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Chapters 3-4
Cell organization and tissues
73
Anatomy
10th Grade
09/09/2009

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Term
What is the barrier between a cell and its environment?
Definition
plasma membrane
Term
How are phospholipid molecules arranged within the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?
Definition
The hydrophilic heads are facing the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid. The hydrophobic tails are facing each other other, pointing inwards
Term
The reason the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane is asymmetric is that:
Definition
glycolipids appear only in the membrane layer facing extracellular material
Term
Describe the various plasma membrane proteins
Definition
integral: transmembrane (extend from intracellular to extracellular); peripheral (not so tightly imbedded in membrane) glycoproteins are attached to the extracellular side
Term
What are the functions of plasma membrane proteins?
Definition
allow particles to pass over plasma membrane; transport particles; some catalyze specific chemical reactions at teh inside or outside surface of cell; anchor proteins in the plasma membranes of neighboring cells; identity markers
Term
What is unique about the plasma membrane?
Definition
It is selectively permeable.
Term
An electrochemical gradient requires a difference in the:
Definition
concentration gradient and membrane potential (concentration and distribution of charge)
Term
Mechanisms that allow movement of materials across the plasma membrane are:
Definition
channels; transporters: vesicles; kinetic energy
Term
The cell does not need to expend energy (ATP) in order to perform:
Definition
simple diffusions
Term
What are aquaporins?
Definition
integral membrane proteins acting as water channels
Term
Osmosis is considered a special case of diffusion because
Definition
it is the movement of water down its concentration gradient
Term
Red blood cell membranes are not normally permeable to NaCl, and maintain an intracellular concentration of NaCl of0.9%. If these cells are placed in a solution containing 9% NaCl, what would happen?
Definition
Water would leave quickly, causing the cell to shrink > crenation
Term
When do solutes move down a concentration gradient?
Definition
facilitated diffusion
Term
What do endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis have in common?
Definition
They move materials in/out of cells using transport vesicles and ATP
Term
Intracellular structures which have specific shape and functions are called
Definition
organelles
Term
What makes up the cytoskeleton?
Definition
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules > maintain shape and organize intracellular activity
Term
Most microfilaments are composed of:
Definition
actin
Term
The advantage of the presence of microvilli on the cell membrane is
Definition
it increases surface area, therefore helping with absorptions
Term
Cilia and flagella are made mostly of:
Definition
microtubules
Term
The subunits of a ribosome are produced in the:
Definition
nucleolus
Term
Secretory proteins and membrane molecules are synthesized mainly by the:
Definition
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Term
Which cell organelle is the site of fatty acid, phospholipid and steroid synthesis?
Definition
smooth ER
Term
The golgi complex is most extensive in cells that
Definition
secrete protein
Term
Recycling of worn out organelles is accomplished by autophagy, which is carried out by:
Definition
lysosomes
Term
Toxic hydrogen peroxide resulting from oxidation reactions is broken down by an enzyme in peroxisomes called:
Definition
catalase
Term
Tiny organelles that contain many kinds of proteases and are responsible for destruction of damaged or unnecessary proteins are:
Definition
proteasomes
Term
Powerhouses of the cell, most important site of ATP production is found in:
Definition
mitochondria
Term
Cyanide and azide block the reactions of cellular respiration. Which organelle do they target?
Definition
mitochondria
Term
The complex of DNA that are associated with protein and some RNA is called:
Definition
chromatin
Term
The genetic information is coded in DNA by
Definition
sequence of nucleotides
Term
The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory site" for protein formation is the
Definition
transfer RNA
Term
The process of transcription involves production of
Definition
messenger RNA
Term
List the phases of the cell cycle in correct sequence:
Definition
G1 > S >G2 > Mitosis > Cytokinesis
Term
The end result of mitosis is:
Definition
production of two cells identical to the parent cell
Term
What is cytokinesis?
