Term
| Antlers are shed every year? T/F |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Membrane that surrounds bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Intramembranous ossification produces what kind of bones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary ossification takes place where? |
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Definition
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Term
| The growth in length takes place only at the epiphyseal plate? T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The most important hormones for bone growth? |
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Definition
| Growth hormones and sex hormones |
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Term
| Bones get thicker in areas of compression? T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| First step in bone healing? |
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Definition
| Formation of a hematoma (hint for bone repair: How Fat Boys Run) |
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Term
| The membrane wrapped around each muscle cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle cell is the same as a muscle fiber? T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The cells sarcoplasmic reticulum stores what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The thick protein fiber in a muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which ion is related to Eclampsia? |
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Definition
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Term
| A muscle innervated by more motor neurons is more __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What shortens in a muscle contraction? |
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Definition
| Neither actin nor myocin shorten. |
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Term
| Which supporting cell is phagocytic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which supporting cell provides myelin in PNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of a neuron responds with graded potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| When a stimulus is strong enough to reach action potential, it has reached threshold? T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Since action potential is all or none, speed of transmission along all axons is same. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Large diameter, myelinated |
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Term
| In depolarization, what enters the neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| Links endocrine and nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensory switching center? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Responsible for coordinated movements? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensory fibers enter the ventral root of the spinal chord? T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| All reflexes require the brain to function? T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The crossed extensor reflex is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which neuron has the best chance of regeneration? |
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Definition
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Term
| The parasympathetic system ________ the pupil? |
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Definition
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Term
| The major neurotransmitter in the sympathetic system is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of the Skeletal System |
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Definition
| Support; Movement; Blood Cell Formation; Protection; Storage |
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Term
| What is the epiphyseal line made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cover that wraps around bone, made up of dense irregular connective tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the shaft in the middle of the bone called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the hollow cavity in the diaphysis called? |
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Definition
| Medullary Cavity (bone marrow) |
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Term
| What is the end of the bone called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Remove bone (clast: to eat). Bones are remodeled constantly. Also allow the body to withdraw calcium from the bones when it is needed in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Monitor bone, moisture and calcium content; health; report to nervous system |
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Term
| What was an osteocyte prior to being an osteocyte? |
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Definition
| Osteoblast that was trapped; always ready to revert to their former lives and form new bone if an injury makes that necessary |
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Term
| What is the term for formation of the bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of formation of bone is used for flat bones? |
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Definition
| Intramembranous Ossification |
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Term
| What type of bone formation is used in long bones? |
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Definition
| Endochondrial Ossification |
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Term
| What part of the bone experiences primary ossification? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the bone experiences secondary ossification? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are atricial animals usually predators or prey? |
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Definition
| Usually predators; born helpless. |
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Term
| Are precocial animals usually predators or prey? |
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Definition
| Usually prey, up and around very soon after birth, secondary ossification has happened at time of birth |
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Term
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Definition
| Due to change in blood calcium levels; due to changes in physical stress; constantly occurring. |
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Term
| What stops bone from growing at epiphyseal plate? |
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Definition
| Sex hormones kick in and shortly after puberty, the bottom catches up with the top and the growth plates close (epiphyseal plate ossifies) |
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Term
| What are the 4 steps of Repair? |
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Definition
| Formation of a fracture hematoma, formation of a fibrocartilagaenous callus, formation of a bony callus, remodeling |
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Term
| What are the two best conditions for bone repair? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Attached to skeleton; voluntary; striated |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in heart, involuntary; striated |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in walls of hollow organs; involuntary; no striations |
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Term
| What are tendons composed of? |
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Definition
| M(E)F(P)ET = Muscle cell (Endomycium) Fascicle (Perimycium) Epimycium -> Tendon |
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Term
| What are skeletal muscle cells (in ref. to nucleus)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A striated strand within the muscle fiber; runs lengthwise |
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Term
| What two things do you need for muscle contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stimulates a muscle? |
