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chapters 1-3
lecture
85
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/11/2008

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

Anatomy

Definition

 

-Describes the structure of the body

 

- What they are made of and where they are located.

 

- Associated structure

Term

 

 

Physiology

Definition

 

- The study of the function.

 

- Indivual and copperative function.

Term

 

 

Gross Anatomy

or

Macroscopic Anatomy

Definition

 

 

 

- Examines large visible structures.

Term

 

 

Surface Anatomy

Definition

 

 

 

- Exterior Features

Term

 

 

Regional Anatomy

Definition

 

 

 

- Body area

Term

 

 

Systemic Anatomy

Definition

 

 

- Groups of organs working together.

Term

 

 

Developmental Anatomy

Definition

 

 

- From conception to death

Term

 

 

Clinical anatomy

Definition

 

 

- Medical Specialties

Term

 

 

Cytology

Definition

 

 

- Study of cells & their structures

Term

 

 

Histology

Definition

 

 

- study of tissues & their structures.

Term

 

 

Cell Physiology

Definition

 

 

 

 

- Processes within & between cells

Term

 

 

Organ Physiology

Definition

 

 

- Functions of a specific organ.

Term

 

 

Pathological Physiology

Definition

 

 

- Effects of disease on an organ or system.

Term

 

 

Levels of Organization

Definition

1.Chemical ( Molecular)         5. Organism    

 

2.Tissue Level

 

3.Organ                              

 

4. Organ system

 

Term

 

 

What are the 11 organ systems?

Definition

1. Integumentary             8. Cardiovascular

2. skeletal                      9. Lymphoid

3. Muscular                     10.Respiratory

4. Nervous                      11. Reproductive

5. Digestive

6. Urinary

7.Endocrine

Term

 

What 7 chemicals make

 up 98% of

the human body?

Definition

 

1. Carbon           4. Oxygen        7. Calcium

 

2. Hydrogen        5. Phosphuros

 

3. Nitrogen         6. Sulfur

 

Term

 

 

Intrinsic Regulation

Definition

 

 

 

- Cell, tissue, organ, or

system controls or adjust

activities automatically.

Term

 

 

 

Extrinsic Regulation

Definition

 

 

 

- Nervous & endocrine systems

controls or adjust other body system.

Term

 

 

 

External Stressors

Definition

 

 

- Extreme temperatures

- Hypoxia ( lack of oxy)

- Loud noise

- Smells

- Skin contact

Term

 

 

Internal Stressors

Definition

 

- Low blood glucose

- Low Blood pH

- Psychological Stress

- Poisoning

- Infection

 

Term

 

What are the three basic components of a

feedback system?

( Short Answer)

Definition

 

- Receptor- Recieves information

- Control center- Interpets information

- Effector- Responds to info.

 

- Negative feedbacks: Change in blood pressure or blood pH.

Term

 

 

Negative Feedback

Definition

 

 

- Reverses a change in a

controlled condition, returns body

back to normal or set point.

Term

 

 

Matter

Definition

 

 

- anything that has weight

& occupies space.

Term

 

 

What is a chemical

element?

Definition

 

- a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

 

- 112 elements have been indentified, designated by a letter or two.

Term

 

 

What are the 6 keys

elements that make of

the human body?

Definition

 

1. Carbon          2. Hydrogen            3. Nitrogen

 

4. Oxygen          5. Phosphorus            6. Sulfur

 

- 26 key elements make up the human body

Term

 

 

 

What is an atom?

Definition

 

 

 

- Smallest unit of matter.

 

-Consist of subatomic particles.

Term

 

 

What are the charges of

protons, neutrons, 

& electrons?

Definition

 

 

- Protons- positive

 

- Neutrons- neutral, no charge

 

- electrons- negative

Term

 

 

Free Radicals

Definition

 

 

 

- Highly reactive atoms that have unpaired electrons.

Term

 

 

Antioxidants

Definition

 

- Combat free radicals

 

- Vitamins C, E, & Beta keratin

Term

 

 What are Ionic, Covalent, & Hydrogen bonds?

