Term
|
Definition
Epithelial and connective tissues working together for specific purposes
The largest organ of the body
1.5-4mm thick |
|
|
Term
| What are the 8 functions of skin Physiology |
|
Definition
Regulation of Body temperature
Protection
Sensation
Communication
Excretion
Immunity
Dermis is a significant blood reservoir
Synthesis of Vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| What are the two principal portions of the architecture of the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"beneath the dermis"
the subcutaneous layer next to: adipose layer, muscle, or bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium and has four different cell types |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 different cell types of the epidermis? |
|
Definition
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans
Merkel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Make up 90% of the Epidermis
filled with keratin (protein)
Have a waterproof barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Make up 8% of the Epidermis
Produce Melanin (pigment)
Pass melanin to keratinocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phagocytes (from immune system)
easily damaged by UV light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In deepest layer of hairless skin
Sensory transduction-- touch |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 Epidermis Cell Layers? |
|
Definition
Stratum basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A single layer of cuboidal/columnar cells
Stem cells, melanocytes, Merkel cells
Stem cells Keratinocytes, mitosis pushes the other layers to the top |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
8 to 10 layers of closely packed cells
Cell junctions-- spot desmosomes
Langerhan's cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3-5 layers of flattened, with keratohyaline granules
beginning breakdown of nucleus, cell death initiated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Only in thick skin (palms, skin)
3-5 layers of clear, flat dead cells with keratin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
20-30 layers of flattened, dead, keratin- filled cells
Continuously shed and replaced |
|
|
Term
| What takes 2-4 weeks for each cell to form and to move from the stratum basale to the surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four general parts to the dermis? |
|
Definition
Variable thickness
Few cells present
Matrix thick with many protein fibers
The location for blood vessels, nerves and sensory receptors, glands, hair follicles |
|
|
Term
| What are the two regions to the Dermis Structure |
|
Definition
Papilliar region
Reticular region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the outer layer of 20%
has Areolar connective tissue and elastic fibers
Dermal papillae
Some papillae contain Meissner's corpuscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mound like projections to increase the surface area for nutrition from capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
makes up 80% of the Dermis structure
Dense irregular connective tissue
Collagen elastic firers in a network surrounding the various cells
Fibers give strength
Tears in the region such as stretch marks |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 skin pigments? |
|
Definition
Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
yellow to black
made by melanocytes
common in mucous membranes, penic, nipples, areolas, face, extremities
freckles, liver spots,
synthesized from tyrosine
common in african americans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
yellow-orange pigment
gives egg yolks, carrots their collor
used in the synthesis of a vision pigment
persons of asian extraction... in the fatty areas of the dermis and in their subcutaneous layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
because the skin is translucent
Caucasian skin tinted ret to pink depending on dermal capillary blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blood is bright red when carrying oxygen, dark red/purple when deoxygenated; the skin appears to have a blue or green or purple tinge depending on the individual
the relative color of skin and exposed mucous membranes can give clues to a person's oxygenation status |
|
|
Term
| What are the six skin color clinical terminology |
|
Definition
Erythema
Pallor
Cyanosis
Jaundice
Bronzing
Bruises (contusions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Skin redness
Exercise, embarrassment, high blood pressure, certain drugs, inflammation, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pale
cold temperatures, stress, or anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bluish/ no oxygen
Babies not breathing/ heavy smokers/ emphysema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
yellow/orange
aftre internal hemorrhage
liver problems disturbing the breakdown and removal of RBC's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Metallic appearance of skin
Addisons disease/ hypofunction of adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Black and blue marks/ bruises |
|
|
Term
| What are the four Skin Pathologies |
|
Definition
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
ABCD Rule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
From stratum basale
Least Malignant-- 99% full care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
From stratum spinosum
Prognosis is good if removed early |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Melanocyte cancer
Highly Metastatic
Resistant to Chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Asymmetry
Border Irregularity
Color: several present
Diameter: greater than 6mm |
|
|
Term
| What are two types or Melanin Pathologies of Skin Pigments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to produce melanin; cannot breakdown tyrosine, no melanin, inborn error of metabolism; recessive trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partial/complete loss of melanocytes from skin patches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sometimes when the is skin severely damaged, it cannot regenerate itself
dependent on the site of origin of the transplanted tissur |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of skin grafts? |
|
Definition
Auto grafts
isografts
