Phospholipids
- Steriods
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Term
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Definition
| Fatty acids are a simple lipid consisting of a long non-polar chain of carbon atoms with a carboxylic acid group. |
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Term
| What are saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated & polyunsaturated fats? |
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Definition
- No carbon bonds are saturated with hydrogen atoms
- One or more double carbon bonds are unsaturated
- Monounsaturated means one double bond
- Polyunsaturated means multiple double bonds
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Term
| What are Triglycerides & their fatty acid molecules? |
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Definition
Triglycerides are highly concentrated form of stored chemical energy (stored in fat cells).
Glycerides are the fatty acids joined to molecules of glycerol:
- Monoglycerides (1 fatty acid)
- Diglycerides (2 fatty acids)
- Triglycerides (3 fatty acids)
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Term
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Definition
| Phospholipids are diglycerides that include a polar HEAD group, and are the stuctural basis of cell membranes. The TAIL of the phospholipids are NON-polar. |
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Term
| What is the Lipid Bilayer made up of? |
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Definition
- Phospolipids
- Glycolipids
- Peripheral proteins
- Glycoprotein - carbohydrate/protein
- Extracellular fluid
- Cholesterol
- Transmembrane proteins
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins are important molecules for building body structure and determining function, e.g, collagen, hemoglobin, enzymes. Proteins cary a lot in terms of size and chemical make-up. |
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Term
| What are Amino Acids and their structural features? |
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Definition
Amino Acids are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins are polymers of various combinations of only 20 different monomers. Each monomer, called an amino acid has 3 stuctural features:
- An amino group
- An carboxylic acid group
- A side chain (R group - chemical structure)
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Term
| The 4 levels of protein structure are? |
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Definition
- Primary structure - sequence of amino acids
- Secondary structure - twisiting or folding the polypeptide backbone
- Tertiary structure - overall 3-dimentional shape of a protein
- Quaternary structure - 2 or more polypeptides interact with one another
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Term
| What are the types of proteins and their functions? |
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Definition
Collagen - provide structural framework
Haemoglobin - transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions. Most reactions in our bodies require an enzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
Nucleic acids play central roles in the storage of genetic information and in the synthesis of proteins:
DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA, ribonucleic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA is a nucleotide polymer that carries genetic information called genes. Information in our genes is translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins. DNA is found in chromosomes inside cell nucleus. They are wrapped tightly around proteins call histones. |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA is a second type of nucleic acid involved in gene expression/protein synthesis. |
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Term
| What are the types of RNA? |
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Definition
- Messenger RNA (mRNA), carries information from DNA to the ribosome (sites of protein synthesis in the cell).
- Transfer RNA (tRNA), small RNA chain that transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), binds mRNA and carries out protein synthesis.
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Term
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Definition
ATP is an energy currency within out cells. Adenosine triphosphate is ATP, a nucleotide with 3 (three) bound phosphate groups. ATP 'carries' energy cells, from one chemical reaction to another.
ATP is broken down to release energy needed by cells. ATP synthesis requires energy from other sources.
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Term
| What are Organic molecules and their complexes? |
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Definition
| Organic molecules are large carbon-based molecules. These large molecules make complexes such as the Plasma membrane (lipid bilayer with proteins) and Chromosomes (nucleic acids wrapped around proteins). |
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Term
| What is the Cytoskeleton in the Plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| The Cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that stretches throughout the Cytosol. The cytosol is part of the Cytoplasm which also consists of organelles. |
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Term
| What are Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, & Proteasomes in the Plasma membrane? |
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Definition
These three (3) organelles form from the Gogli, which are located as a green ball laterally.
Proteasomes break down worn out or unneeded proteins.
Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes important in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism.
