Term
| what is the agglutinogens? |
|
Definition
antigens act as finger print; identity of the RBC |
|
|
Term
| A and B glycoproteins on the surface of RBCs function as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antigen A on surface anti B Will agglutinate when exposed with Anti A |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antigen B Anti A will agglutinate when exposed to Anti B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antigen A and Antigen B has neither Anti-A nor Anti-B |
|
|
Term
| What blood type is a universal recipient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has neither antigen on surface has both anti A and anti B |
|
|
Term
| what blood type is a universal donor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in monkeys if found in the blood it is Rh+ Antigen D |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no complications following the first exposure to Rh antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hemolytic disease of newborn mother's antibodies can cross placental barrier |
|
|
Term
the first exposure of Rh+ blood would be fatal for a person with Rh- blood? True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to create a universal blood cell that can be used in all blood transfusion, one can... |
|
Definition
| remove the antigen using glycosidases |
|
|
Term
| how is agglutination caused? |
|
Definition
| the interaction of antigens on the surface of the red blood cells and the antibodies in the blood plasma causes problems in blood transfusion |
|
|
Term
| what is the clumping of blood cells called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antibodies have how many binding sites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
break down the word hemolysis |
|
Definition
hemo= blood lysis=breaking down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attached to the large blood vessels; lies beneath rib cage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
distal end PMI- point of maximum intensity |
|
|
Term
break down the word pericardium |
|
Definition
peri= around cardium= heart |
|
|
Term
| what does the pericardium do? |
|
Definition
| encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| what are the three layers of the pericardium? |
|
Definition
fibrous pericardium visceral layer parietal layer |
|
|
Term
| the outer layer of the pericardium is known as and what does it do? |
|
Definition
fibrous pericardium it protects the heart |
|
|
Term
| the two inner layers are known as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what layer is adherent to the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what layer is adherent to the fibrous pericardium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is known as the space between the parietal layer and the visceral layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the pericardial cavity contain? |
|
Definition
| small amounts of serous fluid |
|
|
Term
| what does the serous fluid act as? |
|
Definition
| lubricant to reduce the friction between membranes as the heart moves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation of the pericardium due to viral or bacterial infection hinders production of serous fluid painful makes a different noise with the stethoscope |
|
|
Term
| name the three layers of the heart |
|
Definition
epicardium myocardium endocardium |
|
|
Term
| what does the epicardium do? |
|
Definition
protective outer layer sercrets serous fluid |
|
|
Term
| The function of the serous fluid is to.... |
|
Definition
minimize friction minimize heat heart function in pumping blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
middle layer thick consists largely of the cardiac muscle tissue contraction layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inner layer contains blood vessels and muscle fibers protective inner lining of the chambers and valves |
|
|
Term
| what structure of the heart wall consumes the most energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the upper chambers of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two ventricles are considered which chambers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the atrium has a thin wall true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small ear like projections |
|
|
Term
| what muscles does the right atrium contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the shallow depression that was once a opening during the fetal heart called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the ventricles do? |
|
Definition
force blood out of heart arteries thick wall of muscles |
|
|
Term
| what does the interatrial septum do? |
|
Definition
| seperate right from left atrium |
|
|
Term
| what does the interventricular septum do? |
|
Definition
| seperate right from left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| what is the pulmonary circuit? |
|
Definition
right side of heart heart ----> lungs |
|
|
Term
| what does the systemic circuit do? |
|
Definition
left side of heart heart ----------> body tissues |
|
|
Term
| what is the coronary circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
vessels called veins/arteries. oxygenated blood are carried only in arteries. deoxygenated blood is only carried in veins true or false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the blood is coming from the heart what is it....a vein or artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the blood is going to the lungs is that a vein or artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which structure in an exception to the general principle surrounding blood vessels oxygen vessels? |
|
Definition
| pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein |
|
|
Term
where does the right side of the heart receive blood from? |
|
Definition
superior vena cava inferior vena cava coronary sinus (collects from itself) |
|
|
Term
what type of blood is on the right side of the heart? oxygenated or deoxygenated |
|
Definition
deoxygenated high in CO2 low in O2 |
|
|
Term
locate the coronary sinus and what does it do?
