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chemical level of organization
chapter 2
206
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
08/29/2013

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Term
? HAVE POSITIVE CHARGE , & HAVE MASS.
Definition
PROTONS , (p+)
Term
THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE IS MADE UP OF ?
Definition
PrOTONS, NEUTRONS are INSIDE OF THE NUCLEUS, &  ELECTRONS ARE FOUND IN A ORGANIZED SHELL.
Term

? HAVE A NEGATIVE CHARGE, HAVE VERY LITTLE MASS

 

Definition
ELECTRONS
Term
? ARE UNCHARGED IN THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE , BUT HAVE MASS
Definition
NEUTRONS
Term
WHICH ATOMIC STRUCTURE IS FOUND IN A " CLOUD" SURROUNDING THE NUCLEUS?
Definition
ELECTRONS
Term
WHICH ATOMIC STRUCTURE HAVE ASSOCIATED ORBITALS AROUND THE NUCLEUS, & ARE ORGANIZED INTO SHELLS, OR LEVELS?
Definition
ELECTRONS
Term
CARBON HAS A WHAT CHARGE ? TRUE OR FALSE- THERE IS A ELECTRON CLOUD SURROUNFING THE NUCLEUS IN CARBON?
Definition

- CHARGE.

TRUE.

Term
WHAT ATOMIC STRUCTURE IS ORGANIED IN SHELLS SURROUNDING THE NUCLEUS?
Definition
ELECTRONS
Term
HOW MANY SHELLS -AKA - ENERGY LEVELS ARE THERE IN A ELECTRON?
Definition
3
Term

 INNERMOST SHELL HOLDS HOW MANY ELECTRONS?

SECOND SHELL HOLDS UP TO HOW MANY ELECTRONS?

THIRD SHELL HOLDS UP TO HOW MANY ELECTRON?

 

-ONE SHELL MUST BE FULL BEFORE THE NECT SHELL IS FULL

 

Definition

INNERMOST SHELL HOLDS 2 ELECTRONS

SECOND SHELL HOLDS UP TO 8 ELECTRONS

THIRD SHELL HOLDS UP TO  18 ELECTRON

 

TOTAL 28 

Term

?  ARE MOST STABLE WHEN THEIR OUTER ELECTRON SHELL IS FULL.

 

EXAMPLE : CARBON, & HYDROGEN 

Definition
ATOMS
Term

[image]1p+

 

HYDROGEN (H)

WHAT  IS THE ATOMIC # OF HYDROGEN?

MASS # OF HYDROGEN?

ATOMIC MASS?

Definition

ATOMIC #  1 OR 2

MASS # 1 OR 2

ATOMIC MASS 1.01

 

Term

[image]

2ND ELECTRON SHELL

 

ATOMIC # OF CARBON (C)?

MASS # OF CARBON?

ATOMIC MASS OF CARBON?

 

Definition

ATOMIC # OF CARBON IS ? 6

( 6 PROTONS, & 6 NEUTRONS)

 

ATOMIC # = NUMBER OF PROTONS & NEUTRONS IN AN ATOM

MASS # OF CARBON (C)?  12 OR 13.

6X2= 12

MASS #= NUMBER OF PROTONS & NEUTRONS IN AN ATOM.

ATOMIC MASS= AVERAGE MASS OF ALL STABLE ATOMS OF A GIVEN ELEMENT IN DALTONS

Term

NITROGEN (N)

ATOMIC MASS = ?

MASS #= ?

ATOMIC MASS = ?

 

 [image]

[image]

 

 

 

 

Definition

NITROGEN

 

ATOMIC #=  7

MASS # = 14 OR 15

ATOMIC MASS 14.01

 

7 PROTONS

7 NEUTRONS

7 ELECTRONS - 2 ELECTRONS IN INNERMOST SHELL, 5 IN SECOND SHELL

 

 

 

 

 

 

Term

[image]WHAT ELEMENT IS THIS ?

ATOMIC #?

MASS # ? ATOMIC MASS-

ATOMIC MASS

 

Definition

OXYGEN (0)

 

ATOMIC # = 8  ( 8 PROTONS, 8 NEUTRONS, 8 ELECTRONS)

MASS # 16,17,18

ATOMIC # 16.00

Term

[image]

ATOMIC MASS, MASS # ATOMIC MASS

 

Definition

SODIUM

 

ATOMIC # 11

( 11 PROTONS ,18 NEUTRONS)

MASS # 23

ATOMIC # 22.99

 

3 SHELLS

 

 

Term

WHAT IS THE ATOMIC NUMBER OF CHLORINE,

& MASS #?

Definition

ATOMIC # 17

MASS # 35 OR 37

Term

WHAT IS THE ATOMIC # & MASS # OF POTASSIUM (KI)?