( 2nd short answer ?)

Definition

 

 

- Ionic-Formed from the force of attraction between ions of an opposite charge

 

- Covalent- atoms sharing one or more valence electron.

     *equal sharing- nonpolar

     * Unequal- polar

 

-Hydrogen- atoms with a partial positive charge attracts neighboring atoms with a partial negative charge.

Term

 

 

What is energy?

Definition

 

 

 

- The capacity to do work

Term

 

 

What is kinetic energy?

Definition

 

 

- Work in motion

Term

 

 

What is potential

Energy?

Definition

 

 

- Stored up energy

Term

 

 

What is the law of

conservation?

Definition

 

 

- Energy cannot be created or

destroyed only converted

from one form

to another.

Term

 

 

What are inorganic

compounds?

Definition

 

 

- don't contain carbon.

Term

 

 

What is the most important inorganic compound

in the world?

Definition

 

 

 

 

- Water

Term

 

 

 

Hydrophilic

Definition

 

 

- Water loving substances

w/polar covalent bonds.

 

- Sugars and Salts

Term

 

 

Hydrophobic

Definition

 

 

- Water fearing substances w/non

polar covalent bonds.

 

- animal fats & oils

Term

 

 

Acid

Definition

 

 

- Dissolves in water &

releases hydrogen ions. H+

Term

 

 

Bases

Definition

 

- Dissolves in water &

releases nydrogen ions. OH-

Term

 

 

Salts

Definition

 

 

- Dissolves in water &

 release other ions.

 

- cation (+)       - Anions (-)

Term

 

 

Acid-base balance Range

Definition

 

- Ranges from 1 (very acidic) to

7 (neutral) to

14 (very basic)

 

- Stomach acid=1, Human saliva=7, Drain cleaner=14

Term

 

 

Organic Compound

Definition

 

 

- Contains carbon, hydrogen,

 & most cases oxygen.

Term

 

What are the big 5

organic compounds?

( Essay ? 3)

Definition

1. Carbs.- Primarily sugars.

2. Lipids- Fats

3. Proteins- Made of amino acids. Combine to form peptide bond.

4. Nucleic acid- made of nucleotides, DNA, RNA.

5. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)- Energy Currency of the body.

Term

 

 

What are the most abundant

lipids in the body?

Definition

 

 

- Triglycerides

 

- Phospholipids

 

- Steriods

Term

 

What is the difference

 between Saturated and unsaturated fats?

Definition

 

 

- Saturated fats are solid at room temp.

 

- Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temp.

Term

 

What is the primary

structure of organization

in proteins?

Definition

 

 

- Genetically determined linear

 polypeptide chain of amino acids.

Term

 

What is the secondary structure

of organization of proteins?

Definition

 

 

- Twisting or folding of adjacent amino acids.

 

- alpha helix or double pleated sheet.

Term

 

What is the tertiary structure of organization for proteins?

Definition

 

 

 - Three dimensional shape

of amino acid chains.

Term

 

 

What is the quaternary

structure of organization for proteins?

Definition

 

 

 

- Combination of two or

more amino acid chains.

Term

 

 

Enzyme

Definition

 

 

- Protein that functions

as a catalyst.

Term

 

 

What is the plasma

membrane lipid bilayer made of?

Definition

 

- Phospholipids- 75%, amphipathic- polar hydrophilic head 7 nonpolar hydrophobic tail.

 

- Cholestrol- 20%

 

- Glycolipids- 5%

Term

 

 

 

Integral Proteins

Definition

 

 

 

- Go into & through the lipid bilayer. Glycol proteins.

 

 

Term

 

 

Peripheral Proteins

Definition

 

 

- Loosely attached to the inside & outside of the membrane.

 

- Does not go through the lipid bilayer.

Term

 

 

What are the 6

channels?

( EC essay ?)

