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| When 104 members of the London Company sailed from England to Virginia, they reached the American Coast in 1607, sailed into the Chesapeake Bay and up the river they named James (after their former King, James I) and established their colony on a peninsula. They called it, Jamestown. |
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| Jamestown survived largely as a result of the efforts of Captain John Smith, who at age twenty-seven was already a famous world-traveler. Leadership in the colony had been bitterly divided until the fall of 1608, when Smith took control. He imposed work and order onto the community. He also organized raids on neighboring Indian villages to steal food and kidnap natives. |
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| In 1609, the Virginia Company obtained a new charted from the king, who increased its power and enlarged its territory; and it sent Lord De La Warr to be the colony’s first governor. |
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| In 1612, Jamestown planter John Rolfe began trying to cultivate tobacco in Virginia. Tobacco planting soon spread up and down the James. |
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| To entice new workers in the colony, the Virginia Company established what is called the “headright” system. Headrights were fifty-acre land grants. Those who already lived in the colony received 2 headrights a piece, and each new settler in the colony received a headright from himself or herself. This system encouraged family groups to migrate together. |
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Term
| Virginia House of Burgesses |
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Definition
| On July 30, 1619, delegates from various communities met as the House of Burgesses, the first elected legislature within what was to become the United States. |
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| For two years in the 1610’s, Sir Thomas Dale, De La Warr’s successor as governor, led unrelenting assaults on the Powhatan Indians, led by their formidable chief, Powhatan. |
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| George Calvert the first Lord Baltimore, envisioned establishing a colony in America both as a great speculative venture in real estate and as a refuge for English Catholics like himself. Calvert died while still negotiating with the kinds for a charter to establish a colony in the Chesapeake region. But in 1632 his son Cecilius, the second lord Baltimore, finally received the charter. |
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Term
| 1649 "Act Concerning Religion" |
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Definition
| A policy of religious tolerance adopted by the Calvert’s to protect Catholic minority in Maryland. |
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| For more than thirty years, one man Sir William Berkeley, the royal governor in Virginia, dominated the politics of the colony. He took office in 1642 at the age of 36 and with but one brief interruption remained in control of the government until the 1670’s. In his first years as governor, he helped open up the interior of Virginia by sending explorers across the Blue Ridge Mountains and crushing a 1644 Indian uprising |
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| The newly settled lands in the west. |
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| Nathaniel Bacon had a good farm in the west and a seat on the governor’s council, but unlike the other member of the backcountry’s gentry, he chafed at the governor’s attempts to hold the line of settlement steady so as to avoid antagonizing the Indians. He led Bacon’s rebellion against the governor. |
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| In 1608 a congregation of separatists from the hamlet of Scrooby began emigrating quietly and illegally, a few at a time to Leyden, Holland, where they could enjoy freedom of worship. But as foreigners in Holland, they had to work at unskilled and poorly paid jobs. They also watched in alarm as their children began to adapt to Dutch society and drift away from their church. Finally, some of the separatists decided to move again, across the Atlantic, where they hoped to create a stable, protected community where they could spread “the gospel of the Gospel of the Kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of the world” |
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| In 1620, leaders of the Scrooby group obtained permission from the Virginia Company to settle in Virginia. The “Pilgrims” as they saw themselves, sailed from Plymouth, England, in September 1620 on the Mayflower. In November, after a long and difficult voyage, they sighted land, the shore of what is now known as Cape Cod. That had not been their destination, but it was too late in the year to sail farther south. So the Pilgrims chose a site for their settlement in the area just north of the cape, a place John Smith had labeled, “Plymouth” |
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| While still on the ship, the Puritan congregation on the voyage drew up an agreement, The Mayflower Compact to establish a government for themselves. |
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| The people of Plymouth Plantation chose as their governor, the remarkable William Bradford, who governed successfully for many years. |
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Term
| The Massachusetts Bay Company |
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Definition
| The Puritan merchants obtained a grant of land in New Hampshire, and they acquired a charter from the King, allowing them to create the Massachusetts Bay Company and to establish a colony in the New World. |
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| The Puritans bought out the interest of company members who wished to stay in England, and the new owners elected a governor, John Winthrop. |
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| Winthrop and the other founders of Massachusetts believed that they were founding a holy common-wealth, a model, and - -a city upon a hill-- for the corrupt world to see and emulate. |
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| In 1635, a minister of Newton, (Cambridge), defied the Massachusetts government, led his congregation west, and established the town of Hartford. |
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Term
| The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut |
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Definition
| The constitution adopted by the people of Hartford and two other nearly founded towns, which created an independent colony with a government similar to that of Massachusetts Bay but gave a larger proportion of the men the right to vote and hold office. |
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| The Fundamental Articles of New Haven |
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Definition
| The Fundamental Articles of New Haven, established in 1639, established a Bible-based government even stricter than that of Massachusetts Bay. |