 

Definition

ATOMIC # 19

MASS # 39-41

Term
WHAT IS THE ATOMIC # & MASS OF IODINE (I)?
Definition
IDONE HAS : ATOMIC # 53 , MASS # 127
Term
WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF ATOMIC NUMBER?
Definition
NUMBER OF PROTONS IN AN NUCLEUS
Term
WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF MASS NUMBER?
Definition
NUMBER OF PROTONS & NEUTRONS IN AN ATOM
Term

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF ATOMIC MASS ?

 

Definition

AVERAGE MASS OF ALL STABLE ATOMS OF A GIVEN ELEMENT IN DALTONS

 

Term
WHAT ELEMENTS ARE ELECTRO POSITVE ? ( GIVE UP ELECTRONS EASILY)?
Definition

(H)- HYDROGEN

(Li)- LITHIUM

(Be)-

(Na)- Sodium

(Mag)- Magnisium

(K)- POTASSIUM

(Ca)- Calcium

(Rb)-

(Sr)

Cs-

Ba-
Fr-

Ra-



Term
IS NITROGEN (N) - IN BETWEEN POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CHARGE? NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE CHARGE?
Definition
IN BETWEE NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE CHARGE
Term

WHICH ELEMENTS ARE ELECTRO NEGATIVE?


Definition

O- OXYGEN

F-

S-

CL-CHLORINE

Se

Br

Te

I-iodine

Po-

At

 

Term

WHAT ARE THE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ( SEEN IN LIVING ORGANISMS)?

 

Definition
CARBON, HYDROGEN, NITROGEN, OXYGEN, SULFUR, PHOSPHERUS
Term

ATOMIC NUMBER DEFINES AN ?

ATOMIC NUMBER = THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN THE  ?

Definition

ATOMIC NUMBER DEFINES AN ELEMENT

 

ATOMIC NUMBER OF PROTONS IN THE NUCLEUS


 

Term

MASS NUMBER IS THE # OF PROTONS & NEUTRONS IN THE ?

 

Definition
NUCLEUS
Term
THE DEFITION OF AN ISOTOPE IS?
Definition
VARIATIONS OF NEUTRONS
Term

CARBON -12,-13, & -13 ARE ISOTOPES OF ?

 

Definition
CARBON
Term
CARBON-12 HAS?
Definition
6 PROTONS, 2 ELECTRONS, 6 NEUTRONS
Term
CARBON- 13 HAS
Definition
6 PROTONS, 6 ELECTRONS, 7 NEUTRONS
Term
CARBON-14 HAS 6 PROTONS, 6 ELECTRONS, 8 NEUTRONS
Definition
Term
ATOMS CAN BE JOINED TO MAKE ?
Definition
MOLECULES
Term
THE BONDS THAT HOLD THE ATOMS TOGETHER ARE CALLED CHEMICAL BONDS?
Definition
CHEMICAL BONDS
Term
THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS ( FROM STRONGEST TO WEAKEST). WHAT ARE THEY?
Definition

1) COVALENT - ELECTRONS SHARED

 

2) IONIC- ELECTRONS ARE TRADED FROM ONE ATOM TO ANOTHER, & THE ATOMS ARE JOINED DUE TO THEIR CHARGES

 

3) HYDROGEN - FROM O or N OF ONE OF A MOLECULE TO H OF ANOTHER PART OF THE MOLECULE OR A NEAR MOLECULE

Term

WHAT ARE IONS ?

[image]

Definition
ATOMS THAT HAVE LOST OR GAINED ELECTRONS & CARRY A CHARGE
Term
THE DEFINITION OF COVALENT BONDS IS?
Definition
SHARING OF ELECTRONS BETWEEN 2 ATOMS
Term
COVALENT BONDS MAY SHARE HOW MANY ELECTRONS?
Definition
1-3 ELECTRONS ( SINGLE, DOUBLE , OR TRIPLE BONDS)
Term
ATOMS CAN FORM AS MANY COVALENT BONDS AS NECESSARY TO FILL?
Definition
THE OUTER SHELL
Term

THE STRUCTURE FORMULA OF

H-H

FORMS THE MOCLECULAR FORMULA OF?

 

( THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN COVALENT BOND - SHARING OF ELECTRONS BETWEEN TO ATOMS)

Definition
H2
Term
THE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR OF 2 OXYGEN ATOMS BONDING TOHETHER IS ?
Definition

STRUCTURAL FORMULA : O=O

MOLECULAR FORMULA: O2

Term

2 NITROGEN ATOMS BONDING 3 ELECTRONS TOGETHER CREATES WHAT KIND OF BOND?

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR FORMULA?

Definition

COVALENT BOND

 

-

N-N

-

 

 

N2

 

 

- REPRESENT ELECTRONS SHARED

Term

METHANE MOLECULE HAS WHAT KIND OF SHAPE ?

