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Chapters 18-19 Test
Heart
71
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
02/21/2012

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Term
Coronary Sinus
Definition
An enlarged vessel composed of a combination of cardiac veins and arteries that empties blood into the right atrium.
Term
Foramen Ovale
Definition
-oval door
-connects the two atria and allows blood entering the right heart to bypass the pulmonary circuit and the collapsed, nonfunctional fetal lungs
Term
Ductus Arteriosus
Definition
-exists between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
-these shut shortly after birth, completing the separation of right and left sides of heart
Term
A typical ECG has three distinguishable waves or deflections known as?
Definition
P QRS T
Term
P QRS T
Definition
P - P wave - lasts about .08s and results from movement of the depolarization wave from the SA node through the atria

QRS - QRS complex - results from ventricular depolarization and precedes ventricular contraction

T wave - caused by ventricular repolarization and typically lasts about 0.16s. More spread out and has a lower amplitude than QRS wave
Term
Cardiac Output
Definition
-CO
-the amount of blood pumped out by EACH ventricle in 1 minute.
- CO = HR X SV
Term
Coverings of the Heart
Definition
1) Pericardium - double walled sac that encloses the heart (innermost)

2)Fibrous Pericardium - loosely fitting superficial part of sac, tough dense connective tissue; 1) protects the heart, 2) anchors it to surrounding structures, 3) prevents overfilling of the heart with blood (middle)

3)Serous Pericardium - thin, slippery, two-layer serous membrane (after fp)

4) Parietal Layer - lines the internal surface of the FP

5) Visceral Layer/Epicardium - intergral part of the heart wall (external surface of the heart)

6) Pericardial Cavity - slitlike cavity that contains a film of serous fluid located between parietal and visceral layers
Term
Layers of the Heart Wall
Definition
1)Epicardium/visceral layer (outermost)

2) Myocardium - middle layer

3) Endocardium (inside the heart)
Term
Valves of the Heart (4)
Definition
AV Valves
-Tricuspid Valve
-Mitral Valve

Semilunar Valves
-aortic
-pulmonary
Term
Atrioventricular Valves (AV)
Definition
Tricuspid Valve
-right AV valve
-3 flexible cusps

Mitral Valve
-left AV valve
-(bicuspid valve)
-has two flaps
Term
Semilunar Valves (SL)
Definition
-Aortic and Pulmonary
-prevent back flow into associated ventricles
-each SL valve is fashioned from 3 pocketlike cusps
-shaped like a crescent moon
Term
All valves open and close in response to what?
Definition
-differences in pressure
Term
Chordae Tendonae
Definition
-attaches to each AV valve flap
-tiny white collagen cords
-anchor the cuspids to the PAPILLARY MUSCLES protruding from ventricular walls
Term
End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
Definition
-the amount of blood that collects in a ventricle during diastole
Term
End Systolic Volume (ESV)
Definition
-the volume of blood remaining in a ventricle AFTER it has contracted
Term
Auricles
Definition
-little ear
-small, wrinkled, protruding appendages
-increase the atrial volume somewhat
Term
Atria
Definition
-receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart from the circulation
-small, thin-walled chambers
Term
Size, Location, etc.
Definition
-about the size of a fist
-hollow and cone shaped and is about 250-350 grams less than a pound
-Base is the top part and points toward right shoulder
-Apex is bottom part and points toward left hip
-enclosed within the mediastynum (medial cavity of the thorax)
Term
Tachycardia
Definition
-an abnormally fast heart rate
-more than 100 bpm
-may result from elevated body temp, stress, certain drugs, or heart disease
Term
Bradycardia
Definition
-abnormally slow heart rate
-slower than 60 bpm
-may result from low body temp, certain drugs, or parasympathetic nervous activation
Term
Trabeculae Carnae
Definition
-mark the internal walls of the ventricular chambers
-irregular ridges of muscle
Term
Papillary Muscles
Definition
-cone-like
-play a role in valve function
-project into the ventricular cavity
Term
Pulmonary Circuit
Definition
-right side of the heart
-serves as gas exchange
-blood vessels that carry blood to and from lungs
Term
Pulmonary Circuit Pump (Pathway)
Definition
-Blood returning from body is oxygen poor and carbon dioxide rich
1)enters the right atrium and passes into the 20right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs via the 3) pulmonary trunk. Restores oxygen in lungs and then returns via the pulmonary veins back to the left side of the heart
Term
Systemic Circuit
Definition
-left side of the heart
-blood vessels that carry the functional blood supply to and from all body tissues
Term
Systemic Circuit Pump (Pathway)
Definition
-Blood leaving lungs returns to the 1)left atrium and passes into the 2)left ventricle which pumps into the 3)aorta. Blood goes from aorta to smaller systemic arteries to the body tissues. Then returns through systemic veins to the right side of the heart where it enters the 4)right atrium through the 5)superior venae cavae.
Term
How much blood is pumped to the pulmonary and systemic circuits at any moment?
Definition
-Equal amounts
Term
Left Ventricle VS Right Ventricle
Definition
LEFT
-long pathway thru entire body
-encounters about 5x as much friction
-walls are 3x as thick as those of right v
-cavity is nearly circular
-can generate much more pressure than the right and is a far more powerful pump