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Definition
| Roger Williams, a controversial young minister who lived for a time in Salem, Massachusetts. Williams was a confirmed separatist who argued that the Massachusetts church should abandon all allegiances to the Church of England. He also proclaimed that the land of the colonists were occupying belonged to the natives. The colonial government voted to deport him, but he escaped before they could do so. |
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| Anne Hutchinson, an intelligent and charismatic woman from a substantial Boston family argued that many clergy were not among the “elect” and were therefore, entitled to no spiritual authority. She also challenged prevailing assumptions about the proper role of women in Puritan society. As her influence grew, and as she began to deliver open attacks on members of the clergy, the Massachusetts hierarchy mobilized to stop her. In 1638, she was convicted of heresy and sedition and was banished. |
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Definition
| The teachings that some clergy men were not among the elect and should hold no religious authority. |
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| In 1637, hostilities broke out between English settlers in the Connecticut Valley and the Pequot Indians of the region, a conflict known as the Pequot War in which the natives were almost wiped out. |
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| The leader of the Wampanoag tribe. Also know to the white settlers as King Phillip. |
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| The bloodiest and most prolonged encounter between whites and Indians in the 17th century. It began in 1675 when the Wampanoag, under the leadership of a chieftain know to the white settlers as King Phillip and among his own people as Metacomet, rose up to resist the English. For three years, the natives inflicted terror on a string of Massachusetts towns, killing over a thousand people. But in 1676, the white settlers gradually prevailed with the help of Mohawk allies who ambushed Metacomet and killed him. |
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Definition
| The flintlock musket replaced the earlier colonial muskets and the matchlock rifle. It could be held up without support and fired without a match |
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Definition
| After Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 and began ruling as a solute monarch, he steadily alienated a growing number of his subjects. Finally desperately in need of money, Charles called Parliament into session in 1640 and asked it to levy new taxes. But he antagonized the members by dismissing them twice in two years; and in 1642, they organized a military force thus beginning the English Civil War. |
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Term
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Definition
| Began when Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 and began ruling as a solute monarch, he steadily alienated a growing number of his subjects. Finally desperately in need of money, Charles called Parliament into session in 1640 and asked it to levy new taxes. But he antagonized the members by dismissing them twice in two years; and in 1642, they organized a military force. The conflict between the Cavaliers (the supporters of the king) and the Roundheads (the forces of Parliament who were largely Puritan) lasted 7 years. In 1649, the Roundheads defeated the king’s forces and shocked all of Europe by beheading the monarch. |
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Definition
| Supporters of King Charles I |
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| forces of Parliament who were largely Puritan |
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Definition
| The stern Roundhead leader who replaced the King and assumed the position of “protector” |
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Definition
| Two Cromwell died in 1658, Charles II, son of the executed king, returned from exile and seized the throne, in what became known as the Restoration. |
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| One of the few who persisted in profiting from settlements in Carolina. He convicted other proprietors to finance expeditions to Carolina from England. |
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Term
| Fundamental Constitution for Carolina |
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Definition
| With the aid of English philosopher, John Locke, Cooper (now the earl of Shaftesbury) drew up the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina in 1669. It divided the colony into counties of equal size and divided each county into equal parcels. It also envisioned a social hierarchy with the proprietors themselves at the top, a local aristocracy below them, and then ordinary settlers. At the bottom would be poor whites and African slaves. |
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| South Carolina very early developed close commercial ties to the large and very overpopulated European colony on the Caribbean island of Barbados. Some of the early settlers in Carolina were in fact Barbadians. |
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| Commander of the vessels of the English Navy who in 1664 went into New Amsterdam and extracted surrender from the governor, Peter Stuyvesant. |
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| The governor of New Amsterdam in 1664, who surrendered to Richard Nicolls when put under naval pressure by the British. |
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| The duke of York who renamed his territory New York. James made no effort in imposing his Roman Catholic beliefs on the colony. He delegated powers to a governor and a council but made no provisions for representative assemblies. |
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| A Carolina proprietor who was granted a large part of land south of New York by James II. |
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| A dissenting English protestant sect of whose efforts Pennsylvania was born out of when they themselves were trying to find a home for their own distinctive social order. They were led by George Fox and Margaret Fell. Their followers became known as Quakers. |
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| A wealthy prominent man, who converted to the Quaker faith, took up evangelism and was sent to prison. He worked closely with George Fox to create a Quaker colony in America. |
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| The charter established a representative assembly that greatly limited the authority of the proprietor. It also permitted the “lower counties” of the colony to establish their own representative assembly. |
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| A string of missions and forts and trading communities. |
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Definition