|
|
Definition
[image] blood drainage from the heart (myocardium) |
|
|
Term
| what kind of valve does the right atrium and right ventricle have? |
|
Definition
tricuspid blood flow in one direction |
|
|
Term
| what are the string like cords that attach cusps and ventricles on the right side of the heart called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the chordae tendinae do and where do they originate? |
|
Definition
prevent the cusps from swining back into the atrium originate from the papillary muscle |
|
|
Term
| What side of the heart is much thinner than the other? |
|
Definition
right side pumps only the lungs |
|
|
Term
| where does the right ventricle exit from? |
|
Definition
pulmonary trunk which turns into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs must pass through the semilunar valve (pulmonary valve) |
|
|
Term
| is there chordae tendinae with the semilunar valves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the semilunar valves do? |
|
Definition
| prevents the back flow of blood to ventricles |
|
|
Term
| is the left side of the heart systemic or pulmonary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium in which way? oxygenated or not |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the bicuspid valve in the left atrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the blood forced on the left side of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the first two branches of the aorta called and what do they do? |
|
Definition
right and left coronary arteries supply blood to the tissues of the heart |
|
|
Term
| where does the coronary sinus drain empty into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what purpose does the coronary circuit serve? |
|
Definition
| it delievers 1/20 of the blood supply necessary to support heart function |
|
|
Term
| cardiac veins drain the capillaries of the.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are things associated with a mitral valve prolapse? |
|
Definition
chest pain fatigue anxiety |
|
|
Term
| do the artial walls relax or contract while the ventricular walls relax |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do we get the "lubb dubb" sound? |
|
Definition
contraction and relaxation of the heart tissues opening and closing of the heart valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first sound ventricular contraction -systole tricuspid and mitral valve slamming shut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
second sound ventricular relaxation-diastole pulmonary and aortic valves |
|
|
Term
| the type of valve in the pulmonary and aortic is called.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contractions become rapid, irregular and out of phase SA node no longer in control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electrical shock to the heart interrupts chaotic fibrillations and attempts to restore SA control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute heart rate x stoke volume=cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| where do the electrical changes occur during a cardiac cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what conducts the electrical currents that can be detected on the surface of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the P wave corresponds to the what of the atrial fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the ventricle muscles repolarize slowly and reproduce which wave do they make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The QRS wave is repolarizing or depolarizing of the ventricules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic systems do what to the heart rate? |
|
Definition
accelerates heart rate ex. running, excitement |
|
|
Term
| what does parasympathetic systems do to the heart rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic systems are apart of the extrinsic regulation of heart beats. What does it secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| baroreceptors found in the aortic arch detect changes in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the normal resting heart rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the parasympatheric fibers release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parasympathetic system can change heart rate in either direction true or false |
|
Definition
true ex. decrease acetylcholine, increase heart rate; increase acetylcholine, decrease heart rate |
|
|
Term
| what hormone is from the adrenal medulla and increases the heart rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormone takes longer to react but causes a sustained increase in heart rate? |
|
Definition
| thyroxine from the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
tachycardia is a decrease in heart rate and can be caused by low body temp. drugs true or false |
|
Definition
false increased heart rate increased body temp. drugs stress |
|
|
Term
| bradycardia can be caused by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three major types of vessels? |
|
Definition
| arteries, capillaries and veins |
|
|
Term
| what type of vessel carries blood to the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of vessel carries blood away from the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three layers of blood vessels? |
|
Definition
tunica intima tunia media tunia adventitia |
|
|
Term
| what do large vessles contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the tunia intima do? |
|
Definition
separates the blood from the vessel wall helps to prevent clotthing by secreting chemicals that inhibit platelet aggregation provides a smooth surface |
|
|
Term
| the middle layer of blood vessels is the tunica media. What does it do? |
|
Definition
smooth muscle and elastin fibers gives the vessels elasticity |
|
|
Term
| what is the outer most layer of blood vessels do and made of? |
|
Definition
collagen fibers large vessels increase the tensil strength of the vessel |
|
|
Term
| when do arteries carry blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of arteries? |
|
Definition