Definition
begins when chromosomes separate; it is the separation of the cytosol
Term
What do tumor-suppressing genes normally inhibit?
Definition
cell division
Term
What forms the bilayer that separates cells from their environment?
Definition
phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, gylcolipids
Term
What act as gates, allowing ions to cross the plasma membrane?
Definition
integral proteins
Term
What contains all cell contents between plasma membrane and nucleus?
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
What transport mechanism allows ingestion of solid particles by white blood cells?
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
What is involved in active transport?
Definition
moves ions against concentration gradient
Term
What mechanism allows polar covalent compounds to move down their concentration gradients and cross the plasma membrane?
Definition
facilitated diffusion
Term
What organelles are involved in synthesis, processing and packaging of proteins?
Definition
ribosomes, RER, Golgi complex
Term
What organelles contain enzymes that break down molecules?
Definition
lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteasomes
Term
What structure moves materials past cells or move cells?
Definition
cilia and flagella
Term
What is the triplet of DNA coding?
Definition
a sequence of three nucleotides
Term
What is involved in the translation of DNA?
Definition
LOOOK IT UPPP
Term
What is involved in transcription?
Definition
LOOOOK IT UPPP
Term
What can result from uncontrolled cell division?
Definition
cancer
Term
What constitutes tissue
Definition
group of similar cells that usually have a common embryonic origin and function together to carry out specific activity
Term
What are the four basic types of tissue?
Definition
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Term
Which tissues form coverings linings and glands
Definition
epithelial
Term
Which of the primary tissue types detects and responds to changes in the environment in order to maintain homeostasis?
Definition
nervous
Term
Which are the first tissues that form in the human embryo?
Definition
primary germ layers > endoderm , mesoderm, ectoderm
Term
What is unique about the different kinds of cell junctions!!
Definition
LOOOK it up!!!
Term
The type of cell junction that prevents the contents of the stomach or urinary bladder from leaking into surrounding tissue is
Definition
tight junction
Term
Which cell junctions prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension?
Definition
adherens
Term
Which cell junctions link cells to one another?
Definition
tight, adherens, desmosomes, and gap junction; NOT hemidesmosomes
Term
Describe epithelial tissue
Definition
numerous cells packed tightly together, no intercellular space or blood vessel is noted between cells, but the cells have polarity, one side of the cells opens into a cavity, and the other is attached to athin layer of extracellular material, several of the cells are in some stage of mitosis
Term
Epithelial tissues are classified base on
Definition
arrangement of cells into layers and cell shapes
Term
The function of the basement membrane is to:
Definition
provide point of attachment and support for overlying epithelial tissue; attaches epithelial tissue to connective tissue
Term
Which tissue provides greatest protection from mechanical injury?
Definition
simple columnar epithelium
Term
What is the modification to columnar epithelium that increases surface are?
Definition
microvilli and cilia
Term
Keratin is seen in tissues that
Definition
resist friction
Term
What is a Papanicolaou smear?
Definition
collection and microscopic examination of epithelial cells scraped off apical layer of a tissue
Term
What is the primary function of glandular epithelia?
Definition
secretion
Term
What composes connective tissues?
Definition
cells and extracellular matrix (protein fibers and ground substance)
Term
What kind of tissue classification includes immature-blast cells that retain their mitotic ability?
Definition
connective tissue
Term
What is a matrix?
Definition
material located b/t and secreted by connective tissue cells; composed of protein fibers and ground substance
Term
Why does hyaluronidase enhance the diffusion fo injected drugs?
Definition
lowers viscosity of the matrix of areolar connective tissue
Term
What is the role of connective tissue ground substance?
Definition
supports cells, binds them together, stores water, provides a medium thru which substances are exhanged b/t blood adn cells
Term
What is the role of connective tissue ground substance?
Definition
supports cells, binds them together, stores water, provides a medium thru which substances are exhanged b/t blood adn cells
Term
What do connective tissues do?
Definition
strengthen, support, stretch LOOK it up!!!
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