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Chapters 1-2
The Skull and Nervous System
221
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/26/2018

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Term
Major parts of the brain
Definition
1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Brain stem
Term
Subparts of cerebrum
Definition
a) Telencephalon
b) Diencephalon
Term
Subparts of brainstem
Definition
a) Mid-brain
b) Pons
c) Medulla Oblongata
Term
Poles of the brain
Definition
Frontal pole
Temporal pole
Occipital pole
Term
Which structure is the largest of the brain that is most recently involved?
Definition
Telenchephalon
Term
Fissure that separates the left and right hemispheres of the brain
Definition
Sagittal fissure
Term
Fissure that separates the telenchephalon and diencephalon
Definition
Horizontal fissure
Term
Fissure that separates the temporal lobe and upper cerebellum
Definition
Lateral fissure
Term
What is a gyrus?
Definition
Folds (bumps)
Term
What are sulci?
Definition
Valley
Term
Name the 3 main gyri
Definition
1. Pre-central gyrus (motor cortex)
2. Post-central gyrus (sensory cortex)
3. Cingulate gyrus
Term
Name the 6 main sulci
Definition
1. Pre-central sulcus
2. Central sulcus
3. Post-central sulcus
4. Cingulate sulcus
5. Parieto-occipital sulcus
6. Calcarine sulcus
Term
The parts of the Diencephalon
Definition
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus
Term
Located at either end of the third ventricle; main sensory nucleus that processes every sense except smell
Definition
Thalamus
Term
Below thalamus, attached directly to pituitary gland
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
Small nucleus below thalamus
Definition
Subthalamus
Term
Small nucleus behind thalamus
Definition
Epithalamus
Term
What is the cortex folded into?
Definition
Gyri and Sulci
Term
Structures of grey matter
Definition
Cortex and the Basal Ganglia
Term
Parts of the Basal Ganglia
Definition
1. Lentiform nucleus
2. Caudate nucleus
3. Amygdala
Term
Main function of the basal ganglia
Definition
motor function
Term
Parts of the lentiform nucleus
Definition
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Term
Which structures are on the same horizontal level as the basal ganglia?
Definition
Thalamus and internal capsule
Term
3 types of fibers that make up white matter axons
Definition
1. Association fibers
2. Commissural fibers
3. Projection fibers
Term
Fibers that make up commissural fibers
Definition
a) Anterior commisure (small)
b) Posterior commisure (tiny)
c) Corpus Collosum (HUGE)
Term
Fibers that communicate within each hemisphere
Definition
Association fibers
Term
Fibers that communicate between the hemispheres
Definition
Commissural fibers
Term
Fiber the runs from frontal to occipital lobe, and below sagittal fissure
Definition
Corpus collosum
Term
Parts of the Corpus Collosum
Definition
a) Genu (anterior)
b) Body (long)
c) Splenium (posterior)
Term
Fibers that communicate within different levels of the nervous system
Definition
Projection fibers
Term
Another name for the midbrain
Definition
Mesencephalon
Term
Anteriorly connects the thalamus to the pons
Definition
Cerebral Peduncles
Term
Anterior structures of the brain stem
Definition
Cerebral peduncles
Mammillary bodies
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Term
Posterior structures of the brain stem
Definition
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Fourth ventricle
Cerebellum
Term
Structures of the midbrain
Definition
Paired mammillary bodies (anterior)
Superior/inferior
Term
Cranial nerves between midbrain and pons
Definition
CN III- Oculomotor
CN IV- trochlear
Term
Bridges cerebral hemispheres
Definition
Pons
Term
Posterior aspects of the pons
Definition
Fourth ventricle
Cerebellum
Term
Cranial nerve that emerges from pons
Definition
CN V- trigeminal
Term
Anterior aspects of the Medulla Oblongata
Definition
Olives (lateral)
Pyramids (anterior)
Term
Main function of cerebellum
Definition
Coordination
Term
Main connection of cerebellum to brain stem
Definition
Large middle cerebellar peduncles
Term
Hoe many sets of spinal nerves emerge from spinal cord passing through intervertebral foramen
Definition
32
Term
The bottom point of the spinal cord that attaches to sacrum
Definition
Conus medullaris
Term
Attachment of conus medullaris to sacrum
Definition
Filum terminale
Term
Vertebrae that spinal cord ends
Definition
L1/2
Term
Nerves that exit below L2
Definition
Cauda equina (horses tail)
Term
Enlargements of the spinal cord
Definition
Cervical enlargement (upper limbs)
Lumbar enlargement (lower limbs)
Term
'H' section of spinal cord
Definition
Grey matter
Term
Posterior horns
Definition
Dorsal root- sensory function
Term
Anterior horns
Definition
Ventral root- motor function
Term
The sections of Intermediate horns
Definition
T1-L2
Term
Function of intermediate horn
Definition
Sympathetic nervous functions
Term
Sections of white matter
Definition
Anterior funiculi
Lateral funiculi
Posterior funiculi
Term
A network of communication cavities that secrete CSF
Definition
Ventricles
Term
Structures on lateral ventricles that contain CSF
Definition
Choroid plexuses
Term
Connects lateral to third ventricle
Definition
Foramen of Munro
Term
Orientation of third ventricles
Definition
Sagittal
Term
Location of third ventricle
Definition
Between two halves of the thalamus
Term
Connects third to fourth ventricles
Definition
Aqueduct of Slyvius
Term
Shape of fourth ventricle
Definition
Pyramidal/triangular
Term
Anterior to fourth ventricle
Definition
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Term
Posterior to fourth ventricle
Definition
Cerebellum
Term
Foramen beneath fourth ventricle
Definition
Foramen of Luschka
Foramen of Magendie
Term
Where does CSF travel to after foramen of Luschka and Magendie?
