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| Political theory of representative government, based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with a strong emphasis on liberty & civic virtue. Influential in 18th century political thought, it stood as an alternative to monarchial rule. |
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| 18th century British political commentators who agitated against political corruption & emphasized the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power. Their writings shaped American political thought & made colonists especially alert to encroachments on their rights. |
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| Economic theory that closely linked a nation's political & military power to its bullion reserves. Mercantilists generally favored protectionism & colonial acquisition as means to increase exports. |
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| Duty on imported sugar from the West Indies. It was the first tax levied on the colonists by the crown & was lowered substantially in response to widespread protests. |
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| Required colonies to provide food & quarters for British troops. Many colonists resented the Act which they perceived as an encroachment on their rights. |
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| Widely unpopular tax on an array of paper goods, repealed in 1766 after mass protests erupted across the colonies. Colonists developed the principle of "no taxation without representation" which questioned parliament's authority over the colonies & laid the foundation for the future revolutionary claims. |
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| Used to try offenders for violating the various Navigation Acts passed by the crown after the French & Indian War. Colonists argued that the courts encroached on their rights as Englishmen since they lacked juries & placed the burden of proof on the accused. |
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| Assembly of delegates from the nine colonies who met in New York City to draft a petition for the repeal of the Stamp Act. Helped ease sectional suspicions & promote intercolonial unity. |
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| Boycotts against British goods adopted in response to the Stamp Act, & later, the Townshed & Intolerable Acts. The agreements were the most effective form of protest against British policies in the colonies. |
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| Patriotic group that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act & enforcing nonimportation agreements. |
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| Patriotic group that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act & enforcing non-importation agreements. |
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| Passed alongside the repeal of the Stamp Act, it reaffirmed parliaments' unqualified sovereignty over the North American colonies. |
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| External, or indirect, levies on glass, white lead, paint, paper, tea, the proceeds of which were used to pay colonial governors, who had previously been paid directly by colonial assemblies. It sparked another round of protests in the colonies. |
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| Clash between unruly Bostonian protesters & locally stationed British redcoats who fired on the jeering crowd, killing or wounding eleven citizens. |
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| Committies of Correspondence |
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| Local committees established across Massachusetts, & later in each of the 13 colonies to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters & pamphlets. |
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| Rowdy protest against the British East India Company's newly acquired monopoly on the tea trade. Colonists, disguised as Indians, dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor, prompting harsh sanctions from the British parliament. |
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| Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts Charter, & expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress & called for a complete boycott of British goods. |
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| Allowed the French residents of Québec to retain their traditional political & religious institutions, & extended the boundaries of the province southward to the Ohio River. Mistakenly perceived by the colonists to be part of Parliaments' response to the Boston Tea Party. |
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| First Continental Congress |
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| Convention of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts. Delegates established The Association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods. |
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| Nonimportation agreement crafted during the First Continental Congress calling for the complete boycott of British goods. |
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| Battles of Lexington & Concord |
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| First battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside of Boston. The colonial militia successfully defended their stores of munitions, forcing the British to retreat to Boston. |
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| Encampment where George Washington's poorly equipped army spent a wretched, freezing winter. Hundreds of men died & more than 1,000 deserted. The plight of the starving, shivering soldiers reflected the main weakness of the American Army-a lack of stable supplies & munitions. |
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| Amassed his wealth by smuggling under the Navigation Laws; famous signer of the Declaration of Independence. |
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| Prime minister of England during the pre-Revolution period; established a myriad of unpleasant colonial taxes from 1763-1765. |
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| Gifted but wild man who promised to quiet colonial grumbling with the Townshend Acts. |
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| Leader of the mob at the Boston Massacre & first to die. |
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| King of England during the Revolutionary period; ultimately a bad ruler due to his lustful desire for power. |
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| Prime minister of England under George III; very wishy-washy in policy. |
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| Great propagandist; formed the Committies of Correspondence to keep colonial pride up. |
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| Only colonial governor to heavily enforce the tea tax in Boston; caused extreme colonist anger resulting in the Boston Tea Party. |
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| Nicknamed the "French gamecock"; promoted to major general in the Revolutionary Army at 19. Gained America major foreign aid. |
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| Trained into shape Continental militia after coming over from Germany. |
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| Issued a proclamamtion promising freedom for any Virginian black slave who joined the British Army; his gang was nicknamed "Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment." |
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