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chapters 6-11
n/a
90
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/05/2010

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Term
6-1 layers of the skin
Definition
(deep to superficial)
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Term
6-2 what types of cells are found in the epidermis?
Definition
stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes,
tactile cells, dendritic cells
Term
6-3 characteristics of thick and thin skin and where they're located
Definition
thick: covers palms, soles and corresponding surfaces of the fingers/toes; epidermis 0.5mm thick, has sweat glands, no hair follicles or sebaceous glands
thin: rest of body; epidermis 0.1mm thick, has hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands
Term
6-4 what layer of the epidermis consists of up to 30 layers of dead cells?
Definition
stratum corneum
Term
6-5 what structure is associated with the sense of touch?
Definition
tactile cells
Term
6-6 in what layer of epidermis does the fastest rate of mitosis occur?
Definition
stratum basale
Term
6-7 function of keratinocytes, melanocytes, adipocytes, dendritic, and tactile cells
Definition
ker: majority of epidermal cells, synthesize keratin
mel: deepest layer only, synthesize melanin
adi: undifferentiated, divide and give rise to keratinocytes, deepest layer only
den: in stratum spinosum and granulosum, originate in bone marrow; stand guard against toxins, microbes, pathogens
tac: few in #, receptors for sense and touch, deepest layer only
Term
6-10 reddish color of skin is due to what pigment?
Definition
melanin, specifically pheomelanin
Term
6-11 what primarily causes ethnic differences in skin color?
Definition
everyone has essentially the same number of melanocytes, but in dark-skinned people they produce greater quantities of melanin, the melanin granules in the keratinocytes are more spread out than tightly clumped, and the melanin breaks down more slowly
Term
6-12 definition of lanugo, pilus, terminal hair and vellus
Definition
lanugo: fine, downy, pigmented hair, appears on fetus in last 3 mos of development, mostly replaced by birth
pilus: hair; a slender filament of keratinized cells that grows from an oblique tube in the skin called a hair follicle
terminal hair: longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented; forms eyebrows and eyelashes and covers the scalp, pubic hair, and male facial hair
vellus: fine, pale hair, about 2/3 of womens hair, 1/10 mens, just about all for kids
Term
6-14 where does growth occur in the nail?
Definition
mitosis in the nail matrix- at the proximal end of the nail its stratum basale thickens to constitute this growth zone
Term
6-15 what type of gland secretes oil on the scalp and is associated with hair follicles?
Definition
sebaceous gland
Term
6-16 what type of gland contributes to the acid mantle that inhibits bacterial growth on the skin?
Definition
(merocrine) sweat glands
Term
6-17 where is cerumen formed?
Definition
(earwax) formed in external ear canal
Term
6-18 function of the following glands: merocrine, apocrine, sebaceous, ceruminous, mammary
Definition
mero: evaporative cooling; widely dist. over body surface
apo: scent glands; pubic, axillary, male facial hair
seb: produce oily secretion to keep skin/hair from becoming dry
cer: contribute to secretion of cerumen (earwax)
mam: milk-producing glands located in breasts
Term
6-20 what is the ABCD rule?
Definition
for recognizing malignant melanoma: A for asymmetry, B for border irregularity, C for color, D for diameter
Term
6-21 what is the least common but deadly type of skin cancer?
Definition
malignant melanoma
Term
7-1 function of skeletal system
Definition
support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation
Term
7-2 osseous tissue is what type of tissue?
Definition
connective
Term
7-3 what are the 4 types of bone?
Definition
long, short, flat, irregular
Term
7-4.1 epiphysis
Definition
expanded head at each end of long bone, strengthens joint
Term
7-4.2 diaphysis
Definition
shaft of long bone, provides leverage
Term
7-4.3 articular cartilage
Definition
layer of hyaline cartilage covering joint surface where one bone meets another
Term
7-4.4 periosteum
Definition
sheath covering bone, provides attachment/continuity from muscle to tendon to bone
Term
7-4.5 endosteum
Definition
lines internal surface of bone; thin layer of reticular connective tissue with cells that dissolve osseus tissue and others that deposit it
Term
7-5 what are the bone forming cells called?