METHANE IS THE ? COMPOUND

 

H

 

H   C   H

 

H

 

CH4

Definition

3 DIMENSIONAL SHAPE

 

SIMPLELIST ORGANIC COMPOUND

 

 

Term
1 OXYGEN ATOM & 2 HYDROGEN CREATES WHAT ?
Definition

A WATER MOLECULE

H

/

O

\

H

 

H2O

Term
COVALENT BONDS MAY BE WHAT ?
Definition

NON POLAR ( ELECTRONS SHARED EQUALLY)

POLAR ( ELECTRONS SHARED UNEQUALLY)

 

 

Term
IS O2 GAS -POLAR OR NON POLAR ? WATER SOLUABLE OR NOT?
Definition

NON POLAR

 

NOT WATER SOLUABLE

Term

O=C=O

 

HAS A PARTIAL NEGATIVE CHARGE & IS NON PALAR?

 

TRUE OR FALSE

Definition
TRUE
Term
IS O2 IS ELECTRO NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE
Definition

ELECTRO NEGATIVE

& NON POLAR

 

Term

WHAT IS A GREAT EXAMPLE OF A COMPOUND WITH POLAR COVALENT BONDS?

 

Definition
WATER
Term

TRUE OR FALSE

 

NON POLAR BONDS TEND TO FORM WHEN 2 OF THE SAME ATOM SHARE ELECTRONS, OR WHEN 2 ATOMS INVOLVED HAVE SIMILAR ELECTRONEGATIVITY ( TENDENCY TO WANT TO ACQUIRE ELECTRONS)?

Definition
TRUE
Term
ARE MOST PROTEINS WATER SOLUABLE OR NOT?
Definition
MOST PROTEINS ARE WATER SOLUABLE
Term
AN EXAMPLE OF AN PROTEIN THAT IS NOT WATER SOLUABLE IS ?
Definition
CAROTENE THAT IS FOUND IN THE DERMIS IS NOT WATER SOLUABLE - . CAROTENE IN THE DERMIS KEEPS OUR BODY DRY.
Term

TRUE OR FALSE

 

HYDROGEN BONDS HAVE THE WEAKEST CHEMICAL BOND?

 

Definition

TRUE

 

Term

THE WEAK FORCE OF  HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN A PARTIAL POSITIVE CHARGE ON H WITH PARTIAL NEGAIVE CHARGE ON NEIGHBORING O OR N - ARE OFTEN STONG

 

(PARTIAL + CHARGE) & (PARTIAL - CHARGE) = CAUSE PROTEINS TO FOLD & DNA TO ADOPT ITS DOUBLE -HELICAL STUCTURE.

 

TRUE OR FALSE

Definition
TRUE
Term

IS COVALENT BOND THE STRONGEST CHEMICAL BOND ?

 

Definition
YES
Term

CHEMICAL BONDS

 

 THE DEFINITION OF AN COVALENT BOND IS  ? STRONGEST OR WEAKEST BOND ?

NON POLAR OR POLAR?

Definition

SHARING OF ELECTRONS TO COMPLETE THE OUTER SHELL OF BOTH ATOMS.

 

STRONGEST CHEMICAL BOND

 

CAN BE NON POLAR OR POLAR

Term
THE DEFINITION OF NON POLAR BOND IS ?
Definition
ELECTRONS SHARED EQUALLY
Term
DEFINITION OF POLAR COVALENT BONDS?
Definition
ELECTRONS SHARED UNEQUALLY
Term

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF AN IONIC CHEMICAL BOND?

TRUE OR FALSE ? 1ST , 2ND OR 3RD STRONGEST CHEMICAL BOND?

 

 

Definition

LOSS OR GAIN OF ELECTRONS CREATES AN ION

OPPOSITES ATTRACT

 

2ND STRONGEST CHEMICAL BOND

 

Term

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF AN IONIC CHEMICAL BOND?

TRUE OR FALSE ? 1ST , 2ND OR 3RD STRONGEST CHEMICAL BOND?

 

 

Definition

LOSS OR GAIN OF ELECTRONS CREATES AN ION

OPPOSITES ATTRACT

 

2ND STRONGEST CHEMICAL BOND

 

Term

 THE DEFINITION OF HYDROGEN CHEMICAL BOND ?

STRONGEST OR WEAKEST BOND?

Definition

FORMED BY ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ADJACENT MOLECULES CONTAINING POLAR BONDS

 

WEAKEST

Term

 

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE CHEMISTRY OF WATER?

Definition

PARTIAL CHARGES OF OF (O) OYGEN & (H) HYDROGEN

GIVE WATER SOME UNIQUE PROPERTIES THAT MAKE IT SUITED FOR LIVING ORGANISMS

 

Term

TRUE OR FALSE

WATER HAS 2 BONDS

IS A POLAR COVALENT BOND

PRIMARY CHEMICAL

REALLY GOOD SOLVENT

Definition
TRUE
Term

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF COHESIVE ?