Definition
Subarachnoid space
Term
What is the fourth ventricle continuous with?
Definition
Spinal cord
Term
Specialized membranes of the meninges
Definition
1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pia mater
Term
Functions of meninges
Definition
Protects and supports the brain and spinal cord
Term
What do the meninges contain?
Definition
CSF
Term
The outer most layer of the meninges
Definition
Dura mater (tough mother)
Term
Fat filled space between dura matter and spinal cord
Definition
Epidural space
Term
Where meninges fold into the sagittal fissure
Definition
Falx cerebri
Term
Function of Falx cerebri
Definition
Prevents hemisphere collision
Term
Where meninges fold into horizontal fissure
Definition
Tentorium cerebelli
Term
The dura mater is firmly attached too ______
Definition
The skull
Term
Cranial venous channels in Dura mater
Definition
Dural venous sinus
Term
Middle layer of meninges
Definition
Arachnoid mater
Term
Space between arachnoid and pia mater in cranial vault; place where CSF circulates
Definition
Subarachnoid space
Term
Attachment between arachnoid and pia mater in the spinal column
Definition
Denticulate ligaments
Term
Innermost layer of meninges, attached to outermost layer of spinal cord (outter layer of CNS)
Definition
Pia Mater
Term
Where does CSF enter to from the subarachnoid space?
Definition
root of the falx
Term
Where does the CSF enter after the root of falx?
Definition
Superior sagittal sinus
Term
How does CSF enter the superior sagittal sinus?
Definition
Arachnoid villi
Term
Where does the superior sagittal sinus empty to?
Definition
Internal jugular vein
Term
Large openings in the subarachnoid space
Definition
Cistern
Term
Largest cistern; most common place to sample CSF
Definition
Lumbar cistern
Term
Where does the brain receive its blood supply?
Definition
Internal carotid arteries
Vertebral arteries
Term
Where does the Internal carotid artery pass through?
Definition
Carotid canal
Term
Where does the Vertebral artery pass through?
Definition
Foramen Magnum
Term
The vertebral arteries create ______
Definition
Basilar artery
Term
The basilar artery creates ______
Definition
2 posterior cerebral arteries
Term
The internal carotid artery creates ______ at the _____
Definition
Middle and anterior cerebral arteries; sella turcica
Term
Joins the two anterior cerebral arteries
Definition
Anterior communicating artery (1)
Term
Joins the posterior and middle cerebral arteries
Definition
Posterior communicating arteries (2)
Term
The name of the system system of arteries to the brain
Definition
Circle of Willis
Term
The structure that the circle of Willis surrounds
Definition
The pituitary gland
Term
Blood supply to the sagittal surface and periphery outer cortex
Definition
Anterior and posterior cerebral arteries
Term
Enters through lateral fissure and supplies centre of the brain
Definition
Middle cerebral artery
Term
Supply to the cerebellum
Definition
inferior and superior cerebral arteries
Term
Blood supply to the spinal cord
Definition

Superiorly- vertebral arteries

Inferiorly- Aorta

Term
The veins of the brain empty into the _____, then drain into the ______
Definition
Dural venous sinuses; internal jugular vein
Term
PNS is divided into the _____
Definition
Somatic and autonomic nervous systems
Term
Provides voluntary motor control and general sensory information
Definition
Somatic nervous system
Term
Nerves that make up the somatic nervous system
Definition
31/32 pairs of spinal nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves
Term
Where spinal nerves exit vertebral column
Definition
Intervertebral foramen
Term
Dorsal root function
Definition
Receives sensory information (afferent)
Term
Ventral root function
Definition
Sends motor information (efferent)
Term
What does the spinal nerve split into?