homografts
heterografts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
grafts from the same person
donated from a different site
can be tissue cultured first |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of skin graft used from identical twins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of skin graft that is skin from another human |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a skin graft from an animal |
|
|
Term
| what are the five hair functions? |
|
Definition
Protection
Mechanical dry lubicant for limb movements
Secondary sexual characteristic to attract mates
Touch receptors respond to changes in position
Rate of growth and replacement affected by many things: heredity, diet, illness, fever, blood loss, surgery, drugs, chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
| Hair function: protection |
|
Definition
Increase surface area for evaporative heat loss
increased length for sunburn and heatstroke
eyebrows, eyelashes-- insects, foreign particles
nostril hair
ear hair |
|
|
Term
| What are the seven parts of Hair Anatomy? |
|
Definition
Shaft
Root
Follicle
Sheath
Bulb
Sebaceous glands
Arrector Pili |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
medulla-- inner layer
cortex-- middle layer, pigments, air spaces
Cuticle-- outermost layer, hard keratin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similar to shaft, but in skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enlarged layered structure at base where hair is generated |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the bulb in the hair |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the bulb in the hair |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Areolar connective tissue, blood vessels supply nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| germination layer of papilla (stratum basale) builds hair shaft |
|
|
Term
| Hair Anatomy: Sebaceous Glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hair Anatomy: arrector Pili |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 types of hair color |
|
Definition
Brown
Black
Red
Blond
Grey
white |
|
|
Term
| Hair Color: Brown and Black |
|
Definition
| melanin deposited into the shaft |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variants of melanin with iron and sulfur in the molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some loss of melanocytes reduces melanin deposition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Air bubbles accumulate in the cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secretion increases at puberty
Male pattern of hair growth and distribution begins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Excess testosterone production, tumor or hormonal imbalance
Excess hair production in females or pre pubertal males |
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts Male Pattern Baldness |
|
Definition
genetic predisposition
Finasteride (Propecia)
Minoxidil (Rogaine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sex linked trait
testosterone inhibits scalp hair growth in these individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anti testosterone agent
Must be taken for remainder of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anti-hypertensicve medicine
Widens blood vessels, increases blood flow
Topically (daily) promotes growth in people with reduced hair growth (not much but some): but not in truly bald individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Connected to hair follicles; located in the dermis
Most secrete directly into follicles; some directly onto the skin
Gland shape differs depending on location
Holocrine gland
Secrete sebum (oil) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fats, sholesterol, proteins, inorganic salts
Keeps hair from drying
prevents water evaporation from skin
keeps skin soft, supple
inhibits growth of many bacteria |
|
|
Term
| sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands |
|
Definition
sweat
pH between 4 and 6
salty and acidic solution inhibits most bacterial growth
Maintain body temperature, but in insignificant for waste removal |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands |
|
Definition
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Apocrine sweat glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a plasma filtrate consisting of water, salts, urea, acid, amino acids, ammonia, sugar, lactic acid, ascorbic acid, and pheromones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most abundant (millions), especially on the palms and soles and the forehead
Lifetime performance influenced by environmental experience in infacy
Secretory portion located in the dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Less abundant, confined mostly to axillary and anogenital regions and the areolae of the breast
secretory portion is located in the dermis or the subcutaneous region; secrete into hair follicles
secrete more during emotional stress, sexual arousal
a merocrine process |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of modified sweat glands |
|
Definition
Ceruminous glands
Mammary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protect against extoparasites (bugs)
Produce a bitter waxy secretion (cerumen)
Open into the external auditory meatus (ear canal) or into local sebaceous glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Highly specialized for milk production
Hormonally regulated by estrogens, prolactin, and oxytocin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Patients have an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism
altered chloride transport which alters the characteristics of most glandular secretions
Detected in infants with a simple chloride sweat test CF babies have elevated sweat chloride values
Primarily affects the respiratory and digestive systems with thick clogging secretions
Average lifespan approximately 30 years
1/3900 newborns 3/100 adults are carriers |
|
|
Term
| what are the two parts of nails |
|
Definition
tightly packed cells with hard keratin
Nail matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
under the root of the nail
site of nail growth
Transforms normal skin cells into nail cells which push forward
1mm/week in fingers; slower in toes
the longoer the finger the greater the growth rate |
|
|
Term