RIGHT
-short, low-pressure circulation
-flattened into crescent shape
Term
Anastomoses
Definition
-junctions among the coronary arterial branches
Term
Angina Pectoris
Definition
-thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium
Term
Myocardial Infarction
Definition
-heart attack
-from coronary blockage
Term
Danger of Oxygen Depravity
Definition
-inadequate blood supply to the myocardium is lack of oxygen and causes severe damage to cardiac muscle and can lead to heart attack
Term
Impulse/Electric/Conduction Pathway
Definition
1)Sinoatrial Node
-generates impulses 75 times a minute
-pacemaker for the heart
-fastest depolarization rate
2)Atrioventricular Node
-conducts more slowly than other parts
3)Atrioventricular Bundle
*Bundle of His*
-the only electrical junction between atria and ventricles
4)Right and Left Bundle Branches
-two pathways that split from the AV bundle
5)Purkinje Fibers
-complete the pathway through the interventricular septum
-more elaborate on left side of heart b/c the L side is so much larger
Term
Heart Block
Definition
-any damage to the AV node that interferes with the ability of the ventricles to receive pacing impulses
Term
Heart Sounds
Definition
-associated with closing of heat valves
FIRST SOUND
-occurs as AV valve closes
-louder, longer, and more resonant than second
SECOND SOUND
-occurs as SL valves snap shut at beginning of ventricular relaxation (diastole)
-short, sharp sound
Term
Systole vs Diastole
Definition
SYSTOLE
-period of contraction
DIASTOLE
-period of relaxation
Term
Stroke Volume
Definition
-volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat
Term
Norepinephrine on Heart Beat
Definition
-emotional or physical stressors cause sympathetic nerve fibers to release norenephrine to bind to receptors in the heart and the threshold is reached more quickly
-result, pacemaker fires more rapidly and heart responds by beating faster
Term
Fetal Shunts
Definition
-Foramen Ovale turns into Fossa Ovalis in an adult
-Ductus Arterioso turns into Ligamentum Arteriosum
-Ductus Venosus bypasses liver in fetus
Term
Arteries
Definition
-carry blood AWAY from the heart
Term
Veins
Definition
-Carry blood TOWARD the heart
Term
Structure of Blood Vessel Walls
Definition
TUNICA INTIMA
-innermost tunic
-in intimate contact with the blood in the lumen
-contains the endothelium

TUNICA MEDIA
-middle tunic
-smooth muscle cells and sheets of elastin
-critical in regulating circulatory dynamics b/c small changes in vessel diameter greatly influence blood flow and blood pressure

TUNICA EXTERNA
-outermost layer of a BV wall
-composed largely of loosely woven collagen fibers
-protect and reinforce the vessel
-anchor vessel to surrounding structures
Term
Arterioles
Definition
-control blood going through capillaries
-resistance vessels
-when A's constrict, tissues served are largely bypassed
-when A's dilate, blood flow into the local capillaries increases dramatically
Term
Capillaries
Definition
-the smallest blood vessels
-role of exchange of materials (gases nutrients, hormones, etc) between the blood and the interstitial fluid
Term
Types of Capillaries
Definition
CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES
-least permeable
-most common
-abundant in the skin and muscles

FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES
-fenestrated means pore
-increased permeability
-occurs in special locations (kidney, small intestine, etc)

