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| The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts, and their relationship to one another |
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| The study of how the body and its parts function |
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| Study of large, easily observable structures in the body |
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| Study of body structures that are not observable to the naked eye |
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| Levels of Structural Organization |
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| atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms |
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| building blocks of matter; combine to form molecules |
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| Smallest units of living things |
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| Consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function |
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| Structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body |
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| Group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose |
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| Composed of 11 organ systems (humans); Sum total of all structural levels |
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| Skin; waterproofs body, cushions/protects deeper tissues from injury, helps regulate body temperature |
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| Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints; Supports the body and provides a framework for muscles that cause movement |
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| Formation of blood cells, occurs in skeletal cavities |
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| Skeletal muscles; allow the body to move and manipulate its environment |
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| Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors; Acts as a control system by detecting stimuli and providing the appropriate responses |
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| Glands (see other card); Controls hormonal activity, which regulates various processes in the body |
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| Heart and blood vessels; Pumps blood, which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones etc. to and from tissue cells |
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| Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs; Cleanses blood, houses cells involved in immunity, and returns leaked fluid back to blood |
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| Lungs, bronchi, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and nasal passages; Supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide |
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| Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and rectum; Breaks down food and delivers nutrients to blood, also reclaims water |
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| Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra; Removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body (electrolyte and acid-base balance) |
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| Testes/Ovaries etc.; Produce offspring |
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| Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, and testes |
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| Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, testes, scrotum, penis |
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| Female Reproductive System |
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| Mammary glands, uterine tube, ovaries, uterus, vagina |
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| Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth |
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| Nutrients, oxygen, water, and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure |
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| The ability to sense changes in the environment and react to them |
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| The process of breaking down ingested food into molecules that can be absorbed by the blood |
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| Refers to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells |
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| The process of removing wastes (excreta) from the body |
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| The body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions |
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| Determines the level at which a variable is to be maintained; determines appropriate responses |
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| Sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment (Stimuli); sends information along the afferent pathway |
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| Enacts the control center's respose; sends information along the efferent pathway |
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| Increase original stimulus to push variable farther from its original value |
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| Reduces or shuts off original stimulus; most homeostatic mechanisms |
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| Body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward |
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| Toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body |
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| Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body |
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| Toward the front of the body |
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| Toward the back of the body |
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| Toward or at the mid-line of the body |
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| Away from the mid-line of the body |
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| Between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
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| Close to the origin of the body part/attachment to the trunk |
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| Farther from the origin of a body part/attachment to the trunk |
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| Toward/at the body surface; external |
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| Away from the body surface; internal |
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| Divides the body into right and left parts; midsagittal-equal parts, parasagittal-all others |
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| Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts; coronal |
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| Divides the body into superior and inferior parts; cross-section |
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| Dorsal; space inside the skull-contains the brain |
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| Dorsal; extends from cranial cavity to end of vertebral column-contains the spinal cord |
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| Ventral; superior to diaphragm-contains heart, lungs etc. |
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| Ventral; inferior to diaphragm-contains stomach, liver, intestines etc. |
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| Ventral; reside in pelvis-contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum |
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| Central region of thoracic cavity, houses heart, trachea etc. |
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| Right/Left hypochondriac, right/left lumbar, right/left iliac or inguinal, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric/pubic |
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| Mouth (teeth/tongue), continuous with digestive organs |
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| Posterior to nose; part of respiratory system |
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| Medial to eardrums, contain inner ear bones |
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