| A veteran of a recent Spanish war, Oglethorpe led the founders of a military barrier between Spanish lands and English America who served as unpaid trustees of a society created to serve the needs of a British empire. |
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| The English government began trying to regulate colonial trade in the late 1650’s, when Parliament passed laws to keep Dutch ships out of the English colonies. Later, Parliament passed three important Navigation Acts. The first of them in 1660, closed the colonies to all trade except that carried by English ships, and it required that tobacco and other items be exported from the colonies only to England and English possessions. The second act of 1663, required that all goods sent from Europe to the colonies pass through England on the way, where they would be subject to English taxation. The third act of 1673, imposed duties on the costal trade among the English colonies, and it provided for the appointment of customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts. |
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| James II created a single Dominion of New England, which combined the governments of Massachusetts with the government of the rest of the New England colonies and later with those of New York and New Jersey as well. |
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| The single governor appointed by James II to supervise the entire region from Boston. Andros’s rigid enforcement of the Navigations Acts and his brusque dismissal of the colonist’s claims to the “right of Englishmen” made him thoroughly unpopular. |
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| Parliament invited James II’s daughter Mary and her husband William or Orange, ruler of the Netherlands to assume the throne. |
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| The bloodless coup which forced James II to flee to France as his daughter Mary and her husband William assumed the throne. |
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| The leader of the New York dissidents, Leisler was a German merchant who had never won acceptance as one of the colony’s ruling class. |
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Term
| Leislerians and anti-Leislerians |
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Definition
| Fierce rivalry between what became known as the “Leislerians” and the “anti-Leislerians” dominated the politics of the colony for many years thereafter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Human body governed by 4 humors: yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm. In a healthy body the humors are balanced. |
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| French Calvinists – refugees – left Roman Catholic France for English colonies of North America |
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| Rhineland of Southwestern Germany – Germans fled to America |
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| metal industry – technological success but financial failure |
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| iron master – founded ironworks in 1764 |
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| merchants carried run and other goods from New England to Africa, got slaves in return and transported them to the West Indies, and got sugar and molasses. Run – Slaves- Sugar. |
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| slave rebellion – 100 Blacks rose up, seized weapons, killed several whites, and attempted to escape to Florida. Uprising crushed. |
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| Men chosen to run Puritan Town’s affairs |
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| sermons of despair preached by ministers – deploring the signs of wining piety |
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| Cleansing of religious piety – serious problem to New Englanders. |
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| Founders of Methodism (evangelists) |
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| powerful open-air preacher, made several evangelizing tours through the colonies and drew tremendous crowds |
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| attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all. He preached new traditional Puritan ideas of absolute sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God’s grace alone. |
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| traditionalists – kept old and traditional ways – didn’t want trade |
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| product of great scientific and intellectual discoveries in Europe in the 17th century. |
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| regulated the workings of nature |
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| most famous almanac – provided mental advice, navigational and agricultural info, practical wisdom, humor, predictions about the future and weather |
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| by widows of unmarried women – private classes in their homes |
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| 1st American college – discovered by Puritan Theologians - 1636 |
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| Leading merchants, planters, and theologians became members of this leading English scientific organization. |
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| experimented with electricity. 1747 theory and 1752 demonstration with lightning = electricity. Led to development of lightning rod. Nobel prize winner. |
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| publisher – printed attack on public official libelous in trial – criticism of government not libelous if true. |
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| treaty with Iroquois “general government” to manage relations with Indians, not approved. |
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| French v. English – English victory – England commercial supremacy and cemented its control of the settled regions of North America |
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| white immigrants of French descent |
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| 5 Indian nations – formed defensive alliances – most powerful native presence in Ohio Valley. |
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| Anglo-French war – produced a few indecisive clashes between English and French in New England (1687-1697). |
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| 1701 – 12 yrs war – substantial conflicts – Anglo-French |
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| 1713 – transferred substantial territory from French to English including Arcadia and Newfoundland |
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| – English vs. French 1744-1748 |
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| commanded militia force into Ohio Valley to challenge French expansion. |
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| Washington’s crude stockade |
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| larger outpost – the French were building on what is now Pittsburg. |