SINUSOIDAL CAPILLARIES
-most permeable
-found only in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medula
-allows large molecules and even blood cells to pass between blood and surrounding tissues
Term
Veins
Definition
-called CAPACITANCE VESSELS and BLOOD RESERVOIRS
-up to 65% of the body's blood supply is found in the veins at any time
Term
Venous Valves
Definition
-valves that prevent blood from flowing backwards
-most abundant in the veins of the limbs, where the upward flow of blood is opposed by gravity
Term
Blood Flow
Definition
-the volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ, or the entire circulation in a given period (ml/min)
Term
Blood Pressure
Definition
-the force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood (mm Hg)
Term
Resistance
Definition
-opposition to flow and is a measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through the vessels
Term
Types of Resistance
Definition
VISCOSITY
-the internal resistance to flow that exists in all fluids
-thickness or "stickiness" of a fluid

BV LENGTH
-the longer the vessel, the greater the resistance

BV DIAMETER
-fluid close to the wall of a tube or channel is slowed by friction as it passes along the wall, whereas fluid in the center of the tube flows more freely and faster
Term
Blood Flow along a Pressure Gradient
Definition
-blood always flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure
Term
3 Ways Arterial Blood Pressure Increases
Definition
1)When there is an increase in stroke volume
2)when there is an increase in heart rate
3)when there is a rising of the blood volume
Term
2 Factors of Why Low Capillary Blood Pressure is Desirable
Definition
1)Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them
2) Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even the low capillary pressure forces solute-containing fluids (filtrate out of the bloodstream into the interstitial space
Term
Respiratory Pump
Definition
-first most important adaptation in venous return
-Created by pressure changes that occur in the ventral body cavity during breathing that helps to move blood up toward the heart
Term
Muscular Pump
Definition
-2nd most important adaptation in venous return
-"Milks" blood toward the heart as the skeletal muscles surrounding the deep veins contract and relax, and once blood passes each successive valve, it cannot flow back
Term
Sympathetic Control
Definition
-3rd adaptation of venous return
-layer of smooth muscle around the veins that constricts, increasing venous return
Term
What regulates blood pressure?
Definition
-cardiac output
-peripheral resistance
-blood volume
Term
Short-Term Mechanisms: Hormonal Controls
Definition
ADRENAL MEDULLA HORMONES
-releases norepinephrine and epinephrine to the blood

ANGIOTENSIN II
-stimulates intense vasoconstriction, promoting a rapid rise in systemic blood pressure
-also stimulates release of aldosterone and ADH

ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE
-causes blood volume and blood pressure to decline

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
-stimulates the kidneys to conserve water
Term
Aldosterone
Definition
-promotes an increase in blood pressure b/c it increases blood volume
-hormone that enhances renal reabsorption of sodium
Term
Hypotension
Definition
-low blood pressure
-systolic pressure below 100 mm Hg
Term
Hypertension
Definition
-high blood pressure
Term
Causes of Hypertension
Definition
-heredity (runs in families)
-diet (high intakes of salt)
-obesity
-age
-diabetes mellitus
-stress
-smoking
Term
Tissue Perfusion
Definition
-blood flow through body tissues
Term
Tissue Perfusion is involved in:
Definition
1)delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from, tissue cells

2)gas exchange in the lungs

3) absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract

4)urine formation in the kidneys
Term
Skeletal Muscles and Exercise
Definition
-blood flow to skeletal muscles can increase tenfold or more during physical activity; they become ENGORGED w/ blood during exercise
Term
The Skin (Blood Flow)
Definition
*blood flow to skin increases as environmental temp rises
-BF 1)supplies nutrients to cells, 2) aids in body temperature regulation, 3) provides a blood resevoir
Term
Hydrostatic Pressure
Definition
-the force exerted by a fluid pressing against a wall
-same as capillary blood pressure
Term
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Definition
-the force opposing hydrostatic pressure
-created by the presence in a fluid of large nondiffusible molecules, such as plasma proteins that are unable to cross capillary wall
Term
Pulmonary Trunk Circuit
Definition
1) divides to form the right and left pulmonary arteries
2) in lungs the PA's divide into the lobar arteries
3)formation of pulmonary capillaries
4)capillary beds drain into venules, which join to form the two pulmonary veins exiting from each lung
Term
Hepatic Portal System
Definition
-carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver, where it can be "treated" before it reaches the rest of the body
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