Lysosomes contain disgestive enzymes used to break down:
- Ingested material
- Worn-out parts of cell
- Destroy the whole cell
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Term
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Definition
| The Necleus is the central control centre of the cell which is a red & purple ball with green coral like structure around it. Most cells have a nucleus. A double-walled nuclear envelope separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The nucleolus is a site within the nucleus that produces new ribosomes. |
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Term
| How do proteins relate to genetics? |
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Definition
Proteins are an expression of genetic information. In Translation, using mRNA and ribosomes create proteins.
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Term
| What makes a cell 'alive'? |
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Definition
| Cells are 'alive' as they have the ability to reproduce themselves and grow. |
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Term
| Describe the structures and functions of the nucleus, nuclear envelope, & nucleoli |
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Definition
| The Necleus is the central control centre of the cell which is a red & purple ball with green coral like structure around it. Most cells have a nucleus. A double-walled nuclear envelope separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The nucleolus is a site within the nucleus that produces new ribosomes. |
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Term
| Distinguish among genes, chromosomes, chromatin, genome, & chromatids. |
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Definition
| Chromatin is in the nucleus of the cell and is the stuff that's visible during the stages where the cell is not dividing. There are two types of chromatin - euchromatin and heterochromatin, heterochromatin is slightly denser, inactive. DNA whereas euchromatin is active less dense DNA. A chromosome is made up of sections called genes and and is responsibe for certain characteristics of a cell. |
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Term
| Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane. |
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Definition
| The plasma membrane surrounds the outside of both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells. It is made up of a double layer of phospholipids and controls the movement of various substances into and out of the cell, both passively and actively. It also allows cell identification. ike all other cellular membranes, the plasma membrane consists of both lipids and proteins. The fundamental structure of the membrane is the phospholipid bilayer, which forms a stable barrier between two aqueous compartments. In the case of the plasma membrane, these compartments are the inside and the outside of the cell. Proteins embedded within the phospholipid bilayer carry out the specific functions of the plasma membrane, including selective transport of molecules and cell-cell recognition. |
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Term
| Describe the structures and functions of the various organelles in human cells. |
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Definition
The endomembrane system includes the:
plasma membrane
nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus or Golgi bodies
vesicles
vaculoles
lysosomes
The membrane of all of these is composed of two layers of phospholipids
with embedded proteins.
Membrane has a consistency of a light oil allowing its membranes to
diffuse throughout. |
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Term
| How do things get into the cell? |
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Definition
Some may pass easily and others may require energy.
Passive and active transport. |
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Term
| What is in the cell membrane and what types of molecules can make it across without help? |
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Definition
The cell membrane is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosing its contents. The types of molecules that go across the cell membrane without assistance include:
simple diffusion
diatomic oxygen
carbon dioxide
water |
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Term
| Describe the structures and functions of the nucleus, nuclear envelope, and nucleoli |
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Definition
Nucleus:
Structure: it contains 1 nuclear envelope ( gateway to the nucleus) 2 Chromosomes ( genetic containers) 3 nucleolus ( reassembly point for ribosomes)
Function:it directs the chemical reactions in cells by transcribing genetic information from DNA into RNA. nucleus also stores genetic information & transfers it during cell division from one cell to the next.it Controls cell's genetic program & metabolic activities.
Mitochondria:
Structure: double membrane bound organelles that are spherical to elongate in shape.
Function:converts energy into a from the cell can use.
Golgi bodies:
Structure: it is collection of membranes associated physically & functionally with the E.R in the cytoplasm. it is composed flattened stacks of membrane-bound cistern.
Function:sorts, packages and routes cell's synthesized products.
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Structure: extensive membrane system extending throughout the cytoplasm from the plasma membrane to the nuclear envelope.
Function:storage & internal transport.rough E.R is a site for attachment of ribosomes; smooth E.R makes lipids Ribosomeses:
Structure: non-membrane-bound structures,contain almost equally amounts protein & a special type of ribonucleic acid called ribosomes RNA.
Function: it is site protein synthesis |
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Term
| Distinguish among the various passive and active transport processes. |
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Definition
When molecule travels from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through a concentration gradient.It is known as passive transport.
