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Chapters 9-11
Study Guide
83
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
06/26/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

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Term
what are the three types of muscle tissue
Definition
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Term
what the differences between the three muscle tissues
Definition

skeletal muscle- long strands, striated and multi-nucleated (only one that is voluntary)

 

smooth- non-striated, single nucleus, spindle shaped

 

cardiac- striated, single nuclei and intercalated discs

Term
what are the functional characteristics of muscle tissue
Definition
excitable, contractile, elastic (recoil think of sub-proteins in I band) & extensible
Term
give the gross anatomy of a single muscle cell to a complete muscle
Definition
a single muscle cell is covered by a sarcolemma, bundles of muscle cells (muscle fibers) called fasicles are covered by perimysium-between each single muscle cell (muscle fiber) is endomysium, fasicular bundles are covered by epimysium which blends with fascia
Term
explain the sliding filament model
Definition
once a stimuli is received, the cross-bridge of the myosin changes to a cocked position, troponin and tropomysoin are moved making actin activated, then in a swimming fashion, myosin extends its cross-bridge to actin, after a single contraction actin is released and the process starts over
Term
explain EC coupling
Definition

1-action potential arrives at axon terminal of motor neuron

2- action potential opens calcium 2 cation channels and calcium enters axon terminal

3-introduction of calcium causes vesicles of ach to release via exocytosis into synaptic cleft

4-ach travels to post synaptic terminal where is binds to ach receptors

5- binding to the receptors opens channels and allows sodium cations to flow in and potassium cations to flow out

6-depolarization causes an action potential to the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber

7-action potential propagates down the entire muscle fiber

8-action potential in T-tubules activates volt-sensitive receptors to release calcium 2 cations into the cytosol

9-calcium bind to troponin and induce shape change

10- myosin attaches to actin myofilament through hydrolysis of ATP

11- removal of calcium 2 cations after action potential is over

12- actin is blocked again by troponin

Term
what is a motor unit
Definition

a single motor neuron and all the muscle cells it innervates

 

axons of motor neurons divide into a number of axon terminals that form many neuromuscular junctions with muscle fibers scattered throughout the body

Term
what are the components of a motor unit
Definition
spinal cord, motor neuron body (located within the spinal cord), nerves, motor neuron axon, axon terminals, neuromuscular junctions, & muscle fibers
Term
what is a twitch
Definition
a twitch is a single muscle fiber contraction or impulse
Term
what are the three periods of a twitch
Definition

latent period- time between stimuli and initial contraction

 

period of contraction- fiber pulls at its attachment

 

period of relaxation-pulling force declines

Term
what are the three ways that energy is supplied to the skeletal system
Definition
creatine (15s), anaerobic (pyruvic acid can be converted into anaerobic respiration 30-60 seconds) & aerobic (oxygen is last to be reduced, butt loads of ATP, hours)
Term
What affects the force of muscular contraction
Definition
number of active fibers, size of fibers, stimulation frequency & degree of muscle stretch
Term
what affects velocity & duration of muscle contraction
Definition

muscle fiber type, load & recruitment

 

small load- increase of velocity, increase of duration

Term
distinguish fiber diameter, glycogen storage, myoglobin content, rate of fatigue and activites of all three skeletal muscle fibers
Definition

slow oxidative- small, low, high (red-pink), fatigue resistant, endurance

 

fast oxidative- medium, medium, high (red-pink), medium, sprint & walk

 