elastic muscular arterioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thick walled arteries near the heart contains lots of elastin keeps blood flow continuous rather than stop/start |
|
|
Term
the muscular arteries deliever blood to body organs true or false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when are the muscular arteries most active? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the smallest of the arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the small arterioles contain? |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle and endothelial lining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connectors exchange between blood and interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
capillaries are the biggest blood vessel true or false |
|
Definition
false they are the smallest |
|
|
Term
| what do the capillaries connect? |
|
Definition
| smallest arterioles and smallest venules |
|
|
Term
| where are capillaries only found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of capillaries? |
|
Definition
continuous fenestrated sinusoidal |
|
|
Term
| what are the most common of capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the gaps in the membrane called in a capillary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do fenestrated capillaries have? |
|
Definition
| pores called fenestrations |
|
|
Term
| where are fenestrated capillaries located? |
|
Definition
where absorption or filtration takes place ex. small intestine kidneys |
|
|
Term
| what are the discontinuous capillaries known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are sinusoid capillaries found? |
|
Definition
liver bone marrow lymph tissue |
|
|
Term
| what capillary is associated with Kupffer cells that destroy bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are capillaries made; their walls, layers? |
|
Definition
walls are endothelium, single layer form a semipermeable layer through which the exchange of gases and wastes take place |
|
|
Term
| what is the most important means of transfer in capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the order of blood vessels? |
|
Definition
arterie-->arterioles--->capillaries----> venules--->veins--->heart |
|
|
Term
| what part of the body has the least permeable capillaries and which has the most? |
|
Definition
the brain has the least the bone marrow has the most |
|
|
Term
| do the capillaries have sphincters that regulate the opening and closing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are capillaries regulated by sphincters? |
|
Definition
they don't have smooth muscles so they cant regulate blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microscopic vessels that emerge from capillaries and merge to form veins |
|
|
Term
the walls are similiar in veins as in arteries? true or false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
veins dont have valves true or false |
|
Definition
| false, they do have valves to maintain the blood flow in one direction |
|
|
Term
| what do veins function as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| of the following cardio components, which contains the majority of the body's blood volume at anyone time? |
|
Definition
| systemic veins and venules |
|
|
Term
| how are varicose veins started? |
|
Definition
stress--->vein dialation---> valve malfunction |
|
|
Term
| what are merging blood vessels known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do vascular anastomoses do? |
|
Definition
| provide alternate pathways |
|
|
Term
| what are the three tersm for circulation? |
|
Definition
blood flow blood pressure resistance |
|
|
Term
| define the term blood flow |
|
Definition
| volume of blood flowing through a structure/time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| force on the vessel wall based on the blood |
|
|
Term
| what is blood pressure measured in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
blood flow and blood pressure are directly proportional true or false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is resistance in terms of circulation? |
|
Definition
| opposition to flow friction |
|
|
Term
blood flow is directly proportional to resistance true or false |
|
Definition
false they are indirectly proportional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the ease with which molecules flow past one another |
|
|
Term
| what factors increase viscosity? |
|
Definition
| blood cells and plasma proteins |
|
|
Term
anemia will _________ of blood increase or decrease the viscosity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| of the factor that affects peripheral resistance, which is changing more frequently? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three systemic blood pressures? |
|
Definition
arterial BP venous BP capillary BP |
|
|
Term
| what does arterial BP do? |
|
Definition
reflects two factors of the arteries close the heart elasticity amount of blood forces into them |
|
|
Term
| is arterial BP constant or fluctuates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is systolic pressure? |
|
Definition
the maximum pressure during ventricular contraction |
|
|
Term
| what is diastole pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how do you calculate MAP (mean arterial pressure) |
|
Definition
diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure pulse pressure = systolic- diastolic |
|
|
Term
| a person has 140 MM systolic and 80 MM diastolic. what is their MAP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the range for capillary BP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is this capillary BP desired to be low? |
|
Definition
otherwise it would rupture the thin walls of the capillaries |
|
|
Term
| how do you know when a vein has been cut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when an artery is lacerated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the only vein that doesn't drain into the right atrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pressure in the right atrium called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what condition results in lowering the heart rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are two factors that increase the CVP |