Active transport refers to when molecule travels from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration against the concentration gradient.
Transport of protein is an active transport. |
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Term
| What is the difference between active and passive? |
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Definition
Passive: Does not use energy
Active: Requires energy in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP the currency of energy enabling the process) because it is having to force the ions to and fro the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Homeostasis, from the Greek words for "same" and "steady," refers to any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival. |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymers are made up of many many molecules all strung together to form really long chains (and sometimes more complicated structures, too). |
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Term
| In which organelle is most ATP made? |
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Definition
| Mitochondrion -- produces ATP to fuel the cell made from the breakdown of sugars |
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Term
| What are synovial joints? |
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Definition
All synovial joints have a synovial cavity. Allows the joint to function as a diarthrosis.
Distinguishing structures of synovial joint:
Articular hyaline cartilage
Reduces friction
Helps absorb shock
Articular capsule
Synovial fluid
Accessory structures:
Ligaments and articular menisci
Bursae and tendon sheaths |
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Term
| What is the Articular Capsule? |
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Definition
| Two layers enclose the synovial cavity and unite articulating bones. Articular fat pads cushion within some joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parallel bundles of dense connective tissue inside or outside the articular capsule. They also resist strain and hold bones close together. |
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Term
| What is the articular menisci? |
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Definition
Fibrocartilage between articular surfaces of bones, and attached to the fibrous membrane.
Stabilize the joint and direct the flow of synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connective tissue sac lined by synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid. Cushion adjacent body parts at certain joints and alleviate friction between them. |
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Term
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Definition
Tube-like bursae wrap around muscle tendons where they pass through synovial cavities.
Prevent friction. |
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Term
| What is the synovial joint movement terminology? |
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Definition
Precise terms used to describe the form of motion, direction of movement, or relationship to the anatomical position.
Four categories:
Gliding movements
Angular movements
Rotation
Special movements |
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Term
| How do synovial joints glide? |
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Definition
Occur where flat bones surfaces move back and forth or side to side.
No significant alteration of the angles between the bones.
Limited range of movement. |
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Term
| What are the angular movements of the synovial joint? |
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Definition
Occur when the angle between articulating bones increases or decreases, with respect to the body in anatomical position.
Principle movements:
Flexion / Extension
Lateral flexion
Hyperextension
Abduction / Adduction
Circumduction |
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Term
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Definition
Flexion - decrease in the angle between articulating bones.
Extension - increase in the angle between articulating bones.
Lateral Flexion - flexion along frontal plane, rather than along the sagittal plane.
Hyperextension - extension beyond their anatomical position.
Abduction - movement of bone away from the midline.
Adduction - movement of bone toward the midline.
Circumduction - movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle (sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction). |
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Term
| What are the synovial joint special movements? |
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Definition
Elevation - upward movement.
Depression - downward movement.
Protraction - anterior movement in transverse plane.
Retraction - posterior movement in transverse plane.
Opposition - thumb touching fingertips.
Inversion - moving soles of feet medially.
Eversion - moving soles of feet laterally.
Dorsiflexion - bending foot, at ankle, superiorly.
Plantar flexion - bending foot, at ankle, inferiorly.
Supination - moving palm to face anteriorly.
Pronation - moving palm to face posteriorly. |
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Term
| What are the major categories of synovial joints? |
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Definition
Major categories:
Plane joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condyloid joint
Saddle joint
Ball-and-socket joint |
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Term
| What is the structural organization of the nervous system? |
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Definition
Central Nervous System (CNS):
Consists of brain and spinal cord
Responsible for integration of incoming sensory information, generation of motor commands, and thoughts and memories
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
Consists of all nervous tissue outside CNS
Cranial nerves - arise from brain
Spinal nerves - arise from spinal cord
Ganglia - clusters of nervous tissue
Enteric plexuses - networks in GI tract organ walls.