Definition
Dorsal rami
Ventral rami
Term
When do sacral spinal nerves split?
Definition
Before exiting foramen
Term
The cell body of motor nerves are located in the _____, and run into the _____
Definition
anterior horn; ventral root
Term
The cell body of sensory nerves are located in the _____
Definition
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG)
Term
Which neurons communicate with the DRG?
Definition
Peripheral (sensory) neurons
Term
Axons from the DRG synapse in the _____
Definition
Dorsal horn
Term
Which structures carry sensory information to brain?
Definition
Spinal cord
Brain stem
Thalamus
Internal Capsule
Term
Which senses are carried out by the dorsal column
Definition
Discriminatory touch (fine)
Joint position (proprioception)
Vibration
Term
Which senses are carried out by the anteriolateral column
Definition
Non-discriminatory touch (crude)
Pain
Temperature
Term
Medial component of the dorsal column; most of trunk and lower limb
Definition
Fasciculus Gracilis
Term
Lateral component of the dorsal column; upper thorax, limb, neck)
Definition
Fasciculus Cuneatus
Term
Secondary neurons in lower medulla that synapse with dorsal column
Definition
Nucleus Gracilis
Nucleus Cuneatus
Term
As the point of synapse, secondary neurons _____ and become ______
Definition
Crossover; contralateral
Term
Ascending fiber bundle that secondary dorsal column axons pass through
Definition
Medial lemniscus
Term
Where secondary dorsal column axons synapse
Definition
Thalamus
Term
The dorsal column pathway passes through the thalamus and enters the _________
Definition
Internal capsule
Term
The dorsal column pathway passes the dorsal column and goes to the _______
Definition
Post-central gyrus in the sensory cortex
Term
Where the sensory nerves of the anteriolateral column synapse
Definition
Dorsal horn
Term
Crossing over occurs _____ after the anteriolateral column synapses in the dorsal horn
Definition
Immediately
Term
After the anteriolateral axons crossover, they ascend into the ______
Definition
Anteriolateral tracts
Term
The anteriolateral axons synapse for a second time in the ______
Definition
thalamus
Term
Action potential from the thalamus goes to the ______
Definition
Post-central gyrus in the sensory cortex
Term
The most direct motor pathway
Definition
Corticospinal tract
Term
The corticospinal tract travels _____
Definition
Downward
Term
Motor activity in corticospinal tract begins in the ____
Definition
Pre-motor cortex and motor cortex
Term
Fibers in the corticospinal tract travels down the ______, then down the ______, ______, and then the ______
Definition
Internal capsule; cerebral peduncles; pons; pyramids of medulla
Term
In lower medulla, most of the fibers of the corticospinal tract crossover to form the ______
Definition
lateral corticospinal tract
Term
Fibers that don't crossover in the corticospinal tract remain _______ to form the _______
Definition
Epsilateral; anterior coticospinal tract
Term
Fibers of the corticospinal tract synapse in the _____ with the ______
Definition
Anterior horn; large anterior horn neurons
Term
Axons of the corticospinal tract leave the spinal cord through the ______ and form spinal nerve with sensory neurons
Definition
Ventral root
Term
Motor tracts of the extra pyramidal system
Definition
1. Rubrospinal tract
2. Vestibulospinal tract
3. Reticulospinal tract
Term
The origin of the extra pyramidal tracts
Definition
Lower part of brain and brainstem
Term
The functions of the extra pyramidal tracts
Definition
Muscle tone
Muscle control
Extensor funtions
Term
CN I
Definition
Olfactory
Term
CN II
Definition
Optic
Term
CN III
Definition
Oculomotor
Term
CN IV
Definition
Trochlear
Term
CN V
Definition
Trigeminal
Term
CN VI
Definition
Abducens
Term
CN VII
Definition
Facial
Term
CN VIII
Definition
Vesibulococlear
Term
CN IX
Definition
Glossopharyngeal
Term
CN X
Definition
Vagus
Term
CN XI
Definition
Spinal Accessory
Term
CN XII
Definition
Hypoglossal
Term
Which cranial nerves are sensory?
Definition
CN 1, 2, and 8
Term
Which cranial nerves are motor?
Definition
CN 3, 4, 6, 11, and 12
Term
Which cranial nerves are both sensory and motor?