 

IS WATER COHESIVE ?

 

EXAMPLE OF COHESIVE ?

Definition

WATER IS COHESIVE

 

WATER MOLECULES STICK TOGETHER DUE TO HYDROGEN BONDING TOGETHER

 

EXAMPLE OF COHESIVE IS: WATER STICKING TO A GLASS

Term

IS WATER ADHESIVE ?

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF ADHESIVE?

Definition

WATER IS ADHESIVE.

ADHESIVE IS THE POLARITY OF BONDS MAKE IT " STICK"

TO OTHER SURFACES (CAUSES CAPILAY ACTION)

 

EXAMPLE : ICE IN WATER IS AN EXAMPLE OF ADHESIVE

Term

TRUE OR FALSE

 

WATER IS LESS DENSE AS ICE

WATR IS MOST DENSE AT SLIGHLY ABOVE FREEZING

 

Definition
TRUE
Term
WHAT  IS A SOLUTION?
Definition

A UNIFORM MIXTURE OF 2 OR MORE SUBSTANCES.

EXAMPLE : OIL & VINIGAR

Term

THE DEFINITION OF AN SOLVENT IS ?


TRUE OR FALSE?

A SOLVENT IS THE MOST ABUNDENT COMPOUND.

 

Definition

IS THE MEDIUM IN WHICH MOLECULES OF SOLUTE ARE DISPERSED.


TRUE - A SOLVENT IS THE MOST ABUNDENT SOLVENT.

Term

THE DEFINITION OF SOLUTE?


TRUE OR FALSE

A SOLUTE IS THE LESS ABUNDENT COMPOUND.

Definition

SAID TO BE DISSSOVED IN THE SOLUTE


TRUE - LESS ADBUNDENT COMPUND


 

Term

TRUE OR FALSE


IN THE BODY, WATER IS THE USUAL SOLVENT.


Definition
TRUE
Term

THE DEFINITION OF SUSPENSION ?

 

EXAMPLE OF SUSPENSION>

 

Definition

WHEN WATER IS NOT EVENLY DISTRIBUTED OR DISOLVED

 

EXMPLE OF SUSPENSION - DIRT IN WATER

 

 

Term

 

 

Definition
Term
WHAT IS THE MOLARITY OF WATER ?
Definition
55.5
Term

WATER AS A SOLVENT

 

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF HYDROPHILIC ( LOVE WATER)?

Definition

 

SUBSTANCES WHICH CONTAIN POLAR COVALENT BONDS ( OR IONIC BONDS) & DISSOLVE IN WATER.

Term

TRUE OR FALSE


HYDROPHOPHIC COMPOUNDS ( SUCH AS OIL ) ARE SELDOM SOLUABLE IN WATER.