Definition
osteoblasts
Term
7-6 spicules and trabeculae are found where?
Definition
in spongy bone
Term
7-7 intramembraneous ossification produces what?
Definition
produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle
Term
7-8 endochondrial ossification replaces what with bone?
Definition
preexisting model composed of hyaline cartilage
Term
7-9 how are mature bones remodeled?
Definition
by the absorption of old bone and deposition of new; comes about through collaborative action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Term
7-10 what is Wolf's law of bone?
Definition
the architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it, and the bone thereby adapts to withstand those stresses
Term
7-12 what role does calcium play in the body?
Definition
plays roles in communication among neurons, and in muscle contraction, blood clotting and exocytosis; second messenger in many cell-signaling processes and a cofactor for some enzymes
Term
7-13 know what parathyroid does
Definition
it's a hormone secreted by parathyroid glands, released when blood calcium is low, raises blood calcium level by 4 mechanisms
Term
7-14 what hormone is important in the deposition of bone?
Definition
parathyroid
Term
7-15 when is a soft callus formed?
Definition
during healing of fracture; fibroblasts deposit collagen in the granulation tissue, while some osteogenic cells become chrondoblasts and produce these patches of fibrocartilage
Term
7-17 know the types of fractures
Definition
stress: break caused by abnormal trauma to bone
Pathological: break in bone weakened by some other disease
Term
7-18 sequence of events in healing of a bone fracture
Definition
(uncomplicated fractures normally take 8-12 weeks to heal)
1. formation of hematoma and granulation tissue
2. formation of soft callus
3. conversion to hard callus
4. remodeling
Term
8-1 number of bones in adult skeleton
Definition
206
Term
8-2 know the bones in the axial skeleton and bones in the appendicular skeleton
Definition
axial: skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, hyoid
appendicular: pectoral girdle, upper extremity, pelvic girdle, lower extremity
Term
8-3 sesamoid bone
Definition
bones that form within some tendons in response to stress ex: patella, knuckles
Term
8-5 4 curves in the spinal column
Definition
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, pelvic
Term
9-1 4 categories of joints
Definition
bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Term
9-2 synovial joint
Definition
a point where 2 bones are separated by a narrow, encapsulated space filled with lubricating synovial fluid; most such joints are relatively mobile
Term
9-3 bursa
Definition
a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over a bone or between bone and skin
Term
9-4 what determines joint range of motion?
Definition
-structure of the articular surfaces
-strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules
-action of the muscles and tendons
Term
9-5.1 6 types of joints and examples
Definition
ball and socket- shoulder and hip joints
condyloid- radiocarpal joint of wrist
saddle- sternoclavicular joint
plane- carpal/tarsal bones
hinge- elbow joint, knee, finger/toe joints
pivot- atlantoaxial joint (dens of atlas and axis)
Term
9-6 abduction and circumduction and examples
Definition
abduction: movement of body part in frontal plane away from midline of body
ex: raise arm over back or front of head
circumduction: one end of appendage stays stationary while other end makes circular motion
ex: circling hand or foot (moving whole limb)
Term
9-7 the most common instability direction seen in shoulder dislocations
Definition
downward displacement of the humerus
Term
10-1 4 functions of muscles
Definition
movement, stability, control of body openings and passages, heat production
Term
10-2 fascicles
Definition
a bundle of muscle or nerve fibers ensheathed in connective tissue; multiple fascicles bound together constitute a muscle or nerve as a whole
Term
10-3 what separates groups of muscles?
Definition
fascia
Term
10-5 what muscle is the prime mover for inhalation?
Definition
diaphragm
Term
10-6 function of the erector spinae
Definition
(runs vertically for the entire length of the back from cranium to sacrum) function: extension and lateral flexion of vertebral column
Term
10-7 what muscle is injured in a whiplash injury?
Definition
sternocleidomastoid
Term
10-9 what is cut during carpal tunnel surgery?
Definition
flexor tendinaculum
Term
10-10 what is the longest muscle in the body?