| What are the five functions of bones? |
|
Definition
Support
Protection
movement
mineral homeostasis
site of blood cell production |
|
|
Term
| What is the protection function of the bone? |
|
Definition
protect internal organs
Surround the brain; vertebrae surround the spinal cord; pelvic girdle surround the reproductive organs |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of Macroscopic Bone Structure |
|
Definition
Diaphysis
Epiphysis (epiphyses) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the shaft of a long bone
contains medullary or marrow cavity |
|
|
Term
| Red (hematopoietic) bone marrow |
|
Definition
| Infants have this type of marrow that eventually turns into yellow (fatty bone marrow throughout life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ends of a long bone
epiphyseal plate
nutrient foramen
articular cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth plate made of cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of blood vessel entry into bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyaline cartilage covering epiphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two layers of connective tissue around bone
sharpey's fibers anchor perisosteum to the bone
site of ligament, tendon attachment
large supply of nerves and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dense irregular connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made up of Osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bone forming cells
secret collagen and other organic components for bone synthesis
found on any bone surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bone remodeling cells
settle on bone surface
function in bone resorption (matrix destruction) for growth, development, maintenance, repair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lines the medullary cavity
Contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
| What is mineralized in the matrix |
|
Definition
25% water
25% Protein fibers
50% Hydroxyapatietes (mineral) salts (mainly calcium 2 phosphates) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mature bone cells
embedded in matrix in lacunae with canaliculi
Maintain daily activities of bone tissue; nutrient, waste exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ground substance and collagen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
calcification and mineralization
hydroxapatite (calcium phosphate salt) and other salts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
collagen fibers
mineralization
crystallization develops around collagen fibers
stronger than egg shells which have no collagen |
|
|
Term
| Why is the matrix not continuous |
|
Definition
| many vascular passageways penetrate the mineralized matrix |
|
|
Term
| What determines the type of bone... spongy or compact? |
|
Definition
| size and distribution of these vascular channels |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Appears very dense
Most of the bone mass in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small struts of bone (trabeculae)
may appear randomly organized, but the trabeculae, like girders in a building, are generally oriented in the directions of stresses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
central canal with lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi
blood vessels run through perforating canal s to the central canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| house multiple cytoplasmic extensions from the osteocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another word for Perforating canals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another word for central canals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found in older bone
Older osteons are gradually broken down and replaced during the remodeling process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Has no true osteon systems
Osteocytes recieve nutrients by diffusion through canaliculi
Red marrow fills the spaces between the trabeculae
Blood vessels pass through compact bone to spongy bone
Blood vessels pass through yellow marrow cavities; open out to become red marrow cavities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of fibrous connective tissue membranes and hyaline cartilage |
|
|
Term
| Ossification/ Osteogenesis |
|
Definition
Begins at week 8 of development
two types |
|
|
Term
| What are the two different types of bone formation |
|
Definition
| Fibrous membrane model and Hyaline cartilage model |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intramembranous ossification "membrane bones" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
endochondral ossification
The initial cartilage is transformed to become "endochondral bones" |
|
|
Term
| Intramembranous Ossification |
|
Definition
Results in the formation of cranial bones and the clavicles
--All are flat bones
at the site of bone development
--begins in fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchymal cells and has Osteoprogenitor cells (osteoblasts) |
|
|
Term
| Osteoprogenitor cells (osteoblasts) |
|
Definition
clusters of embryonic cells
become centers of ossification, secrete matrix until they are surrounded |
|
|
Term
| Intramembranous Ossification 1 |
|
Definition
an ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane.
Selected centrally located mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts, forming an ossification center. |
|
|
Term
| Intermembranous Ossification 2 |
|
Definition
Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane
Osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid, which is mineralized within a ffew days
Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes |
|
|
Term
| Intramembranous Ossification 3 |
|
Definition
Woven bone and periosteum form
accumulating osteoid is laid down between embroyonic blood vessels, which form a random network. The result is a network (instead of lamellae) of trabeculae.
Vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face of the woven bone and becomes the periosteum |
|
|
Term
| Intramembranous Ossification 4 |
|
Definition
Bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears.
Trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken, forming a woven bone collar that is later replaced with mature lamellar bone.