EXAMPLE : METHANE

Definition
TRUE
Term
TRUE OR FALSE THE CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION MAY BE MEASURED
Definition
TRUE
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
SOLUTIONS ARE MEASURED IN WEIGHT % OR IN MOLARITY (M).
Definition
TRUE
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
MOLARITY MEASURES THE NUMBER OF MOLES OF SOLUTE MOLECULES
(6.22 X 10 23 POWER= 1 MOLE) THAT ARE DISSOLVED PER LITER OF SOLVENT.
Definition
TRUE
Term
EXAMPLE OF A SOLUTION IS WHAT ?
100 + 10 = 110 G
SOLVENT + SOLUTE= SOLUTION
Definition
BAG OF SALINE USED IN HOSPITAL TO HYDRATE PATIENT
CONTAIN 0.9 Na Cl ( sodium chloride) BECAUSE THE SODIUM & CHORIDE WORK WELL WITH OUR BODY TO REHYDRATE. ( SALINE CHLORIDE IS A SOLID) ( 1 L SALINE , 9 GRAMS Na Cl = 1 l H 2 O
Term
Definition of PH is?
Definition
IS A MEASURE OF THE CONCENTRATION OF HYDROGEN ION SOLUTION.
Term
WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF A
Definition
Term
WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF ACIDS?
Definition
ARE DEFINED AS COMPOUNDS THAT RELEASE HYDROGEN IONS (H +) INTO SOLUTION.
Term
BASES ARE DEFINED AS ?
Definition
ARE DEFINED AS COMPOUNDS THAT EITHER RELEASE OH - ( HYDROGEN IONS ) IN SOLUTION, OR THAT SOAK UP HYDROGEN IONS (H +).
Term
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACIDS & BASES?
Definition
ACIDS RELEASE HYDROGEN IONS (H+) INTO A SOLUTION , & A BASE CAN DO BOTH - EITHER RELEASE OH - (HYDROGEN IONS ) IN SOLUTION , OR THAT SOAK UP HYDROGEN IONS (H+).
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
STRONG BASES & WEAK BASES IONIZE COMPLETELY
Definition
TRUE
Term
( TRUE OR FALSE )
WEAK ACIDS & WEAK BASES DO NOT COMPLETELY IONIZE.
Definition
TRUE
Term
WHAT IS THE WEAK ACID THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO HOMEOSTASIS IN THE RESPIRATORY, DIGESTIVE, RENAL, & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS.)
Definition
CARBONIC ACID
Term
WHAT IS THE CONSIDERED TO BE A WEAK ACID, BECAUSE IT CAN IONIZE TO FORM H + and OH-?
Definition
water: water ph is 7
Term
HCI
(H +)(CL-)
HYDROGEN & CHORIDE
MAKES AN ACID OR BASE?
Definition
ACID
Term
KOH
(K+ ) (OH-)
(POTASSIUM) (OXYGEN-HYDROGEN)
CREATES AN ACID OR BASE
Definition
BASE
Term
KCI
(K+) (CL-)
(POTASSIUM)(CHLORIDE)
CREATES WHAT ?
ACID, BASE OR SALT?
Definition
SALT
Term
PEOPLE THAT DRINK A LOT TEA ( CAFFEINE). WILL THEIR PH BE HIGHER OR LOWER?
Definition
PH WILL BE LOWER
Term
WHAT IS THE PH OF BLOOD PLASMA?
Definition
7.4
Term
PH LEVEL OF GASTRIC JUICE
Definition
ABOUT 0.7
Term
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PH IS ?
Definition
7.3
Term
PH OF PANCREATUIC IC J
Definition
8.1
Term
PH OF URINE -
Definition
MAY VARY FROM BETWEEN 4.5 TO 9
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS MAINTAIN THE PH OF BLOOD BETWEEN 7.35 TO 7.45
Definition
TRUE
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
IF THE PH OF THE BLOOD FALLS BELOW 7.35, A CONDITION CALLED ACIDOSIS OCCURS ( KETONES SPILLLED IN URINE= IS LIKE POISON IN YOUR BODY) , IF THE PH RISES ABOVE 7.45 IT RESULTS IN A CONDITION CALLED ALKOLOSIS! BOTH CONDITIONS CAN COMPROMISE HOMESTASIS
Definition
TRUE
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
THE KIDNEY HELP REMOVE EXCESS ACID FROM OUR BODY, URINE IS QUITE ACIDIC!
Definition
TRUE
Term
MOST IMPORTANT ELECTROLYTE IN OUR BODY IS ?
Definition
SODIUM & POTASSIUM
Term
THE DEFINITION OF AN SALT IS?
Definition
AN IONICALLY BONDED COMPOUND WHOSE CATION (POSITIVELY-CHARGED ION)
IS NOT H+ ( HYDROGEN ION) , & WHOSE ANION (NEGATIVELY -CHARGED ION ) IS NOT OH-( HYDROXIDE).
Term
ELECTROLYTES ARE OFTEN REFER TO WHAT?
COMMONLY FOUND WHERE?
Definition
ANIONS OR CATIONS

FOUND IN BLOOD OR INTERSTITUAL FLUID
Term
BUFFERS HELP TO MAINTAIN THE PH OF BODY FLUIDS.
TRUE OR FALSE
Definition
TRUE
Term
BUFFER SYSTEM : BLOOD - CARBONIC ACID
Definition
H 2 CO3
Term
(OH-)
Definition
HYDROXIDE
Term
EXAMPLES OF ELECTROLYTES
Definition
K+, Na=, Ca 2, CL-
Term
WHEN DO CHEMICAL REACTIONS OCCUR?
EXAMPLE OF AN CHEMICAL REACTIONS IS?
Definition
OCCUR WHEN REACTANTS COMBINE TO FORM ONE OR MORE PRODUCTS.
BREAKING DOWN OF SUGAR
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
A CHEMICAL REACTION IS WRITTEN AS A CHEMICAL EQUATION.
LIST THE REACTANTS & PRODUCTS + ANY CATALYSTS = REACTION OCCUR
Definition
TRUE
Term
WHAT DOES THE BODY USE ENZYMES FOR? WHAT ARE ENZYMES?
Definition
BODY USES ENZYMES TO CATALYZE ( DRIVE ); MANY CHEMICALS.
SPECIAL PROTEINS
Term
WHAT ARE THE TWO MAIN CHEMICAL REACTIONS?
Definition
ANABOLIC - (BUILDING UP OF MOLECULES)
CATABOLIC-( BREAKING DOWN OF MOLECULES)
Term
EXAMPLE OF ANABOLIC ( ANABOLISM) REACTION IS ? DEFINITION OF ANABOLIC?
Definition
BUILDING MUSCLE & STRENGTH!
TAKE ENERGY - ENDERGONIC!!
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
ANABOLIC REACTIONS BUILD MOLECULES ! THEY ARE USUALLY ENDERGONIC- MEANING THEY REQUIRE ENERGY INPUT!
Definition
TRUE
Term
EXAMPLE OF CATABOLIC ( CATABOLISM)& DEFINITION
Definition
BREAKING DOWN OF GLUCOSE;
DIGESTION- BREAK DOWN OF PROTEIN;
RESPIRATION- CELL BURNING OF GLUCOSE TO EXTRACT ENERGY.
RELEASE OF ENERGY
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
CATABOLIC REACTIONS BREAK DOWN MOLECULES.
THEY ARE USUALLY EXERGONIC, MEANING THEY RELEASE ENERGY.
Definition
TRUE
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
ANABOLIC REACTIONS OFTEN NEED ENERGY INPUT IN ORDER TO MAKE AN REACTION OCCUR.
Definition
TRUE
Term
CELLS COUPLE _______REACTIONS TO ANABOLIC ( ENDERGONIC ONES, IN ORDER TO HARNESS THE ENERGY OF THE CATABOLIC REACTION TO DRIVE THE ANABOLIC ONE .
Definition
CATABOLIC ( EXERGONIC)
Term
EXERGONIC MEANS?
Definition
RELEASE ENERGY
Term
ENDERGONIC MEANS?
Definition
REQUIRE ENERGY INPUT
Term
ANABOLISM REQUIRES ?
Definition
ENERGY
Term
CATABOLISM RELEASES?
Definition
ENGERGY
Term
TRUE OR FALSE