Definition

1. Ion channel- allow passage of specific molecules into & out of a cell.

 

2. Trasnporters- Move substances from one side of the membrane to the other side by changing shape.

 

3. receptors- recognizes & bonds a specific molecule called a ligand(neurotransmitter)

 

4. Cell idenity marker- Important for blood type markers.

 

5. Linker- Important for stability & shape.

 

6. Enzymes- Catalysts for a chemical reaction.

Term

 

 

Plasma membrane has selective permeability (no back)

Definition
Term

 

 

Passive

Definition

 

 

- No energy needed

Term

 

Osmosi & facilitated diffusion are passive?

Definition

 

 

- True

Term

 

 

Active diffusion requires energy(ATP) true or false?

Definition

 

 

- True

Term

 

 

Principles of diffusion

Definition

 

 

- Passive- A net movement down a concentration gradient.

 

- Depends on molecule size, mass, charge, temp. distance traveled, and concentration gradient.

Term

 

Diffusion through

membrane lipid bilayer

Definition

 

 

- Ion specific channels in the

plasma membrane may

be opened or gated.

Term

 

 

 

Osmosis

Definition

 

 

- Passive- Movement of water across a selectively pereable membrane.

- water moves from an area of high water(low solute) concentration to an area of low water(high solute) concentartion until it reaches equilibrium.

Term

 

 

Tonicity

Definition

 

 

- A measure of the solutions

ability to change the

volume of cells by

altering their water content.

Term

 

 

Isotonic Solution

Definition

 

 

- Contains the same solute

concentration as the cell.

 

- The cell keeps it's shape.

Term

 

 

Hypertonic Solution

 

 

 

Definition

 

 

- Contains more solute than the cell.

 

- the cell will shrink (crenation)

Term

 

 

Faciliated Diffussion

(Passive)

Definition

 

 

-  Sunstance binds to carrier integral.

 

- Carrier protein changes shape & releases the substance on the other side.

 

- Follows Concentration gradient

Term

 

 

Primary active

transport

Definition

 

 

- Pumps ions against their

concentation gradient.

 

- Ex. sodium/ Potassium pump

Term

 

 

Antiporters

Definition

 

 

 

- One subsatance going in & one going out.

Term

 

 

Symporters

Definition

 

 

- Both substances

going in or out.

Term

 

3 types Endocytosis

Definition

 

 

- Phagocytosis- Cell eating

 

- Pinocytosis- Cell drinking

Term

 

 

Exocytosis

Definition

 

 

- Process that takes substances

out of the cell. (secretion)

Term

 

 

Cytosol

Definition

 

 

- Intracellular fluid, mostly

water w/ions, nutrients, ATP, &

wastes that allow diffusion of substances throughout the cell.

Term

 

 

Cytoskeleton

Definition

 

 

 

- Functions as the structual

frame work for the cell.

Term

 

 

What are the 3

types of filament?

Definition

 

1. Microfilament- made of protein called actin.

 

2. Intermediate- Anchors organelles.

 

3. Microtubules- made of protein called tubulin.

Term

 

 

Centrosome

Definition

 

 

 

- Critical for cell division.

Term

 

 

Cilia

Definition

 

 

- Functions in propelling fluid

 over surface of cell.

Term

 

 

Flagella

Definition

 

 

- Functions in moving

the entire cell.

Term

 

 

Ribosomes

Definition

 

 

 

-Site of protein syntheis.

Term

 

 

Rough Endoplasmic

Reticulum

Definition

 

 

- Has attached ribosomes.

 

- Synthesis phospholipids.

Term

 

 

Smooth Endoplasmic

Reticulum

Definition

 

 

- Has no attached ribosomes

 

- synthesis steriods & lipids.

 

- Detoxifies substances.

Term

 

 

 

Golgi Complex

Definition

 

 

- Processes & packages proteins

produced by the rough ER. 

Term

 

 

Lyosomes

Definition

 

 

- Contains numerous

digestive enzymes.

Term

 

 

Nucleus

Definition

 

 

- Control center.

 

- Contains DNA.

Term

 

 

 

Nucleolus

Definition

 

 

 

- Site of ribosome assembly.

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