Sensory receptors - detect internal or external changes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of neurons and neuroglia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Ionic basis for Resting membrane potential |
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Definition
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Term
| Phases of action potential |
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Definition
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Term
| Transmission at a chemical synapse |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify the bones associated with the thoracic cage and discuss key anatomic regions pertaining to these bones |
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Definition
Thoracic cage = ribs, sternum, and bodies of vertebrae
Also called the breastbone
Three regions
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
Notable landmarks:
Sternal angle – junction between manubrium and body
Suprasternal notch – depression located on manubrium
Clavicular notches – join clavicles |
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Term
| Classify ribs as being either true, false or floating |
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Definition
Twelve pairs of ribs form sides of thoracic cage
1st seven ribs = true ribs
Other 5 ribs = false ribs
Floating ribs = 11th and 12th ribs |
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Term
| Identify what is unique about the hyoid bone |
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Definition
Supports tongue, pharynx and larynx muscles
The hyoid bone does not articulate with any other bone
U shape – greater and lesser horns serve as muscle attachment sites |
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Term
| Identify the functions of the skeletal system |
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Definition
Support – serves as a framework for the body and supports soft tissues
Protection – bones can protect sensitive vital organs, eg the skull
Assistance in movement – bones and joints allow muscular actions
Mineral homeostasis – mineral such as calcium and phosphorus are stored in bones and can be released into the blood stream when required
Blood cell production – red blood cells are produced within the red bone marrow
Triglyceride storage – adipocytes are stored in the yellow bone marrow (potential energy store) |
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Term
| Describe the functions of the four osseous cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify the four regions associated with the growth of long bones and describe the function of each |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Functions and circulation of CSF |
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Definition
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Term
| Structural and functional areas of the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of cerebellum, limbic system |
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Definition
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Term
| Structural and functional areas of the spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
| Names and function of cranial nerves |
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Definition
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Term
| Roots and branches of a spinal nerve |
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Definition
Branches after pass through intervertebral foramen
Posterior ramus - serves posterior trunk
Anterior ramus - serves limbs, lateral and posterior trunk
Meningeal branch - serves vertebrae, spinal cord and meninges
Rami communicantes - autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| Structural divisions of the ANS |
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Definition
The autonomic nervous system regulates much of what goes on inside our bodies - via the heart, smooth muscle, and glands. The autonomic nervous system has two main motor divisions:
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
Control of:
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Secretion of saliva
Smooth muscle contraction in:
Pupils
Walls of blood vessels
Bronchi
Urinary bladder
Sex organs |
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Term
| Connective tissue coverings of nerves |
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Definition
Three protective tissue coverings
Endoneurium - around each axon (with or without myelin)
Perineurium - around fascicle of axons
Epineurium - around several fascicles, continuous from dura mater of CNS |
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Term
| What are the three (3) types of muscular tissue? |
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Definition
Three types of muscular tissue:
Skeletal muscle tissue - striated, under voluntary control, and moves bones of skeleton
Cardiac muscle tissue - striated, under involuntary control, and pumps blood with autorhythmicity in heart only
Smooth muscle tissue - non-striated, under involuntary control, and moves substances in hollow internal organs |
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Term
| What are the four (4) basic types of tissues? |
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Definition
1.Epithelial tissues cover external and internal surfaces of the body; epithelial tissues also form secretory glands
2.Connective tissues protect and support other tissues and various organs
3.Muscle tissues create the forces that allow movement, and also generate body heat
4.Nervous tissues collect and analyze information about the body, and signal muscles and glands to take appropriate actions |
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Term
| What are the types of osseous tissue? |
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Definition
| There are two types of osseous tissue: compact and spongy. Compact tissue is synonymous with cortical bone, and spongy tissue is synonymous with trabecular and cancellous bone. Compact bone forms the extremely hard exterior while spongy bone fills the hollow interior. The tissues are biologically identical; the difference is in how the microstructure is arranged. |
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