CELLS MAY STORE POTENTIAL ENERGY IN THE FORM OF CHEMICAL BONDS! THEN LATER BREAKDOWN( CATABOLIZE THOSE BONDS TO CREATE KINETIC ENERGY NEEDED TO POWER A CHEMICAL REACTION THAT NEEDS THE ENERGY ( USUALLY ANABOLIC)
Definition
TRUE
Term
THE BIPRODUCT OF RESPIRATION IS ?
CO 2 +H 2 O
Definition
ATP- ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
Term
BEST EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF CATABOLISM & ANABOLISM IS ?
Definition
ATP- (CELLS STORE ENERGY IN FORM OF CHEMICAL BONDS + BREAKDOWN (CATABOLIZE)BONDS = KINECTIC ENERGY NEEDED TO POWER CHEMICAL REACTIONS= THAT NEEEDS THE ENERGY ( CATABOLIC)
Term
ATP ( ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE ) IS USED TO DO WHAT ?
Definition
POWER CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Term
ATP IS OFTEN USED TO COUPLE ENRGY - RELEASING -(EXERGONIC) REACTIONS TO ___________ REACTIONS.
Definition
ENERGY REQUIRING ( ENDERGONIC )
Term
______ CONTAINS HIGH ENERGY COVALENT BONDS THAT STORE ENERGY. ______ STORES POTENTIAL ENERGY.
LATER, THOSE BONDS CAN BE BROKEN AND ENERGY IS RELEASED.
Definition
ATP
Term
(ADP + P + ENERGY ( FROM EXERGONIC REACTION) = _____? EXAMPLE
(P) =POTASSIUM
Definition
ATP
BUILD MUSCLE PROTEIN
Term
POTENTIAL ENERGY STORED IN THE CHEMICAL BONDS OF _______
Definition
ATP
Term
ATP= ADP+P= ENERGY ( FOR CELL WORK )
KINETIC ENERGY RELEASED CAN BE USED TO POWER _______ REACTIONS.
Definition
ENERGONIC (ENERGY-REQUIRING)
Term
CELLS USE _____ AS CATALYSTS TO DRIVE CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
Definition
ENZYMES
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
ENZYMES ARE USUALLY PROTEINS , ALTHOUGH NOT ALL PROTEIN ARE ENZYMES .
Definition
TRUE
Term
EXAMPLE OF AN STRUCTURAL PROTEIN IS ?
Definition
ELASTIN & COLLOGEN
Term
ENZYMES MAY CATALYZE _________ REACTIONS BY PULLING ON A SUBSTRATE ( MOLECULES BEING ACTED UPON ) SO THAT IT BREAKS DOWN EASILY.
Definition
CATABOLIC
Term
ENZYMES MAY CATALYZE _______ REACTIONS BY BRINGING 2 OR MORE SUBSTRATES CLOSE TOGETHER SO THEY CAN REACT.
Definition
ANABOLIC
Term
ENYMES MAY ALSO BREAK DOWN ____ IN ORDER TO HARNESS THE ENERGY TO DRIVE THE REACTION.
Definition
ATP
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
ENZYMES ALSO HELP TO LOWER THE ACTIVATION ENERGY NEEDED TO DRIVE A CHEMICAL REACTION.
Definition
TRUE
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
ENZYMES -MAKE IT EASIER TO ACTIVATE ENERGY .
- LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY
Definition
TRUE
Term
MECHANISMS OF ENZYME REACTION
Definition
SUBSTRATES- SUCROSE & WATER
TURN INTO ( ENZYME - SUCRASE -
1)ENZYME & SUBSTRATE COME TOGETHER AT ACTIVE SITE OF ENZYME , FORMING AN ENZYME- SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
(PRODUCTS: GLUCOSE -FRUCTOSE)

2) ENYMES CATALYZES REACTION & TRANSFORMS SUBSTRATE INTO PRODUCTS.

