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Chapter three
Human anatomy
44
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/29/2010

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Term
Four primary tissue types
Definition
epithelial, connective, muscle, neural (nervous).
Term
Epithelia
Definition
covers all exposed surfaces of the body (internal and external). They line the lumens of all passageways (respiratory, digestive, reproductive tubes, and blood vessels) and the ventral body cavitiy and chambers of the brain. Act to protect underlying tissues, absorb and secrete.
Term
Connective Tissues
Definition
act as a filler between epithelia and other tissues; they also act to support the body (skeleton, cartilage) and store energy (fat).
Term
Muscle tissues
Definition
contract for movement, maintains posture, and generates heat for maintaining body temperature.
Term
Nervous tissue
Definition
conducts electrical signals throughout the body for communication among the organs and coordination of bodily functions.
Term
Mesenchyme
Definition
the first connective tissue to appear in the developing embryo. This connective tissue gives rise to all other connective tissues, including fluid connective tissues, cartilage, and bone.
Term
All Connective Tissues (CT) are composed of
Definition
Matrix and cells
Term
Ground substance
Definition
background material upon which are found cells and fibers. Ground subtance consistency can range from liquid to solid.
Term
Connective tissue fibers
Definition
Collagen, Elastin, Reticular fibers, Fibrinogen/Fibrin.
Term
Connective tissue cells
Definition
Fibroblasts, White blood cells (macrophages, lymphocytes), Adipocytes, Mesenchymal cells, Melanocytes, Mast cells.
Term
Fibroblasts
Definition
produce and secrete the fibers of the matrix. sometimes differentiate further to become cartilage and bone cells.
Term
White blood cells
Definition
Macrophages: a type of WBC that phagocytizes foreign material that enters the tissues.
Lymphocytes: mediate the immune response.
Term
Adipocytes
Definition
fat-manufacturing & fat storing cells; generally associated with Loose Connective Tissues (LCT), also known as Adipose tissue.
Term
Mesenchymal cells
Definition
stem cells that are relatively undifferentiated and can become other types of connective tissue (CT) cells.
Term
Melanocytes
Definition
pigment-secreting cells, usually found in the skin and the connective tissue layers of the eyeball.
Term
Mast cells
Definition
immune cells that secrete chemicals that mediate the inflammatory response by secreting histamine and heparin.
Term
Location of mucous membrane
Definition
line passageways that communicate with the exterior, including the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tract.
Term
function of mucous membrane
Definition
form a barrier that resists the entry of pathogens, provides support for blood vessels and nerves that supply the epithelium, and preforms absorptive and secretory functions.
Term
Serous membranes
Definition
line the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity. There are three serous membranes, each consisting of a mesothelium supported by areolar connective tissue rich in blood and lymphatic vessels. Their primary function is to minimize friction between the opposing parietal and visceral surfaces of the serous membrane.
Term
Cutaneous membrane
Definition
covers the surface of the body, consists of a keratinized stratified squamos epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar connective tissues reinforced by a layer of of dense connective tissue.
Term
Synovial membrane
Definition
A thin membrane consisting of extensive areas of areolar tissue bounded by an incomplete superficial layer of squamos or cuboidal cells. in synovial (freely moving) joints that lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid.
Term
Superficial fascia
Definition
Located between skin and underlying organs. Composed of areolar and adipose tissue, also known as subcutaneous layer or hypodermis.
Term
Deep fascia
Definition
Forms a strong, fibrous internal framework. Consists of dense connective tissue, and is bound to capsules, tendons, ligaments, etc.
Term
Perichondrium
Definition
Contains two distinct layers, an outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue provides mechanical support and protection to most cartilage, and the cellular layer is important ofr the growth and maintenance of the cartilage.
Term
Chondrocytes
Definition
Cartilage cells, the only cells found within the cartilage matrix. These cells live in small chambers known as lacunae.
Term
Lacunae
Definition
small chambers that house the chondrocytes in the cartilage matrix.
Term
Areolar tissue location
Definition
within and deep to the dermis of the skin, and covered by the epithelial lining of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; between muscles; around blood vessels, nerves, and joints.
Term
Areolar tissue function
Definition
Cushions organs; provides support but permits independent movement; phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens.
Term
Adipose tissue location
Definition
Deep to the skin, especially at the sides, buttocks, breasts; padding around eyes and kidneys.
Term
Adipose tissue function
Definition
Provides padding and cushions shocks; insulates (reduces heat loss); stores energy.
Term
Dense regular tissue location
Definition
between skeletal muscles and skeleton (tendons and apeneuroses); between bones or stabilizing positions of internal organs (ligaments); covering skeletal muscles; deep fasciae.
Term
Elastic cartilage location
Definition
Auricle of external ear; epiglottis; auditory canal; cuneiform cartilages of larynx.
Term
Elastic cartilage functions
Definition
Provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape.
Term
Hyaline cartilage location
Definition
Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints; supporting larynx (voice box), trachea, and bronchi; forming part of nasal septum.
Term
Hyaline cartilage function
Definition
provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces.
Term
Collagen
Definition
most common fiber in all CT proper tissues and supporting CT; thick, ropelike, bendable but not elastic or stretchy.
Term
Elastin
Definition
stretchy and elastic; returns to original length after being stretched. Amount of elastin decreases with age, usually replaced with collagen.
Term
Reticular fibers
Definition
uncommon fibers which are readily found in organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes; thin, branching, non-elastic fibers that form a network/meshwork.
Term
Fibrinogen/fibrin
Definition
unique soluble fibers that are only found in plasma and become solid during clotting.
Term
Serous membrane
Definition
lines the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity. Consists of a mesothelium supported by areolar connective tissue rich in blood and lymphatic vessels, and its main function is to reduce friction.
Term
Mucous membranes
Definition
line the internal passageways of the digestive, reprouductive, urinary , and respiratory tracts. Form a barrier that resist entry by pathogens; the epithelial surfaces are kept moist at all times.
Term
cutaneous membrane
Definition
covers the surface of the body and is composed of layers of keratinized stratified squamos epithelium and and underlying layer of areolar tissue reinforced by a layer of dense connective tissue.
Term
synovial membrane
Definition
consists of extensive areas of areolar tissue bounded by an incomplete superficial layer of squamos or cuboidal cells. Synovial membranes are found at articulating joints. Synovial membranes differ from epithelia in three respects 1, there is no basal or reticualr lamina 2, the cellular layer is incomplete with gaps between adjacent cells and 3, the "epithelial cells" are derived drom macrophages and firboblasts of the adjacent connective tissue.
Term
subserous fascia
Definition
layer of loose connective tissue that lies between the deep fascia and the serous membranes that line the body cavities.
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