Spongy bone (diploe), consisting of distinct trabeculae, persists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow |
|
|
Term
| Endochondral Ossification |
|
Definition
Forms all bones below the base of the skull (except clavicle)
Uses hyaline cartilage"bones" as models for bone construction
Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification |
|
|
Term
| Prepping for ossification |
|
Definition
The perichondrium covering the hylaine cartilage is infiltrated with blood vessels, converting it to a vascularized periosteum
Increased nutritional status allows mesenchymal cells to specialize into osteoblasts, creating the primary ossification center |
|
|
Term
| Endochondral Ossification 1 |
|
Definition
| bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage model |
|
|
Term
| Endochondral Ossification 2 |
|
Definition
| Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities |
|
|
Term
| Endochondral Ossification 3 |
|
Definition
| The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form |
|
|
Term
| Endochondral Ossification 4 |
|
Definition
| The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms as ossification continues. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5 |
|
|
Term
| Endochondral Ossification 5 |
|
Definition
| The epiphyses ossify. When completed hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages |
|
|
Term
| Endochondral Ossification |
|
Definition
Vascularized connective tissue develops into the periosteum outside and the endosteum inside
Most of this bone will be remodeled repeatedly over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Growth in length and width of long bones
accompanied by remodeling in order to maintain the proper shape of the epiphysis and diaphysis
Cells of the epiphyseal plate proximal to the resting cartilage form three functionally different zones: growth, transformation, and osteogenic
Most bone growth stops during adolescence
Continued growth of nose and lower jaw |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Regulated by hGH and the sex hormones
In children, cartilage production continues on the epiphyseal (distal) side
cells are destroyed and replaced to increase the length of bone |
|
|
Term
| Postnatal Long Bone Growth |
|
Definition
growth in length of long bones
cells in the growth zone divide quickly pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
Cells in hypertrophic zone hypertrophy causing lacunae to erode and enlarge
Cartilage matrix calcifies and the chondrocytes die
leaves long spicules of calcified cartilage at the epiphysis diaphysis junctions
the spicules become the osteogenic zone and are invaded by marrow from the medullary cavity
The cartilage is eroded by osteoclasts and osteoblasts secret matrix to form spongy bone
The spicule tips are removed by osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
At the end of adolescence, epiphyseal plates divide less often and plates are replaced by bone tissue
Longitudal growth ceases and the epiphysis/diaphysis fuse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Called epiphyseal plate closure
Females at 18 years
Males at 21 years
clavicle is the last bone to stop growing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Growth in width
From the inside out
compact bone lining the medullary cavity is destroyed
Osteoblasts from periosteum continue to add more bone to the outer surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
replacement of old bone by new bone
bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth
Occurs at periosteum and endosteum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| packets of osteoblast and oseoclast cells that coordinate remodeling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Accomplished by osteoclasts
Resorption bays
involves osteoclast secretion of lysosomal enzymes that digest organic matrix and acids that convert calcium salts into soluble forms
dissolved matrix is trascytosed across the osteoclast's cell where it is secreted into the interstitial fluid and then into the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grooves fromed by osteoclasts as they break down bone matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Falling blood Calcium levels signal the parathyroid glands to release PTH
PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Calcium into the blood
Rising blood calcium levels trigger the thyroid to release calcitonin
Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of responses to mechanical stress |
|
Definition
Wolff's law
Trabeculae form along lines of stress
Large, bony projections occur where heavy, active muscles attach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it |
|
|
Term
| Observations supporting Wolff's law |
|
Definition
Long bones are thickest midway along the shaft (where bending stress is greatest)
Curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during infancy and childhood this activity is stimulated by growth hormones |
|
|
Term
| During puberty testosterone and estrogens... |
|
Definition
initially promote adolescent growth spurts
Cause masculinization and feminizatio of specific parts of the skeleton
Later induce epiphyseal plate closure, ending longitudinal bone growth |
|
|
Term
| What are two parts to bone homeostasis in nutrition |
|
Definition
minerals needed for remodeling
Vitamins needed for remodeling |
|
|
Term
| minerals needed for remodeling |
|
Definition
Ca2+ matrix
PO4- matris
Magnesium- needed for osteoblast function
Manganese- needed for lamellae formation |
|
|
Term
| Vitamins needed for remodeling |
|
Definition
D (calcitrol)- encourages Ca2+ removal from bone, also increases intestinal absorption of Ca2+
C- maintains matrix of connective tissues and for collagen synthesis
A- controls activity, distribution coordination of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during development
B12 for osteoblast metabolism and activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hGH
responsible for general growth of all body tissues
becoming tall or short depends on hGH levels
works with the sex hormones
aids in the growth of new bone
causes degeneration of cartilage cells in epiphyseal plates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| androgens and estrogens- important for normal bone growth and development |
|
|
Term
| Insulin and thyroid hormones- |
|
Definition
| important for bone and connective tissue growth and metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Bones for Ca2+ homeostasis |
|
Definition
bone tissue is the main reservoir for ca2+ ions in the body
Blood levels are regulated very tightly by the endocrine system
bone serves as a "buffer" to prevent sudden changes in blood Ca2+ levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Too much blood Ca2+
heart stops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| too little blood Ca2+ breathing stops |
|
|
Term
| Bone fracture classification |
|
Definition
position of the bone ends after fracture
completeness of the break
orientation of the bone to the long axis
whether or not the bones ends penetrate the skin |
|
|
Term
| what are the seven types of bone fractures? |
|
Definition
Nondisplaced
Displaced
Complete
Incomplete
Linear
Transverse
Compound (open)
Simple (closed) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone ends retain their normal position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bone ends are out of normal alignment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone is broken all the way through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone is not broken all the way through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone ends penetrate the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone ends do not penetrate the skin |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 common types of fractures? |
|
Definition
Comminuted
Spiral
Compression
Depressed
Epiphyseal