Definition
CN 5, 7, 9, and 10
Term
Action of CN 1
Definition
Smell
Term
Action of CN 2
Definition
Sight
Term
Action of CN 3
Definition
Eye movement
Term
Action of CN 4
Definition
Eye movement
Term
Action of CN 5
Definition
Facial sensation and mastication
Term
Action of CN 6
Definition
Eye movement
Term
Action of CN 7
Definition
Facial expression and taste
Term
Action of CN 8
Definition
Hearing and balance
Term
Action of CN 9
Definition
Taste and general sensation
Term
Action of CN 10
Definition
Larynx sense and movement
Term
Action of CN 11
Definition
Upper limb movement (traps)
Term
Action of CN 12
Definition
Tongue movement
Term
Foramen of CN 1
Definition
Cribriform plate
Term
Foramen of CN 2
Definition
Optic canal
Term
Foramen of CN 3
Definition
Superior orbital fissure
Term
Foramen of CN 4
Definition
Superior orbital fissure
Term
Foramen of CN V1
Definition
Superior orbital fissure
Term
Foramen of CN V2
Definition
Foramen rotundum
Term
Foramen of CN V3
Definition
Foramen ovale
Term
Foramen of CN 6
Definition
Superior orbital fissure
Term
Foramen of CN 7
Definition
Stylomastoid foramen
Term
Foramen of CN 8
Definition
Internal acoustic meatus
Term
Foramen of CN 9
Definition
Jugular foramen
Term
Foramen of CN 10
Definition
Jugular foramen
Term
Foramen of CN 11
Definition
Jugular foramen
Term
Foramen of CN 12
Definition
Hypoglossal canal
Term
Small groups of olfactory neurons originate in the _____
Definition
Olfactory mucosa
Term
Where the olfactory nerve and other nerves synapse
Definition
Olfactory bulb
Term
Where the olfactory bulb is located
Definition
On top of cribriform plate
Term
Where the olfactory nerve runs back to
Definition
Rhinencephalon (olfactory cortex)
Term
Where the optic nerves come together and crossover
Definition
Optic chiasm
Term
Where the optic nerve synapses
Definition
Lateral geniculate bodies (thalamus)
Term
Where CN 6 emerges from
Definition
Junction of the pons and medulla
Term
Where CN 3 and 4 emerge from
Definition
Junction of the midbrain and pons
Term
Where CN 5 emerges from
Definition
Pons
Term
Muscles supplied by CN 3, 4, 6
Definition
Extra ocular muscles
Term
Extra ocular muscles of CN 3
Definition
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior oblique
Levator palpebrae superioris
Term
Extra ocular muscles of CN 4
Definition
Superior oblique
Term
Extra ocular muscle of CN 6
Definition
Lateral rectus
Term
First trigeminal nerve component
Definition
Opthalmic
Term
Function of opthalmic nerve component
Definition
Forehead (sensory)
Term
Second trigeminal nerve component
Definition
Maxillary
Term
Function of maxillary component
Definition
Cheek movement
Term
Third trigeminal nerve component
Definition
Mandibular
Term
Function of mandibular nerve component
Definition
Jaw movement
Muscles of mastication (chewing)
Term
Exit of First trigeminal nerve component
Definition
Orbit of eye
Term
Exit of Second trigeminal nerve component
Definition
Infraorbital foramen
Term
Exit of Third trigeminal nerve component
Definition
Mental foramen
Term
Where the Third trigeminal nerve component enters jaw
Definition
Mandibular foramen
Term
Where CN 9 is attached
Definition
Medulla
Term
CN 9 parasympathetic nerve supply to the ____
Definition
Parotid glands
Term
CN 9 motor inntervation to the _____
Definition
stylopharyngeus muscle
Term
CN 9 sensory innervation to the _____
Definition
posterior 1/3 tongue and pharynx
Term
Cn 7 passes through the ____ before it exits skull from the _________
Definition
internal acoustic meatus; stylomastoid foramen
Term
How many branches does the facial nerve fan out to innervate facial expression muscles
Definition
5
Term
CN 7 provides sensory innervation to _______
Definition
Anterior 2/3 of tongue
Term
CN 7 provides parasympathetic supply to the ________
Definition
Submandibular, sublingual, lacrimal glands
Term
The vagus nerve is the _________
Definition
Great parasympathetic nerve of the thorax and abdomen
Term
CN 10 provides sensory and motor innervation to the _____
Definition
larynx
Term
CN 10 exits the _____ below CN __
Definition
Medulla; 9
Term
Where roots of CN 11 exit spinal cord
Definition
Upper cervical level
Term
Spinal accessory nerve coalesce and travel through the _____
Definition
Foramen magnum
Term
CN 11 emerges from _____
Definition
side of the medulla
Term
Muscles CN 11 supply
Definition
Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
Term
Where CN 12 emerges from
Definition
Between pyramid and olive of medulla
Term
CN 12 supplies
Definition
Intrinsic/extrinsic tongue muscles
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