|
Definition
increase blood volume widespread venoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| where is the systemic pressure the highest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the steepest change in blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the BP is responsible for returning the blood in the vena cava to the right atrium true or false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the formula for blood pressure |
|
Definition
| Cardiac output x peripheral resistance |
|
|
Term
| which factor affecting blood pressure; which is the most easily regulated? |
|
Definition
| vessel diameter/cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| what short-term things control blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| neurons, hormones and neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| what do the short term controls do for the blood pressure? |
|
Definition
alters peripheral resistance changes the diameter of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| what do baroreceptors do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do chemoreceptors do? |
|
Definition
| sense the change in pH, ions....etc |
|
|
Term
| what is the pressure of baroreceptors within the arterial walls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pressure of baroreceptors within the venous walls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the cardiovascular center? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cardiac center made up of? |
|
Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| what two centers make up the cardiovascular center |
|
Definition
| cardiac center and vasomotor center (found in the brain) |
|
|
Term
the sympathetic increase heart activity true or false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the vasomotor center connected to the heart? what nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increase blood pressure stimulate the cardioinhibitory center to do what. (2) |
|
Definition
increase vessel diameter decrease heart rate, cardiac output, PR and BP |
|
|
Term
| declining blood pressure stimulate the cardioacceleratory center to do what? (1) |
|
Definition
| increase cardiac output and PR |
|
|
Term
| low blood pressure stimulates the vasomotor center to do that with the blood vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do baroreceptors protect against? |
|
Definition
| steep changes in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| where is the blood pressure in baroreceptors low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the blood pressure in the baroreceptors high? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are the set points for baroreceptors set higher or lower than normal? |
|
Definition
higher 100-120 systolic 60-80 diastolic |
|
|
Term
| predict what might happen in peripheral resistance in arterioles supplying skeletal muslce when pH levels drop? |
|
Definition
| vasodilation in vessels supplying skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| chemoreceptors detect changes in what? |
|
Definition
Blood O2 levels CO2 levels blood H+ levels |
|
|
Term
| below diastolic pressure, the baroreceptors are...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the renal system (long term control) regulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organ acts directly and indirectly to maintain long-term blood pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the indirect renal mechanism |
|
Definition
| reninangiotensin mechanism |
|
|
Term
| what enhances renal reabsorption and stimulates ADH release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decreasing BP causes the release of renin, which triggers the release of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| endothelium derived factors and prostaglandins are both what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ANP causes blood volume and pressure to decline true or false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what chemicals cause a decrease in blood pressure? |
|
Definition
nitric oxide alcohol inflammatory chemicals |
|
|
Term
| how do you monitor circulatory efficiency? |
|
Definition
vital signs pulse and blood pressure respiratory rate body temperature |
|
|
Term
| low BP in which systolic pressure is below 100 mm Hg is known as what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition of sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deposition becomes hard due to plaque inflammation |
|
|
Term
| how is the blood flow through an organ controlled? |
|
Definition
| modifying the diameter of local arterioles feeding its capillaries |
|
|
Term
blood flow doesn't need to be constant with blood pressure true or false |
|
Definition
false blood flow should be kept constant with BP |
|
|
Term
| what are two intrinsic mechanisms for autoregulation of bloow flow? |
|
Definition
metabolic myogenic (muscle) |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the nutrients and oxygen level in metabolic controls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is delivered to the tissues in metabolic controls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the nitric oxide in metabolic controls induce vasoconstriction or vasodilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood flow through tissues |
|
|
Term
| in myogenic controls, inadequate blood perfusion or high arterial pressure are what.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
increased vascular pressure in myogenic controls will do what? vasoconstriction or vasodilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is long term autoregulation turned on |
|
Definition
| when the short term autoregulation cannot meet tissue nutrient requirements |
|
|
Term
| formation of new vessels is known as what in long term autoregulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bad angiogenesis can result in what? |
|
Definition
| new supply of cancer growth |
|
|