fast glycolytic-large, high, low (white), fatigue fast, short-term & powerful

Term
function of epicranius
Definition
two muscles that pull scalp forward and backward
Term
function of orbicularis oculi
Definition
protects the eyes from damage (squinting and blinking)
Term
function of zygomaticus
Definition
pulls mouth upward (smiling)
Term
function of orbicularis oris
Definition
closes & purses lips
Term
function of temporalis
Definition
closes jaw
Term
function of buccinator
Definition
draws lips and mouth laterally, compresses cheeks
Term
function of masseter
Definition
prime mover of mandible elevation
Term
function of platysma
Definition
helps depress mandible
Term
function of sternocleidomastoid
Definition
prime mover of head flexion
Term
function of scalenes
Definition
flew & rotate neck
Term
function of splenius capitis & cervicis
Definition
extend or hyperextend the head
Term
function of erector spinae muscles
Definition
prime mover of back extension
Term
function of rectus abdominis
Definition
flex and rotate lumbar region, stabilize pelvis
Term
external & internal obliques
Definition
lateral flexion, helps rectus abdominis & vertebral column flexing
Term
function of transversus abdominis
Definition
compress abdominal contents
Term
function of pectoralis minor
Definition
draws scapula forward
Term
function of pectoralis major
Definition
prime mover of arm flexion
Term
function of serratus anterior
Definition
prime mover in protracting and holding scapula against chest wall, important for arm abduction
Term
function of trapezius
Definition
stabilizes, rotates, raises & retracts scapula
Term
function of deltoid
Definition
prime mover of arm abduction
Term
function of latissimus dorsi
Definition
prime mover of arm extension and powerful arm adductor
Term
function of teres major
Definition
posteromedially extends arms
Term
function of rhomboid major & minor
Definition
retract scapula
Term
function of rotator cuff muscle
Definition
holds humerus head in glenoid fossa
Term
function of biceps brachii
Definition
flexes elbow joint
Term
function of triceps brachii
Definition
extends forearm
Term
function of brachialis
Definition
major forearm flexor
Term
function of pronator teres
Definition
pronates forearm
Term
function of brachioradialis
Definition
prime mover of forearm flexion
Term
function of flexor carpi radialis & extensor carpi radialis longus
Definition
abduction of wrist
Term
function of flexor carpi ulnaris & extensor carpi ulnaris
Definition
adduction of wrist
Term
extensor digitorium
Definition
prime mover of finger extension
Term
function of gluteus maximus
Definition
major extensor of thigh
Term
function of gluteus medius & minumus
Definition
abducts & medially rotates thigh
Term
function of iliopsoas
Definition
flex thigh, lateral flexion of vertebral column
Term
function of pectineus
Definition
adducts & medially rotates thigh
Term
function of tensor fasciae latae
Definition
flexes and abducts thigh
Term
function of sartorius
Definition
flexes and abducts thigh
Term
function of adductor longus
Definition
adducts and flexes thigh
Term
function of gracilis
Definition
adducts, & medially rotates thigh
Term
function of adductor
Definition
adducts thigh
Term
function of quadriceps
Definition
flex thigh at hip, stabilize knee
Term
function of hamstrings
Definition
flexes knee, extends thigh
Term
function of fibularis longus
Definition
foot eversion
Term
function of extensor digitorium longus
Definition
foot inversion & flexes toes
Term
function of tibialis anterior
Definition
inverts foot
Term
function of gastrocnemius
Definition
dorsiflexion of foot
Term
function of solelus
Definition
plantar flexion
Term
explain the CNS
Definition
CNS-PNS (afferent sensory division & efferent motor division) motor division-(somatic & autonomic system) atonommic system- parasympathetic & sympathetic
Term
what are the four types of neuroglia cells
Definition
astrocytes (most abundant), microglial cells (phagocytic), epndymal cells (circulate cebral fluid), & oligodendrocytes (form myelin sheaths around CNS)
Term
oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths around
Definition
CNS
Term
Schwaan cells form myelin sheaths around
Definition
PNS
Term
special characteristics of neurons
Definition
extreme longevity, amitotic, & highly metabolic
Term
what direction does a stimulis go through a neuron
Definition
dendrites receive the stimuli, cell body, axon, axon hillock generates impulse, travels down axon by Schwaan cells (covering of Schwaan cells are neurolemma), terminal branches called axon terminals
Term
describe a schwaan cell
Definition
neurolemma is on top, & myelin sheath on bottom-these two things make up a schwaan cell
Term
what are graded potentials
Definition

small short llived -involved in depolarization and hyperpolarization

 

important for initiation of action potentials

Term
what is the major way that neurons send long-distance signals
Definition
action potentials
Term
what affects conduction velocity
Definition
axon diameter (larger the diameter, the greater the velocity), unmyelinated fibers are wave-like, myelinated are saltatory (rapid)
Term
what is an EPSP
Definition
a graded depolarization that brings neuron closer to threshold in order to generate action potential
Term
what is an IPSP
Definition
postsynaptic membrane are hyperpolarized, driving neurons away from threshold
Term
what is no summation
Definition
2 stimuli separated in time cause EPSPs that do not add together
Term
what is temporal summation
Definition
2 excitatory stimuli cause EPSPs that add together
Term
what is spatial summation
Definition
2 simultaneous stimuli at different locations cause EPSPs that add together
Term
spatial summation of EPSPs and IPSPs
Definition
cancel each other out
Term
neurotransmitter effects
Definition
excitatory and inhibitory
Term
neurotransmitter mechanism of action
Definition
direct and indirect
Term
what are neuronal pools
Definition
functional groups of neurons that integrate incoming information and then transmit the info along
Term
neural processing is serial, how
Definition
reflex arcs
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