3) WHEN REACTION COMPLETE , ENZYME IS UNCHANGED & FREE TO CATALYZE SAME REACTION AGAIN ON A NEW SUBSTRATE.
Term
ENZYMES ARE ALMOST ALWAYS PROTEINS ( BUT NOT ALL _____ ARE ENZYMES.
Definition
PROTEINS ARE ENZYMES
Term
_______ ARE SENSATIVE TO CHEMICAL ENVIROMENT, & SHOW PREFERENCES
Definition
PROTEINS
Term
PROTEIN HAVE ______, ______, _____
Definition
PH , SALT CONCENTRATION , TEMPERATURES
Term
LIKE ANY OTHER PROTEIN, ENZYMES CAN BE _______, BY HEAT, ACID, ALKALI, EXCESS SALT, OR OTHER PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CONDITIONS.
Definition
DENATURED
Term
A DENATURED PROTEIN CHANGES SHAPES AND USUALLY LOSES ITS ________.
Definition
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY.
Term
EXAMPLE OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES ARE
Definition
STARCHES - SUGARS FOUND IN BREAD
Term
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INCLUDE MOST OF THE COMPOUNDS FOUND IN THE BODY, ARE COMPOSED OF WHICH 4 ELEMENTS?
Definition
1) (C) CARBON
2) (H) HYDROGEN
3) (O) OXYGEN
4) (N) NITROGEN
Term
THE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ( C,H, O, & N) ARE ARRANGED INTO LARGER MOLECULES REFERRED TO AS ______________.
SOME, LIKE PROTEINS, CAN BE VERY LARGE!!!!!
Definition
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Term
THE 4 MAJOR CLASSES OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES FOUND IN THE BODY ARE ?
Definition
1) CARBOHYDRATES
2)PROTEINS
3)LIPIDS (FATS)
4)NUCLEIC ACIDS
Term
BUILDING & BREAKING DOWN OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES.
2 IMPORTANT CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE BODY ARE THE ________ & ________.
Definition
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS & HYDROLYSIS.
Term
HYDRO/LYSIS MEANS:
(WATER) / (BREAKING DOWN)
Definition
USE OF WATER TO BREAK THE HYDROGEN BOND
Term
DEFINITION OF DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS?
Definition
TO BUILD BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES FROM SMALLER "SUBUNITS"
Term
HYDROLYSIS MEANS TO
Definition
BREAK DOWN BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES INDIVIDUAL UNITS.
Term
_______IS USED TO LINK SUBUNITS TOGETHER INTO A LARGER MACROMOLECULE.
Definition
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
DEYDRATION SYNTHESIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN ANABOLIC REACTION- DOES REQUIRE ENERGY .
Definition
TRUE
Term
______ IS USED USED TO BREAK DOWN LARGER MACROMOLECULES INTO SMALLER ONES, OR INTO INDIVIDUAL SUBUNITS.
Definition
HYDROLOSIS
Term
EXAMPLE OF HYDROLYSIS IS USED TO BREAK DOWN SUGAR . TRUE OR FALSE HYDROLYSIS IS AN ENDERGONIC & CATABOLIC.
Definition
TRUE
Term
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS IS AN GOOD EXAMPLE OF _________ REACTION.
Definition
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
Term
EXAMPLE OF HYDROLYSIS IN THE BODY ? ( WATER BREAKING DOWN)
Definition
DIGESTIVE TRACT-
( ENZYMES BREAK DOWN FOOD - STARCH - SUGAR - GLUCOSE - CELLS TAKE IN FOOD CREATING ATP
Term
WHAT ARE THE 4 SUBUNITS OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES.
Definition
1) CAROHYDRATES- MONOSACCHARIDES ( SIMPLE SUGARS, GLUCOSE)
2) PROTEINS- AMINO ACIDS ( THERE ARE 20)
3)LIPIDS - FATTY ACIDS ( CHOLESTEROLL)
NUCLEIC ACIDS-NUCLEOTIDES PRIMARY FORM OF TRYGLYCERIDES
Term
3 MAIN MONOSACHARIDES ARE
Definition
GLUCOSE- MOST COMMON
FRUCTOSE
GALACTOSE
Term
CARBOHYDRATES CONTAIN ?
Definition
CARBON(CARBO) & WATER (HYDRATE) IN ROUGHLY EQUAL AMOUNTS
Term
CARBOHYDRATES BASIC CHEMICAL FORMULA IS
Definition
(CH2 O)n
Term
CARBOHYDRATES ARE VERY WATER SOLUBLE : CONTAINS MANY _______ COVALENT BONDS.
Definition
POLAR
Term
CARBOHYDRATES ARE IMPORTANT ____ ENERGY SOURCE.
Definition
METABOLIC
Term
COVALENT POLAR BONDS THE ELECTRONS ARE SHARED _______.
Definition
UNEQUALLY
Term
CARBOHYDRATES EXAMPLES OF POLAR COVALENT BONDS
Definition
C-O
C=O
O-H
Term
AN INDIVIDUAL SUBUNIT OF CARBOHYDRATES IS CALLED A ________.
Definition
MONSACCHARIDE
Term
2 SUGARS LINKED =
Definition
FISACHARIDE, 3=TRISACCHARIDE, MANY POLYSACCHARIDES
Term
MOST COMMON MONOSACCHARIDE IS ______.
Definition
GLUCOSE
Term
GLUCOSE IS BROKEN DOWN THROUGH ______ TO RELEASE ENERGY . THIS POTENTIAL ENERGY IS STORED BY _______.
Definition
CATABOLISM
ATP
Term
COMBINING 2 MONOSACCHARIDES BY DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS CREATES ______ AND RELEASES A WATER MOLECULE.
Definition
DISSACCHARIDE
Term
Definition
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS REQUIRE ENERFY
Term
Definition