Definition
sartorius
Term
11-1 skeletal muscle depends on what for its calcium source?
Definition
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Term
11-2 what type of muscles connect without stimulation from the nervous system?
Definition
cardiac
Term
11-3.1 treppe
Definition
pattern of increasing tension with repetitive stimulation
Term
11-3.2 tetanus
Definition
a state of sustained muscle contraction produced by temporal summation as a normal part of contraction
Term
11-3.4 isometric
Definition
contraction without a change in length
Term
11-3.5 isotonic
Definition
contraction with a change in length but no change in tension-begins when internal tension builds to the point where it overcomes resistance
Term
11-4 understand the mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction
Definition
contraction triggered by Ca+2, energized by ATP, and achieved by sliding thin past thick filaments
Term
11-5.1 threshold
Definition
minimum voltage necessary to generate an action potential in the muscle fiber and produce a contraction
Term
11-5.2 latent period
Definition
delay of about 2 milliseconds between the onset of the stimulus and the onset of the twitch
Term
11-5.3 wave summation
Definition
when each new twitch "rides piggyback" on the previous one and generates higher tension, muscle relaxes only partially between stimuli
Term
11-5.4 twitch
Definition
quick cycle of contraction and relaxation caused by stimulus
Term
11-5.5 recruitment
Definition
process of bringing more motor units into play, occurs when voltages excite more and more nerve fibers in the motor nerve
Term
11-6 what type of muscle has the largest mitochondria?
Definition
cardiac muscle
Term
11-7 acetylcholine is released from where, to stimulate muscle contraction?
Definition
synaptic knobs
Term
11-8 what would increased oxygen result in (in regard to exercise?)
Definition
more red blood cells, greater endurance
Term
11-9 what is a triad of muscle fiber?
Definition
a T tubule and the two terminal cisternae associated with it
Term
11-10.1 tropomyosin
Definition
protein that blocks the active sites of 6 or 7 G actins and prevents myosin from binding them
Term
11-10.2 troponin
Definition
small calcium-binding protein bound to tropomyosin
Term
11-10.3 titin
Definition
huge springy protein, flank each thick filament and anchor it to structure called Z disk
Term
11-10.4 dystrophin
Definition
enormous protein located between the sarcolemma and the outermost myofilaments; links actin filaments to a peripheral protein on the inner face of the sarcolemma
Term
11-11 what does creatine kinase do?
Definition
obtains phosphate groups from a phosphate-storage molecule and donates it to ADP to make ATP; helps maintain ATP level
Term
11-14 atrophy
Definition
shrinkage of a tissue due to age, disuse, or disease
Term
11-15 characteristics of a muscle cell
Definition
responsiveness, conductivity, contractility, expensibility, elasticity
Term
11-16 elastic filament
Definition
1nm in diameter, made of huge springy protein called titin; flank each filament and anchor it to Z disc
Term
11-18 striations
Definition
alternating light and dark transverse bands, results from overlapping of internal contractile proteins
Term
6-9 hypodermis has an abundance of what type of tissue?
Definition
adipose tissue
Term
7-16 what causes osteoporosis?
Definition
(severe loss of bone density) main cause is estrogen deficiency in women, also low testosterone in men; too much parathyroid hormone; lack of calcium; lack of vitamin D; sedentary lifestyle; smoking; alcohol abuse
Term
8-4 example of an immoveable joint
Definition
sutures between bones of skull
Term
10-8 know the innervation of the diaphragm
Definition
innervated by the phrenic nerve which is formed from the cervical nerves C3, C4 and C5
Term
11-3.3 isokinetic contraction
Definition
contraction in which the muscle contracts and shortens at constant rate of speed
Term
6-8 what is the least common layer of epidermis?
Definition
stratum lucidum
Term
6-13 what structure provides hair with its sole source of nutrition
Definition
dermal papilla
Term
6-19 which 2 layers of the epidermis are most susceptible to cancer?
Definition
stratum basale and ___
Term
7-11.3 crystallization
Definition
Crystallization is the chemical reaction by which hydroxyapetite is created
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