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Definition
| Acetyl choline (skeletal muscle) |
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Term
| What is another name for sensory neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for motor neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three functions of the Nervous System? |
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Definition
| SI, I, MO -> Monitors changes inside and outside the body (Sensory input), Interprets input and decides on a course of action (Integration), Causes a response by activating organs, muscles or glands (Motor Output) |
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Term
| What kind of response do dendrites have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the CNS supporting cell Astrocyte's function? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is CNS supporting cell Microglia's function? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is CNS supporting cell Ependymal's function? |
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Definition
| ciliated- cause a current for Cerebral Spinal Fluid throughout CNS |
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Term
| What is CNS supporting cell Oligondendocyte's function? |
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Definition
| Lipoprotein = myelin, insulating unit, grabs a bunch of neurons |
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Term
| What is the PNS support cell called and what is it's function? |
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Definition
| Schwann cells - produce myelin in PNS |
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Term
| What are the charges on the inside and outside of a neuron at rest? |
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Definition
| Positive outside, negative inside |
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Term
| What does depolarization do? |
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Definition
| Sodium comes into the cell - now inside of the neuron has a positive charge and outside is negative. |
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Term
| Explain a Type I, Type A neuron. |
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Definition
| Thick diameter, lots of myelin - fast, use in reflexes |
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Term
| Explain a Type II, Type B neuron. |
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Definition
| Midsize diameter, thinner myelin, use in visceral responses, nerves attached to guts |
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Term
| Explain a Type III, Type C neuron. |
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Definition
| Small diameter and little or no myelin - sloow. Pain. |
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Term
| What is the function of the medulla? |
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Definition
| Basic rates, "setting the beat", without it, you die. |
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Term
| What is the function of the pons? |
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Definition
| Bridge that connects to higher brain centers, cerebellum, and spinal chord. |
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Term
| What is the function of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
| Site of balance and coordination, first part of brain affected by alcohol. |
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Term
| What is the function of the Thalamus? |
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Definition
| Sensory master switch - directs info to the correct place in the brain to be processed |
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Term
| What is the function of the Hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| Runs automatic nervous system, makes adjustments to basic beat set by medulla |
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Term
| What does the hypothalamus connect? |
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Definition
| The nervous system and endocrine system. |
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Term
| What is the function of the pituitary gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the nucleii? |
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Definition
| Deep within brain, areas of grey matter |
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Term
| What is the limbic system? |
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Definition
| A group of nucleii and the site of basic emotion/needs. |
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Term
| What is the function of the cerebrum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
| Complex thinking; grey matter where lots of connections take place; ability to learn and go. Controls limbic system urges. |
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Term
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Definition
| Myelated axons moving through the brain |
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Term
| What are the three layers of brain? |
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Definition
| Duramater, Aradnoid, Piamater |
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Term
| What is the function of the ventricles? |
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Definition
| Make and contain cerebral spinal fluid. |
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Term
| What is the function of the choroid plexus? |
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Definition
| Knot of blood vessels that push fluid out between capillaries (Cerebral Spinal Fluid) |
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Term
| What is cerebral spinal fluid? |
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Definition
| Filtrate of blood, circulates throughout ventricles, brain, and down spinal cord. |
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Term
| What is the function of the subarachnoid villus (villi)? |
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Definition
| Pick up the cerebral spinal fluid and put it back into the bloodstream. |
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Term
| What type of reflex is an extensor reflex? |
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Definition
| Monosynaptic and ipsilateral |
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Term
| What type of reflex is a flexor reflex? |
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Definition
| Polysynaptic; ipsilateral |
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Term
| What type of reflex is a crossed extensor reflex? |
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Definition
| Polysynaptic; contralateral |
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Term
| What are the only type of neurons that Wallerian degeneration can occur in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which system is the "fight or flight" mechanism related to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which system is the "resting and digesting" mechanism related to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What neurotransmitters are used for the sympathetic system? |
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Definition
| Adrenal gland - epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
| What neurotransmitter is used for the parasympathetic system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term used for the sympathetic system and parasympathetic system working together to keep things right? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the autonomic nervous system include? |
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Definition
| Everything the animal is not consciously controlling. |
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Term
| What order do the bands on the sacromere go in? |
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Definition
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