C6H12O6

GLUCOSE

Term
Definition

FRUCTOSE

 

C6H12O6

Term
Definition

SUCROSE

 

C12 H22O11

 

Term
_______ ARE THE LARGEST CARBOHYDRATES & MAY CONTAIN HUNDRED OF MONOSACCHARIDES.
Definition
POLYSACCHARIDES
Term
THE PRINCIPAL POLYSACCARIDE IN THE HUMAN IS _______ GLYCOGEN, WHICH IS STORED IN THE LIVER OR SKELETAL MUSCLES.
Definition
GLYCOGEN
Term
WHEN BLOOD SUGAR DROPS, THE LIVER HYDROLYZES ( BREAKS APART) _______ TO YIELD GLUCOSE WHICH IS RELEASED FROM THE LIVER INTO THE BLOOD.
Definition
GLYCOGEN
Term
THE BODY ONLY STORES ABOUT _____ OF ENERGY IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLES
Definition
17 OR 18 MILES OF ENERGY BEFORE IT WILL START EATING AWAY AT FAT. FAT TAKES LONGER TO BURN. THE ENERGY FROM FAT IS SLOW.
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
LIPIDS, LIKE CARBOHYDRATES , CONTAIN CARBON, HYDROGEN , & OXYGEN, BUT UNLIKE CARBOHYDRATES, THEY DO NOT HAVE A 2:1 RATIO OF HYDROGEN TO OXYGEN.
Definition
TRUE
Term
LIPIDS CONTAIN MOSTLY _______ COVALENT BONDS.
Definition
NONPOLAR
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
LIPIDS ARE HYDROPHOBIC
Definition
TRUE
Term
LIPIDS ARE MOSTLY INSOLUABLE IN POLAR SOLVENTS, SUCH AS ________
Definition
WATER
Term
EXAMPLE OF MONOSACCHARIDES ARE ?
Definition
SIMPLE SUGARS , GLUCOSE
Term
AN EXAMPLE OF PROTEIN IS?
Definition
AMINO ACID
Term
EXAMPLE OF LIPIDS ?
Definition
FATTY ACIDS - CHOLESTERAL
Term
WHAT ARE THE 3 FATTY ACIDS OF TRIGLYCERIDES ?
Definition
PALMITIC, STEARIC, & OLEIC ACID
Term
TRIGLYCERIDES ARE ALL TYPES OF FAT
TRUE OR FALSE
Definition
TRUE
Term
THE PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NUCLEIC ACIDS: (ATP) ARE ?
Definition
NUCLEOTIDE
SUBUNIT OF DNA
IMPORTANT ENERGY STORAGE MOLECULE
MADE BY THE ADDITION OF ENERGY & A PHOSPHATE TO ADP.
Term
Definition

 

[image]Info stored in DNA by base sequence

 

[image]Info in DNA codes for protein

 

[image]Genetic code:

 

[image]3 bases of DNA code = 1 amino acid

 

[image]3 bases=1 codon

 

[image]Codon codes for amino acid

 

[image]Can also code for start or stop

 

[image]Transcribed into RNA first

 

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