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Charlie's Lecture Exam 2
Bones, Muscle, Nervous System, Brain
104
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 1
10/20/2011

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Cards

Term
Antlers are shed every year? T/F
Definition
True
Term
Cells that produce bone?
Definition
Osteoblast
Term
Membrane that surrounds bone?
Definition
Periosteum
Term
Intramembranous ossification produces what kind of bones?
Definition
Skull bones, flat bones
Term
Secondary ossification takes place where?
Definition
In the epiphysis
Term
The growth in length takes place only at the epiphyseal plate? T/F
Definition
True
Term
The most important hormones for bone growth?
Definition
Growth hormones and sex hormones
Term
Bones get thicker in areas of compression? T/F
Definition
True
Term
First step in bone healing?
Definition
Formation of a hematoma (hint for bone repair: How Fat Boys Run)
Term
The membrane wrapped around each muscle cell?
Definition
Endomycium
Term
Muscle cell is the same as a muscle fiber? T/F
Definition
True
Term
The cells sarcoplasmic reticulum stores what?
Definition
Calcium
Term
The thick protein fiber in a muscle?
Definition
Myocin
Term
Which ion is related to Eclampsia?
Definition
Calcium
Term
A muscle innervated by more motor neurons is more __________.
Definition
Precise
Term
What shortens in a muscle contraction?
Definition
Neither actin nor myocin shorten.
Term
Which supporting cell is phagocytic?
Definition
Microglia
Term
Which supporting cell provides myelin in PNS?
Definition
Schwann Cell
Term
What part of a neuron responds with graded potential?
Definition
Dendrite
Term
When a stimulus is strong enough to reach action potential, it has reached threshold? T/F
Definition
True
Term
Since action potential is all or none, speed of transmission along all axons is same. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Which axon is quicker?
Definition
Large diameter, myelinated
Term
In depolarization, what enters the neuron?
Definition
Sodium
Term
Links endocrine and nervous system?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
Sensory switching center?
Definition
Thalamus
Term
Sets basic heart rate?
Definition
Medulla
Term
Responsible for coordinated movements?
Definition
Cerebellum
Term
Sensory fibers enter the ventral root of the spinal chord? T/F
Definition
False
Term
All reflexes require the brain to function? T/F
Definition
False
Term
The crossed extensor reflex is what?
Definition
Contralateral
Term
Which neuron has the best chance of regeneration?
Definition
Myelinated PNS
Term
The parasympathetic system ________ the pupil?
Definition
Constricts
Term
The major neurotransmitter in the sympathetic system is?
Definition
Epinephrine
Term
Functions of the Skeletal System
Definition
Support; Movement; Blood Cell Formation; Protection; Storage
Term
What is the epiphyseal line made of?
Definition
Cartilage
Term
What is the cover that wraps around bone, made up of dense irregular connective tissue?
Definition
Periosteum
Term
What is the shaft in the middle of the bone called?
Definition
Diaphysis
Term
What is the hollow cavity in the diaphysis called?
Definition
Medullary Cavity (bone marrow)
Term
What is the end of the bone called?
Definition
Epiphysis
Term
What do osteoblasts do?
Definition
Make bone
Term
What do osteoclasts do?
Definition
Remove bone (clast: to eat). Bones are remodeled constantly. Also allow the body to withdraw calcium from the bones when it is needed in the blood.
Term
What do osteocytes do?
Definition
Monitor bone, moisture and calcium content; health; report to nervous system
Term
What was an osteocyte prior to being an osteocyte?
Definition
Osteoblast that was trapped; always ready to revert to their former lives and form new bone if an injury makes that necessary
Term
What is the term for formation of the bone?
Definition
Osteogenesis
Term
What kind of formation of bone is used for flat bones?
Definition
Intramembranous Ossification
Term
What type of bone formation is used in long bones?
Definition
Endochondrial Ossification
Term
What part of the bone experiences primary ossification?
Definition
Diaphysis
Term
What part of the bone experiences secondary ossification?
Definition
Epiphysis
Term
Are atricial animals usually predators or prey?
Definition
Usually predators; born helpless.
Term
Are precocial animals usually predators or prey?
Definition
Usually prey, up and around very soon after birth, secondary ossification has happened at time of birth
Term
Why do bones remodel?
Definition
Due to change in blood calcium levels; due to changes in physical stress; constantly occurring.
Term
What stops bone from growing at epiphyseal plate?
Definition
Sex hormones kick in and shortly after puberty, the bottom catches up with the top and the growth plates close (epiphyseal plate ossifies)
Term
What are the 4 steps of Repair?
Definition
Formation of a fracture hematoma, formation of a fibrocartilagaenous callus, formation of a bony callus, remodeling
Term
What are the two best conditions for bone repair?
Definition
Proximity and stability
Term
What is skeletal muscle?
Definition
Attached to skeleton; voluntary; striated
Term
What is cardiac muscle?
Definition
Found in heart, involuntary; striated
Term
What is smooth muscle?
