Term
| What is the barrier between a cell and its environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are phospholipid molecules arranged within the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| The hydrophilic heads are facing the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid. The hydrophobic tails are facing each other other, pointing inwards |
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Term
| The reason the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane is asymmetric is that: |
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Definition
| glycolipids appear only in the membrane layer facing extracellular material |
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Term
| Describe the various plasma membrane proteins |
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Definition
| integral: transmembrane (extend from intracellular to extracellular); peripheral (not so tightly imbedded in membrane) glycoproteins are attached to the extracellular side |
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Term
| What are the functions of plasma membrane proteins? |
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Definition
| allow particles to pass over plasma membrane; transport particles; some catalyze specific chemical reactions at teh inside or outside surface of cell; anchor proteins in the plasma membranes of neighboring cells; identity markers |
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Term
| What is unique about the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| It is selectively permeable. |
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Term
| An electrochemical gradient requires a difference in the: |
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Definition
| concentration gradient and membrane potential (concentration and distribution of charge) |
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Term
| Mechanisms that allow movement of materials across the plasma membrane are: |
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Definition
| channels; transporters: vesicles; kinetic energy |
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Term
| The cell does not need to expend energy (ATP) in order to perform: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| integral membrane proteins acting as water channels |
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Term
| Osmosis is considered a special case of diffusion because |
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Definition
| it is the movement of water down its concentration gradient |
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Term
| Red blood cell membranes are not normally permeable to NaCl, and maintain an intracellular concentration of NaCl of0.9%. If these cells are placed in a solution containing 9% NaCl, what would happen? |
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Definition
| Water would leave quickly, causing the cell to shrink > crenation |
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Term
| When do solutes move down a concentration gradient? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis have in common? |
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Definition
| They move materials in/out of cells using transport vesicles and ATP |
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Term
| Intracellular structures which have specific shape and functions are called |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes up the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
| microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules > maintain shape and organize intracellular activity |
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Term
| Most microfilaments are composed of: |
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Definition
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Term
| The advantage of the presence of microvilli on the cell membrane is |
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Definition
| it increases surface area, therefore helping with absorptions |
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Term
| Cilia and flagella are made mostly of: |
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Definition
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Term
| The subunits of a ribosome are produced in the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Secretory proteins and membrane molecules are synthesized mainly by the: |
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Definition
| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| Which cell organelle is the site of fatty acid, phospholipid and steroid synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| The golgi complex is most extensive in cells that |
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Definition
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Term
| Recycling of worn out organelles is accomplished by autophagy, which is carried out by: |
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Definition
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Term
| Toxic hydrogen peroxide resulting from oxidation reactions is broken down by an enzyme in peroxisomes called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Tiny organelles that contain many kinds of proteases and are responsible for destruction of damaged or unnecessary proteins are: |
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Definition
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Term
| Powerhouses of the cell, most important site of ATP production is found in: |
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Definition
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Term
| Cyanide and azide block the reactions of cellular respiration. Which organelle do they target? |
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Definition
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Term
| The complex of DNA that are associated with protein and some RNA is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| The genetic information is coded in DNA by |
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Definition
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Term
| The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory site" for protein formation is the |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of transcription involves production of |
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Definition
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Term
| List the phases of the cell cycle in correct sequence: |
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Definition
| G1 > S >G2 > Mitosis > Cytokinesis |
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Term
| The end result of mitosis is: |
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Definition
| production of two cells identical to the parent cell |
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Term
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Definition
| begins when chromosomes separate; it is the separation of the cytosol |
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Term
| What do tumor-suppressing genes normally inhibit? |
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Definition
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Term
| What forms the bilayer that separates cells from their environment? |
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Definition
| phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, gylcolipids |
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Term
| What act as gates, allowing ions to cross the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What contains all cell contents between plasma membrane and nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What transport mechanism allows ingestion of solid particles by white blood cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is involved in active transport? |
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Definition
| moves ions against concentration gradient |
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Term
| What mechanism allows polar covalent compounds to move down their concentration gradients and cross the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organelles are involved in synthesis, processing and packaging of proteins? |
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Definition
| ribosomes, RER, Golgi complex |
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Term
| What organelles contain enzymes that break down molecules? |
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Definition
| lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteasomes |
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Term
| What structure moves materials past cells or move cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the triplet of DNA coding? |
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Definition
| a sequence of three nucleotides |
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Term
| What is involved in the translation of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is involved in transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can result from uncontrolled cell division? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| group of similar cells that usually have a common embryonic origin and function together to carry out specific activity |
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Term
| What are the four basic types of tissue? |
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Definition
| epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
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Term
| Which tissues form coverings linings and glands |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the primary tissue types detects and responds to changes in the environment in order to maintain homeostasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which are the first tissues that form in the human embryo? |
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Definition
| primary germ layers > endoderm , mesoderm, ectoderm |
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Term
| What is unique about the different kinds of cell junctions!! |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of cell junction that prevents the contents of the stomach or urinary bladder from leaking into surrounding tissue is |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell junctions prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell junctions link cells to one another? |
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Definition
| tight, adherens, desmosomes, and gap junction; NOT hemidesmosomes |
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Term
| Describe epithelial tissue |
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Definition
| numerous cells packed tightly together, no intercellular space or blood vessel is noted between cells, but the cells have polarity, one side of the cells opens into a cavity, and the other is attached to athin layer of extracellular material, several of the cells are in some stage of mitosis |
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Term
| Epithelial tissues are classified base on |
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Definition
| arrangement of cells into layers and cell shapes |
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Term
| The function of the basement membrane is to: |
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Definition
| provide point of attachment and support for overlying epithelial tissue; attaches epithelial tissue to connective tissue |
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Term
| Which tissue provides greatest protection from mechanical injury? |
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Definition
| simple columnar epithelium |
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Term
| What is the modification to columnar epithelium that increases surface are? |
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Definition
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Term
| Keratin is seen in tissues that |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a Papanicolaou smear? |
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Definition
| collection and microscopic examination of epithelial cells scraped off apical layer of a tissue |
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Term
| What is the primary function of glandular epithelia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What composes connective tissues? |
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Definition
| cells and extracellular matrix (protein fibers and ground substance) |
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Term
| What kind of tissue classification includes immature-blast cells that retain their mitotic ability? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| material located b/t and secreted by connective tissue cells; composed of protein fibers and ground substance |
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Term
| Why does hyaluronidase enhance the diffusion fo injected drugs? |
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Definition
| lowers viscosity of the matrix of areolar connective tissue |
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Term
| What is the role of connective tissue ground substance? |
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Definition
| supports cells, binds them together, stores water, provides a medium thru which substances are exhanged b/t blood adn cells |
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Term
| What is the role of connective tissue ground substance? |
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Definition
| supports cells, binds them together, stores water, provides a medium thru which substances are exhanged b/t blood adn cells |
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Term
| What do connective tissues do? |
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Definition
| strengthen, support, stretch LOOK it up!!! |
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