Term
|
Definition
| The assembly of the Spanish, founded in the Feudal age, was made of lords and others close to the monarchs. During the reign of Isabella and Ferdinand their power was greatly reduced in almost all cases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A high sales tax of around 10% imposed by the Spanish in the 1400's. This tax exempted clergy and led to the Dutch revolts in the Spanish Netherlands. It and other direct taxes could be placed directly on the peasantry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Advisor to Charles VII of France, was a brilliant banker/minister who was instrument to Charles improving the French Economy, creating a educated diplomatic corps, and a strong national administration |
|
|
Term
| Charles the Bold(Charles VIII) |
|
Definition
| Used Charles VII and Louis XI groundwork to improve France to invade Italy as Louis XI had wanted. He quickly invaded Italy as rushed down the boot capturing most of the Italian City states until the League of Venice drove him back. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The leaders of Aragon and Castille who married to unify "Spain". Zealous Catholics, they completely Catholisized Spain exiling Jews and Muslims. They also explored the world creating a powerful Spanish Empire and allied with Italy and the HRE to drive France from Italy in the League of Venice. Lastly they greatly diminished the influence of the Cortes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A lucrative Spanish sheep-farming organization backed by the government of Castille that generated large sums of money. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Spanish Dominican Friar who worked as head of the Spanish inquisition to exile, spy on, torture, and kill Jews in Christianized Spain. |
|
|
Term
| Battle of Bosworth Field(1485) |
|
Definition
| The last battle of War of Roses in which Henry VII of the Tudors defeated and killed Richard III of the Yorks taking the throne. |
|
|
Term
| Court of the Star Chamber |
|
Definition
| An English court created by Henry VII to subvert the power of English nobles who otherwise would avoid fair rulings in courts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Passed by the Holy Roman Empire as a sort of electoral college to select an Emperor. It also created a sense of trans-regional unity among the many divided states. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The head of the Holy Roman Empire, which was not holy, roman, or an actual empire. He was selected by the golden bull however he had little actual power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Swiss historian that argued that the Renaissance was the prototype for the modern world and gave rise to new scientific and secular values. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political values of Italy. The Guelf supported the popes and papal authority and the Ghilbelline supported Imperial authority. However their fighting actually led to the rise of the city states. |
|
|
Term
| Lorenzo the Magnificent or Lorenzo de Medici |
|
Definition
| Grandson of Cosimo de Medici who ruled Florence almost as a toltalitarian despot in the late 1400's. He kept a shaky Italian peace and pushed foward patronage of arts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The scholarly study of Latin and Greek Classics and the Ancient Church. Also advocated studies in subjects like liberal arts to create well rounded citizens. They believed that humans were beautiful and glorified the human form. Love Platonic ideals. |
|
|
Term
| Humanists of the Renaissance |
|
Definition
| The big three are Petrarch, the "father of humanism", Dante and Boccaccio they wrote and studied and created new forms of writing like Divine Comedy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Ends justify the Means. A political idealist who is considered one of, if not the first true political scientist. He wrote on Italian unity, what a good, effective leader needs, and that the ends justify the means. He had Republican and Despotic ideas that became "Machiavellian" |
|
|
Term
| Prince Henry the Navigator |
|
Definition
| Brother of the Portuguese king who sailed up and down the coast of Africa searching for gold and spices, and attempting to "save" muslims and pagans who were not christian. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Portuguese explorer who was the first to sail around the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A formal right to grant of land and use of indian laborers granted by the spanish to land owners. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Johann Reuchlin was a northern humanist who was a forefront in European Hebrew knowledge. He was viciously attacked by christians like Pfefferkorn, but for the first time the intelligent humanist stood up to back him because he was one of them despite his personal beliefs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A trusted advisor to Henry VIII and English humanist. He opposed Henry's creation of the Anglican church and his marriage to Anne Boyeln. He was behead when he refused to convert from Catholisism and was made a saint. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A German Blacksmith and publisher who introduced the printing press to Europe and vastly changed how ideas were spread allowing for Humanism to flourish |
|
|
Term
| Artists of the Renaissance |
|
Definition
| The big three-Leonardo, Michaelangelo, Raphael the great masters who paint and sculpt and invent but make everything perfectly correct and master depth and shading and the human form. Early artist include Donettelo and more. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Renaissance Art focused more on the human form by advancing technical skills like Chiaroscuro the use of shading, and the feeling of size continuity through linear perspective making spaces more realistic. However near the end of the Renaissance Mannerism became popular which let artists show the more abstract side of things. Also Art was no longer all religious. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Son of Alexander VI, was married off to Charlotte of Navarre, increasing Borgia military power and land in donations and grants from Louis XII of France. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The most corrupt pope to ever hold the title. He openly supported his illegitimate childrens political actions, slept his beautiful daughter around Europe to gain political power, left the league of venice to let France reconquer Milan and he himself conquered Romagna. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Italian Mercenaries who served the despots of the city states to maintain peace and order. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Louis the XI was the sucsessor to Charles VII of France he continued to improve Frances's politics, economics, and internal affairs. He also wanted to invade Italy but he didn't because he knew France wasn't ready yet. He also was responsible for the capture and annexation of Burgundy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Another of Ferdinand and Isabella's chief inquisitors. He was responsible for driving the Moors out of Spain and advocated crusades of North Africa. He also translated the bible in many language and reformed priesthood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cosimo was a very wealthy, very powerful, Florentinian businessman. He ruled Florence from behind the scenes. He control the councils and people using his Condittori. He argued peace and unity can require some acceptable bloodshed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The British Assembly composed of the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. The Kings of England required their approval to tax and attempted to sidestep them as often as possible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the French Assembly bodies, The Estates General advised the king on fiscal policy and often gave the king money to support his wars. However the King often ignored it or never used it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A radical Italian Dominican who seized control of Florence from 1494-1498. He praised the French as sent from God to cleanse Florence and he had burnings of immoral objects. Italy ousted the French in 1498 and Salvonarola was executed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group brought the Papal States, Venice, The Holy Roman Empire, under Ferdinand's Aragon that pushed the French out of Italy the first time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Despot of Milan who attacked Naples, breaking the treaty of Lodi. He called on the French for assistance in 1494, the French the Invaded Italy, and captured Milan and Naples. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person who has absolute power, typically they excercize this power in a cruel way. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| English Civil war lasting from 1455-1487 between the houses of Lancaster and York. Eventually Henry VII seized(Tudor) power from Richard III(York) who stole power from Henry VI(a Lancaster) and maintained Tudor power until 1603. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A famous Northern Humanist who pushed for religious reforms while staying loyal to the Catholic Church. He was a tutor and wrote many books on the essensce of Christianity that attacked the pope and were subsequently banned. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A firm opposer of the Borgia's, this Cardinal Succeeded Alexander VI. He placed all the land in Romagna under papal control. He created another strong papal military know as the holy league and united with Spain, the HRE, and the swiss to briefly drive the French out of Italy in 1513 at the Battle of Navarra. Before the slaughter at Marignano in 1515. In which the French came back. This gained him the name "the warrior pope" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| King of France who allied with Alexander VI and promised aid to his causes in Romagna. He continued where his predecessor, Charles VIII left off, invading Italy Caputuring Milan and Naples before giving Naples to Ferdinand of Aragon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Petrarch was the "father of humanism" he wrote poetry and letters in a mixed classical and christian style. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A less secular humanist who pioneered Divine Comedy, and formed with Petrarch the base of Italian Literature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Student of Dante wrote many social commentaries as a sympathetic look at human behavior. He also assembled masses encyclopedia's of classical mythology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The belief of Humanists that their current education system was not good and that instead it should individual virtue and public service. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A humanist style of study focused on grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and philosophy. It was intended to make students ready for virtuous lives. |
|
|
Term
| Concordat of Bologna(1516) |
|
Definition
| An agreement between France and The papacy that gave France extreme control over the church inside of it, letting the King of France select who would be the bishops in his country and control of the clergy. In return the Pope could collect annates in France and declared him greater than conciliarists. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Humanist who was connected to the Florentinian Platonic academy. He famously wrote the Oration on the dignity of man, which praised humans as the only creatures that can do whatever they choose, wether it be good or bad. |
|
|
Term
| Lorenzo Valla and Donation of Constantine |
|
Definition
| Lorenzo Valla was a humanist who was an expert in Latin. However he is famous for discovering that the donation of Constantine was, in fact, faked by the Catholic Church although he was a devout Catholic. |
|
|
Term
| Florentine Platonic Academy |
|
Definition
| After the sacking of Constantinople in 1453 by the Ottomans, Greek scholars fled the Ottomans and went to Florence where they created a great institution of Platonic learning where the physical world and the sphere of being, and other Classical ideas of Humanism were taught. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A French national tax on Salt. The French often taxed basic food and clothing nessesities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A direct tax on the peasantry passed in France by Assemblies on which the peasants didn't sit. It led to the Jacquire and other revolts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Diet(Assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire. It contained the electors of the golden bull, princes and, leaders of the free cities. These Diets like the Diet of Worms created a ban on private warfare, and a creation of a justice system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A 1378 revolt by the Popolo Minuto of Florence where the poor seized control of the city for four years until the rise of the Medici. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The governing body of Florence that consisted of 6-8 wealthy guildsmen or bankers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strongmen hired by powerful groups to lead cities. These men became Despots. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A widowed daughter of Charles V, avidly wrote poetry and was well read across Europe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slavery Flourished in the Renaissance as the jump in labor needs from the Black Death were still being felt. Slaves came from Spain(selling Muslims), Africa, the Balkans, the Middle East, and the Black Sea region. Slaves were property but were typically treated very well but they were still mostly, resentful. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An Italian treaty between the city states that ensured peace and trade flourishing. |
|
|
Term
| Revival of the Monarchies |
|
Definition
| In the North Monarchies were once again gaining power as nations had national armies and had law systems based in towns to get loyalty. For example, Corredgidores in Spain, justices of the peace in England and French Baliffs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rudolf Agricola-"Father of German Humanism" introduced humanism to Germany. Ulrich von Hutten gave humanism Germanic nationalist twist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Spanish Dominican who attempted to convert the native americans to Christianity and the Roman Catholic church. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spanish explorers in the new world who searched for gold and made mining in the new world profitable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large estates in the new world that were owned by people originally born in Spain or Creoles, who were born in America. |
|
|