Greenstick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone fragments into three or more pieces; common in the elderly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bone is crushed; common in porous bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broken bone portion pressed inward; typical skull fracture |
|
|
Term
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Definition
epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal line; occurs where cartilage cells are dying
plate fracture increases calcification; ends growth in lengty
growth ceases
bone shows epiphyseal lines |
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Term
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Definition
| incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends; common in children |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Surgical repair of a bone fracture |
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Definition
closed reduction
open reduction |
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Term
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Definition
| manipulation without making an incision during surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| manipulation after making an incision during surgery |
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Term
| What are the four stages of healing of a bone fracture? |
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Definition
Hematoma formation
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
Bony (hard) callus formation
Bone remodeling |
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Term
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Definition
torn blood vessels hemorrhage
a mass of clotted blood (hematoma) forms at the fracture site
Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed
Cells in the area die and have to be removed inflammation, swelling and pain
osteoclasts begin to break down damaged portions of bone |
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Term
| Fibrocartilaginous callus formation |
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Definition
capillaries grow into the tissue and phagocytic cells begin cleaning debris
fibroblasts secrete collagen to stimulate new connective tissue formation
Chondrocytes develop in avascular areas
The hematoma is transformed a few days into a fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus |
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Term
| Bony (hard) callus formation |
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Definition
begins 3-4 weeks after injury, and continues until firm union is formed 2-3 months later
Osteoprogenitor cells turn into osteoblasts in the vascular areas
Osteoblasts begin to produce spongy bone
New bone trabeculae appear in the fibrocartilaginous callus
Fibrocartilaginous callus converts into a bony (hard) callus |
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Term
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Definition
replacing spongy bone with compact bone where appropriate
excess material on the bone shaft exterior and in the medullary canal is removed
compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls |
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Term
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Definition
| May be accelerated by electrical stimuli ( pulsating electromagnetic fields) which increase osteoblast activity |
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Term
| What are the four homeostatic imbalances |
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Definition
Osteomalacia (adults
rickets
Osteoporosis
Paget's Disease |
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Term
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Definition
caused in adults
bones are inadepuately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
Main symptom is pain when weight is put on the affected bone
Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
Bones of children are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
Bowed legs and deformities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage are common
Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
Group of diseases in which bone reabsoption outpaces bone deposit
spongy bone of the spine is most vulnerable
Occurs most often in postmenopausal women
Bones become so fragile that sneezing or stepping, off a curb can cause fractures |
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Term
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Definition
Calcium and vitamin D supplements
Increased weight- bearing exercise
Hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT) slows bone loss
Natural progesterone cream prompts new bone growth
Statins increase bone mineral density |
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Term
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Definition
Characterized by excessive bone formation and breakdown
Pagetic bone with an excessively high ratio of spongy to compact bone is formed
Pagetic bone along with reduced mineralization, causes spotty weakening of bone
Osteoclast activity wanes, but osteoblast activity continues to work |
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Term
| What are the two main divisions of the Skeleton? |
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Definition
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
long axis of the body
skull, vertebral column, rib cage |
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Term
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Definition
appendanges and connections
upper, lower limbs, pelvic, pectoral girdles |
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Term
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Definition
| Intramembranous ossification with sutures fusing late so the skull bones can expand to accommodate significant brain growth |
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Term
| Human Body Varies Geographically |
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Definition
| Humans adapted to cold climates often have thick trunks and shorter limbs; those adapted to warn climates tend to be taller and slimmer |
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Term
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Definition
| Apes have similar behaviors to humans |
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Term
| Morphological trends of humans and apes |
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Definition
larger brain; taller, flatter face; smaller jaws and teeth, and structural adaptations for makeing the sounds of speech
adaptations to walking bipedally |
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Term
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Definition
| Probably Vestigial Structures sites for additional olfactory Epithelium in ancestral species |
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Term
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Definition
| the pectoral girdle is adapted for braciation in apes and humans |
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Term
| Clinical Consequences of Bipedalism |
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Definition
Abnormal spinal curvatures
herniated disks
joint problems at the hip, knee and ankle
problems with the arches of the feet
bunions
osteoporosis of the spine and lower limbs difficult labor and delivery
hernias |
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Term
| What are the two classifications of joints |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Syarhroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses |
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Term
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Definition
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial |
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Term
