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Chapters 5-7
Study Guide for Exam 2
39
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
06/19/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the five layers of the epidermis
Definition
Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum sponisum & stratum basale
Term
What are the two layers of the dermis
Definition
Papillary layer and reticular layer
Term
What does the stratum granulosum contain
Definition
lamellated granules & keratohyaline
Term
What does the stratum spinosum contain
Definition
Langerhans' cells & epidermal dendritic cells
Term
What does the stratum basale contain
Definition

Melanocytes & Merkel Cells (receptor cells)

 

Also, this layer contains germinal cells (cells that undergo mitosis veru regularly)

Term
What specific structures does the dermis layer contain
Definition

This layer is innervated, vascularized & contains lymphatic vessels

 

Eccrine sweat glands, hair root & follicle, sabaceous oil glands, pacinian corpuscle, arrector pili & Meissner's corpuscles 

Term
What is the dermal reticular layer composed of and what kind of collagen fibers run through it
Definition
It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue & it contains flexion and tension lines of collagen fibers
Term
What does the dermal papillary layer contain 
Definition
capillary loops, free nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles (touch receptors) & dermal ridges
Term

What are the functions & composition of hair

 

Definition

The functions of hair are: protection, sensing light touch, prevention of heat loss, shield sunlight (in my case absorb UV rays), filter air particles

 

 

They are mostly dead cells composed of keratinized cells

Term
what are the functions of nails and what are they composed of
Definition

The functions of nails are: protect the distal ends of fingers & used as "primative tools"

 

New cells are keratinized and pushed distally to form nail plate

Term
what are the functions of the integumentary system
Definition
protection (physical barrier; hair, nails & skin), body temperature regulation (hair), cutaneous sensations (sensory receptors), bodily fluids (blood reservoir) & excretion
Term
What are the three steps in tissue repair
Definition
inflammation (capillaries become dilated-WBCs, antibodies and clotting agents seep into wound), organization (fibroblasts secrete collagen to bridge gap)& regeneration and fibrosis (fibrosed area forms and epithelium tissue has regenerated)
Term
cyanosis
Definition
poor oxygenation
Term
pallor
Definition
decreased blood flow
Term
erythema
Definition
increased blood flow
Term
Jaundice
Definition
yellow skin tone, symptoms of liver disorder
Term
bronzing
Definition
metallic skin tone, addison's disease
Term
bruising
Definition
hematoma, clotted blood masses beneath the skin as a result of internal bleeding
Term
What are the functions of the skeletal system
Definition
support & movement of the body, formation of hematopoesis, mineral & growth factor storage
Term
what are the three tpes of skeletal cartilage
Definition
hyaline, elastic & fibrocartilage
Term
where is elastic cartilage located in the body
Definition
Ears and epiglottis
Term
where is hyaline cartilage located in the body
Definition
articular, respiratory, costal & nasal
Term
where is fibrocartilage located in the body
Definition
knee joints & in between vertebrae & the pubic symphysis
Term
What are the two ways in which cartilage grows
Definition
appositional growth and interstitial growth
Term
what is appositional growth
Definition
this is when chondrogenic cells in the pericardium secrete new matrix on the external face of existing cartilage
Term
what is interstitial growth
Definition
interstitial growth is when chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete new matrix from within
Term
what are the four classifications of bone
Definition
long, short, flat & irregular
Term
What are the three major macroscopic structures of long bones
Definition
diaphysis (shaft), distal & proximal epiphyses
Term
What are the three layers of the periosteum
Definition
blood supply (outer), fibrous layer, osteogenic layer (inner; composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts)
Term
what is the endosteum
Definition
lines the trabeculae
Term
Describe the microscopic structures of compact bone
Definition
the central canal (haversian canal-contains arteries, veins and nerves), lacunae, & lamellae (concentric circles that run in alternating patterns)
Term
what is ossification
Definition
bone formation
Term
Before 8 weeks, and embryo's skeleton is mainly composed of
Definition
hyaline cartilage & fibrous cartilage
Term
Bone tissue eventually replaces most of the hyaline and fibrous cartilage in two ways, what are they
Definition
intermembraneous (flat bones-skull and clavicles), and endochondral (long bone production)
Term
list the steps of intramembraneous ossification
Definition
ossification center appears, osteoid are secreted,  trabeculae and periosteum form, periosteum thickens and vascular tissue becomes red marrow
Term
what are the steps in endochondral ossification
Definition
bone collar forms, diaphysis cartilage is calcified and develops cavities, peristeal invades calcified center forming spongy bone, diaphysis lengthens and pushes epiphyses away from center (secondary ossification centers appear), epiphyses ossify
Term
how does hormones regulate bone growth
Definition

during infancy: growth hormones stimulate epiphyseal plate cartilage activity

 

during puberty: sex hormones are released in increasing amounts and growth spurts, to mascularize and feminize certain bones and eventually induce closure of epiphyseal plate

Term
how are fractures repaired
Definition
hematoma forms, fibrcartilaginous callus forms, bony callus forms, bone remodeling occurs
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