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Chapter 1
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology; 10th edition by Marieb
64
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
06/16/2015

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Cards

Term
Anatomy
Definition
The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts, and their relationship to one another
Term
Physiology
Definition
The study of how the body and its parts function
Term
Gross Anatomy
Definition
Study of large, easily observable structures in the body
Term
Microscopic Anatomy
Definition
Study of body structures that are not observable to the naked eye
Term
Levels of Structural Organization
Definition
atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
Term
Atoms
Definition
building blocks of matter; combine to form molecules
Term
Cells
Definition
Smallest units of living things
Term
Tissues
Definition
Consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function
Term
Organs
Definition
Structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
Term
Organ Systems
Definition
Group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
Term
Organism
Definition
Composed of 11 organ systems (humans); Sum total of all structural levels
Term
Integumentary System
Definition
Skin; waterproofs body, cushions/protects deeper tissues from injury, helps regulate body temperature
Term
Skeletal System
Definition
Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints; Supports the body and provides a framework for muscles that cause movement
Term
Hematopoiesis
Definition
Formation of blood cells, occurs in skeletal cavities
Term
Muscular System
Definition
Skeletal muscles; allow the body to move and manipulate its environment
Term
Nervous System
Definition
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors; Acts as a control system by detecting stimuli and providing the appropriate responses
Term
Endocrine System
Definition
Glands (see other card); Controls hormonal activity, which regulates various processes in the body
Term
Cardiovascular System
Definition
Heart and blood vessels; Pumps blood, which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones etc. to and from tissue cells
Term
Lymphatic System
Definition
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs; Cleanses blood, houses cells involved in immunity, and returns leaked fluid back to blood
Term
Respiratory System
Definition
Lungs, bronchi, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and nasal passages; Supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Term
Digestive System
Definition
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and rectum; Breaks down food and delivers nutrients to blood, also reclaims water
Term
Urinary System
Definition
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra; Removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body (electrolyte and acid-base balance)
Term
Reproductive System
Definition
Testes/Ovaries etc.; Produce offspring
Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, and testes
Term
Male Reproductive System
Definition
Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, testes, scrotum, penis
Term
Female Reproductive System
Definition
Mammary glands, uterine tube, ovaries, uterus, vagina
Term
Necessary Life Functions
Definition
Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
Term
Survival Needs
Definition
Nutrients, oxygen, water, and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure
Term
Responsiveness
Definition
The ability to sense changes in the environment and react to them
Term
Digestion
Definition
The process of breaking down ingested food into molecules that can be absorbed by the blood
Term
Metabolism
Definition
Refers to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
Term
Excretion
Definition
The process of removing wastes (excreta) from the body
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
The body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions
Term
Control Center
Definition
Determines the level at which a variable is to be maintained; determines appropriate responses
Term
Receptor
Definition
Sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment (Stimuli); sends information along the afferent pathway
Term
Effector
Definition
Enacts the control center's respose; sends information along the efferent pathway
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
Increase original stimulus to push variable farther from its original value
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
Reduces or shuts off original stimulus; most homeostatic mechanisms
Term
Anatomical position
Definition
Body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward
Term
Superior
Definition
Toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body
Term
Inferior
Definition
Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body
Term
Ventral
Definition
Toward the front of the body
Term
Dorsal
Definition
Toward the back of the body
Term
Medial
Definition
Toward or at the mid-line of the body
Term
Lateral
Definition
Away from the mid-line of the body
Term
Intermediate
Definition
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Term
Proximal
Definition
Close to the origin of the body part/attachment to the trunk
Term
Distal
Definition
Farther from the origin of a body part/attachment to the trunk
Term
Superficial
Definition
Toward/at the body surface; external
Term
Deep
Definition
Away from the body surface; internal
Term
Sagittal Section
Definition
Divides the body into right and left parts; midsagittal-equal parts, parasagittal-all others
Term
Frontal Section
Definition
Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts; coronal
Term
Transverse Section
Definition
Divides the body into superior and inferior parts; cross-section
Term
Cranial Cavity
Definition
Dorsal; space inside the skull-contains the brain
Term
Spinal Cavity
Definition
Dorsal; extends from cranial cavity to end of vertebral column-contains the spinal cord
Term
Thoracic Cavity
Definition
Ventral; superior to diaphragm-contains heart, lungs etc.
Term
Abdominal Cavity
Definition
Ventral; inferior to diaphragm-contains stomach, liver, intestines etc.
Term
Pelvic Cavity
Definition
Ventral; reside in pelvis-contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
Term
Mediastinum
Definition
Central region of thoracic cavity, houses heart, trachea etc.
Term
Abdominopelvic Regions
Definition
Right/Left hypochondriac, right/left lumbar, right/left iliac or inguinal, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric/pubic
Term
Oral/Digestive Cavities
Definition
Mouth (teeth/tongue), continuous with digestive organs
Term
Nasal Cavity
Definition
Posterior to nose; part of respiratory system
Term
Orbital Cavities
Definition
House the eyes
Term
Middle ear cavities
Definition
Medial to eardrums, contain inner ear bones
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