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| English secretary of state – brought the war under British control – planned military strategy, appointed commanders and issued orders to the colonists. |
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| act of forcibly enlisting colonists |
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| English generals at the fortress at Louisbourg |
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| English generals at the fortress at Louisbourg |
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| fell of Sept 13, 1759 – marked an end of the American phase of war. |
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| 1763 – French ceded to Great Britain some of their West Indian Islands, most of their colonies in India and Canada, and all other French territory east of Mississippi |
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| 1760 – removed Whigs from power and replaced with unstable coalition of his own. Had intellectuals and psychological limitations. Insane. |
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| Prime Minister – said colonies need to obey the English. |
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Definition
| leader of Ottawa tribe – struck back as frontiersmen of English colonies began moving. |
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| forbade settlers to advance beyond mountains that divided Atlantic coast from Interior. Failed. |
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Definition
| Colonists were required to help provision and maintain army. |
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Definition
| raised duty on sugar while lowering duty on Molasses – established vice-admiralty courts to try accused smugglers. |
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Term
| The Currency Act of 1764 – |
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Definition
| required that colonial assemblies stop issuing paper money. |
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Term
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Definition
| imposed tax on every printed document in colonies – newspapers, Almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, licenses. |
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Definition
| demanded tax relief and financial support for their defense against Indians. |
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Definition
| Gave a speech to the house – if present policies not revised, George III will lose his head. |
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| resolutions – Americans have same rights as English. Virginia should pay no taxes, except those voted by Virginia assembly. |
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| Massachusetts – took action against new tax – Stamp Act. Colonies couldn’t be taxed except through their own assemblies (local). |
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| – terrorized stamp agents and burned stamps. |
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| lieutenant governor – British – attacked by sons of Liberty – privately opposed stamp act but obliged to support it. |
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Definition
| confirmed parliamentary authority over the colonies |
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Term
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Definition
| dealt with colonial grievances – disbanded the NY assembly until colonies obeyed the Mutiny act. |
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Term
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Definition
| new taxes on various goods imported to colonies from England – led, paper, paint and tea |
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Term
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Definition
| – British – protected customs house as liberty boys tried to destroy it. |
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Definition
| – harassment of new customs commissioners in Boston – clashes between British Soldiers and colonists – British killed 5 people |
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Definition
| – Said England = sin and corruption |
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Term
| Committee of Correspondence |
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Definition
| publicized grievances against England |
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Definition
| felt excluded from power – considered existing systems were corrupt and oppressive. |
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Term
| Virtual and Actual Representation |
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Definition
| – colonists represented in England – virtual but Americans believed in Actual representations – with elections and local assemblies. |
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Definition
| statue – set afire by angry residents of Rhode Island. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gave Britain’s East India Company the right to export its merchandise directly to the colonies without paying taxes |
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Term
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Definition
| women’s patriotic organization committed to agitating against British policies. |
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Term
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Definition
| group disguised as Mohawk Indians – opened tea chests and threw them in Atlantic ocean. |
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Term
| The Coercive Acts of 1774 |
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Definition
| 4 acts – closing port of Boston, reducing power of government, allowing royal officers in America, and providing fro quartering of troops by colonists |
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Term
| First Continental Congress |
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Definition
| Philadelphia – 5 decisions: 1) no British Authority. 2) Demand for repeal of all oppressive legislation passed since 1763. 3) Resolutions approved. 4) Boycotts. 5) meet again in following Spring. |
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Term
| Conciliatory Propositions |
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Definition
| colonies would tax themselves as Parliament’s demands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Massachusetts farmers and townspeople – prepared to fight on a minute’s notice. |
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Term
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Definition
| commanded British Garrison. Though army was too small. British lost. |
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Term
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Definition
| Battle between British and Colonists – British killed minutemen but then colonists fired shots and killed many British. |
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| commander of British force. Rebels succeeded. |
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