Definition
Found in walls of hollow organs; involuntary; no striations
Term
What are tendons composed of?
Definition
M(E)F(P)ET = Muscle cell (Endomycium) Fascicle (Perimycium) Epimycium -> Tendon
Term
What are skeletal muscle cells (in ref. to nucleus)?
Definition
Multinucleated
Term
What is a myofibril?
Definition
A striated strand within the muscle fiber; runs lengthwise
Term
What two things do you need for muscle contraction?
Definition
Calcium and ATP
Term
What stimulates a muscle?
Definition
Acetyl choline (skeletal muscle)
Term
What is another name for sensory neurons?
Definition
Aferat neurons
Term
What is another name for motor neurons?
Definition
Eferat neurons
Term
What are the three functions of the Nervous System?
Definition
SI, I, MO -> Monitors changes inside and outside the body (Sensory input), Interprets input and decides on a course of action (Integration), Causes a response by activating organs, muscles or glands (Motor Output)
Term
What kind of response do dendrites have?
Definition
Graded response
Term
What is the CNS supporting cell Astrocyte's function?
Definition
Structure of brain
Term
What is CNS supporting cell Microglia's function?
Definition
Phagocytic - protective
Term
What is CNS supporting cell Ependymal's function?
Definition
ciliated- cause a current for Cerebral Spinal Fluid throughout CNS
Term
What is CNS supporting cell Oligondendocyte's function?
Definition
Lipoprotein = myelin, insulating unit, grabs a bunch of neurons
Term
What is the PNS support cell called and what is it's function?
Definition
Schwann cells - produce myelin in PNS
Term
What are the charges on the inside and outside of a neuron at rest?
Definition
Positive outside, negative inside
Term
What does depolarization do?
Definition
Sodium comes into the cell - now inside of the neuron has a positive charge and outside is negative.
Term
Explain a Type I, Type A neuron.
Definition
Thick diameter, lots of myelin - fast, use in reflexes
Term
Explain a Type II, Type B neuron.
Definition
Midsize diameter, thinner myelin, use in visceral responses, nerves attached to guts
Term
Explain a Type III, Type C neuron.
Definition
Small diameter and little or no myelin - sloow. Pain.
Term
What is the function of the medulla?
Definition
Basic rates, "setting the beat", without it, you die.
Term
What is the function of the pons?
Definition
Bridge that connects to higher brain centers, cerebellum, and spinal chord.
Term
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Definition
Site of balance and coordination, first part of brain affected by alcohol.
Term
What is the function of the Thalamus?
Definition
Sensory master switch - directs info to the correct place in the brain to be processed
Term
What is the function of the Hypothalamus?
Definition
Runs automatic nervous system, makes adjustments to basic beat set by medulla
Term
What does the hypothalamus connect?
Definition
The nervous system and endocrine system.
Term
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
Definition
Produces hormones
Term
What is the function of the nucleii?
Definition
Deep within brain, areas of grey matter
Term
What is the limbic system?
Definition
A group of nucleii and the site of basic emotion/needs.
Term
What is the function of the cerebrum?
Definition
Covers brain.
Term
What is the function of the cerebral cortex?
Definition
Complex thinking; grey matter where lots of connections take place; ability to learn and go. Controls limbic system urges.
Term
What is white matter?
Definition
Myelated axons moving through the brain
Term
What are the three layers of brain?
Definition
Duramater, Aradnoid, Piamater
Term
What is the function of the ventricles?
Definition
Make and contain cerebral spinal fluid.
Term
What is the function of the choroid plexus?
Definition
Knot of blood vessels that push fluid out between capillaries (Cerebral Spinal Fluid)
Term
What is cerebral spinal fluid?
Definition
Filtrate of blood, circulates throughout ventricles, brain, and down spinal cord.
Term
What is the function of the subarachnoid villus (villi)?
Definition
Pick up the cerebral spinal fluid and put it back into the bloodstream.
Term
What type of reflex is an extensor reflex?
Definition
Monosynaptic and ipsilateral
Term
What type of reflex is a flexor reflex?
Definition
Polysynaptic; ipsilateral
Term
What type of reflex is a crossed extensor reflex?
Definition
Polysynaptic; contralateral
Term
What are the only type of neurons that Wallerian degeneration can occur in?
Definition
Myelinated PNS neurons
Term
Which system is the "fight or flight" mechanism related to?
Definition
Sympathetic
Term
Which system is the "resting and digesting" mechanism related to?
Definition
Parasympathetic
Term
What neurotransmitters are used for the sympathetic system?
Definition
Adrenal gland - epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term
What neurotransmitter is used for the parasympathetic system?
Definition
Acteyl choline
Term
What is the term used for the sympathetic system and parasympathetic system working together to keep things right?
Definition
Dual innervation
Term
What does the autonomic nervous system include?
Definition
Everything the animal is not consciously controlling.
Term
What order do the bands on the sacromere go in?
Definition
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