| Synarthroses functional joint |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| slightly movable joint class |
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Term
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Definition
| freely movable joint class |
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Term
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Definition
| bones joined by fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity |
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Term
| Cartilaginous structural joint |
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Definition
| bones joined by cartilage; no joint cavity |
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Term
| Synovial Structural joint |
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Definition
| bones separated by fluid filled cavity |
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Term
| What are the three parts to fibrous joints |
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Definition
suture
syndesmosis
Gomphosis |
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Term
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Definition
| wavy border with dense fibrous connective tissue which penetrates into both bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two parts of Cartilaginous Joints |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three parts of Synchondroses |
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Definition
hyaline cartilage
Cpiphyseal plate
Most limb bones |
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Term
| What are the two parts of symphyses |
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Definition
Fibrocartilage
Pelvis, vertebrae |
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Term
| What are the 6 parts of the Synovial Joints |
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Definition
Articular cartilage
Synovial (joint) cavity
Articular capsule
Synovial fluid
Reinforcing ligaments
Meniscus |
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Term
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Definition
| a fibrocartilage pad, e.g., at the temperomandibular joint (TMJ) and at the tibio- femoral (knee) joint |
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Term
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Definition
| a part of the synovial joint that has flattened sacs filled with synovial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
elongated bursa which wraps around a tendon
a part of the synovial joint |
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Term
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Definition
Flat planes gliding over each other
Intercarpal or intertarsal joints
part of the Synovial Joints |
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Term
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Definition
Cylindrical projection fits into a notch
Ulna and humerus
Tibia and femur
Interphalangeal joints
part of the synovial joints |
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Term
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Definition
synovial joint
Rounded endo of one bone prtrudes into sleeve or ring of bone or ligament
Atlas and dens of the axis
Proximal radioulnar joint |
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Term
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Definition
Synovial joints
Rounded (convex) articulating surface of one bone fits into concave depression on the other bone
Radiocarpal joints
Metacarpalphalageal joints |
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Term
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Definition
Synovial joints
each articular surface has both convex and concave areas
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb |
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Term
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Definition
Synovial Joints
Spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with cuplike socket
Provides greatest rotational flexibility
Shoulder
hip |
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Term
| Factors influencing stability |
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Definition
Articular surfaces
Ligaments
Muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
| Regular fibrous tissue-only stretch 6% begore tearing |
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Term
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Definition
| important for smooth functioning of the joint |
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Term
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Definition
Most important factor influencing stability
tone- resting activity- some minimal level of contraction operating at all times
Muscles, tendons, and ligaments are supplied with nerve endings for feedback control of limb and body position and posture |
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Term
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Definition
The classic site for repeated injuries
since cartilage does not repair well, the cumulative effect of multiple traumas is to permanently weaken the joint |
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Term
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Definition
the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
Partially torn ligaments slowly repair themselves
completely torn ligaments require prompt surgical repair |
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Term
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Definition
the snap and pop of overstressed cartilage
Common aerobic injury
Repaired with arthroscopic surgery |
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Term
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Definition
Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilizaion
Caused by serious falls and are common sports injuries
Subluxation |
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Term
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Definition
| partial dislocation of a joint |
|
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Term
| what are two types of inflammatory and degenrative conditions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
an inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction
Symptoms are a pain and swelling
Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs; excessive fluid may be aspirated |
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Term
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Definition
Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse
Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis |
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Term
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Definition
More than 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints
Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S.
Symptoms- pain, stiffness, and swelling of a joint
Acute forms are caused by bacteria and are treated with antibiotics
Chronic forms included osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis |
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Term
| Developmental aspects of joints |
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Definition
by week 8 of an embryonic week synovial joints resemble adult joints
advancing years take toll on joints
prudent exercis that coaxes joints through their full range of motion is key to postponing joint problems (swimming is an example) |
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Term
| Developmental aspects of joints: advancing years... |
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Definition
ligaments and tendons shorten and weaken
Intervertebral discs become more likely to herniate
Most people in their 70s have some degree of OA |
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