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Chapter Exam 1-4 Study Guide
Study of the body
264
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
02/05/2015

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Term
Anatomy is
Definition
the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts.
Term
Physiology is
Definition
the study of how the body and its parts function.
Term
Smooth muscle is an example of which level of structural organization?
Definition
Tissue Level
Term
Which system regulates the acid-base balance of the blood?
The endocrine system.
The urinary system.
The lymphatic system.
The cardiovascular system.
Definition
The urinary system.
Term
Organ systems are NOT described as which of these statements?

They can share organs with other systems.
They are groups of organs with a common function.
They function together to ensure wellness of the organism.
They act independently of each other.
Definition
They act independently of each other.
Term
The passing of blood through the body is part of which body function?

Growth.
Metabolism.
Responsiveness.
Movement
Definition
Movement
Term
4 The simplest level of organization on the "structural ladder" is the:

tissue level.
organ level.
cellular level.
chemical level.
Definition
Chemical
Term
Which of the following statements regarding homeostatic control mechanisms is FALSE?

Efferent information exits from the control center.
Positive feedback mechanisms, although rare, are factors in blood clotting and blood levels of glucose and oxygen.
Information in homeostatic control mechanisms flows from the receptor to the control center along the afferent pathway.
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms.
Definition
Positive feedback mechanisms, although rare, are factors in blood clotting and blood levels of glucose and oxygen.
Term
Which of the following systems is involved in maintaining the boundaries of the body so that the inside remains distinct from the outside?

Respiratory.
Lymphatic.
Integumentary.
Endocrine.
Definition
Integumentary.
Term
Metabolism is best described as:

the ability to transform substances into energy for the body.
the sum of the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
how the human body uses the food we eat.
how fast the body uses energy.
Definition
the sum of the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
Term
The spleen is usually found in which abdominopelvic region?

Epigastric region.
Left iliac region.
Left hypochondriac region.
Left lumbar region.
Definition
Left hypochondriac region.
Term
The mediastinum houses which of the following structures?

Trachea.
Spleen.
Liver.
Urinary bladder
Definition
Trachea.
Term
The ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal condition under changing external conditions is defined as:

negative feedback.
positive feedback.
homeostasis.
hematopoiesis
Definition
homeostasis.
Term
The elements of a physiological control system include

a receptor or another kind of sensor.
an effector or other response.
a control center that determines output.
All of the above.
Definition
All of the above.
Term
The thymus gland is part of which of the following?

The cardiovascular system.
The lymphatic system.
The endocrine system.
The reproductive system
Definition
The endocrine system.
Term
Which of the following statements is/are FALSE?

The arms are medial to the chest.
The breastbone (sternum) is anterior to the spine.
The navel is deep to the breastbone (sternum).
The arms are medial to the chest AND the navel is deep to the breastbone (sternum).
Definition
The arms are medial to the chest AND the navel is deep to the breastbone (sternum).
Term
The correct anatomical position does NOT include which of the following positions?

Palms facing backwards.
Standing erect.
Hands at the sides, and feet parallel.
Head facing forward.
Definition
Palms facing backwards
Term
The dorsal body cavity is divided into two subdivisions. They are

the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity.
the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.
the cranial cavity and the thoracic cavity.
None of the above.
Definition
the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.
Term
Which of the following planes would separate the cranial cavity from the thoracic cavity?

Transverse plane.
Frontal (coronal) plane.
Median (midsagittal) plane.
Sagittal plane.
Definition
Transverse plane.
Term
When standing in the correct anatomical position, the feet are ________ to the knees.

proximal
medial
distal
lateral
Definition
distal
Term
A group of cells of the same type form a(n):

organ.
organism.
atom.
tissue.
organ system.
Definition
tissue
Term
Which system complements the circulatory system and involves the spleen?

The urinary system.
The lymphatic system.
The digestive system.
The endocrine system.
The reproductive system.
Definition
The Lymphatic System
Term
A group of tissues working together for a specific function form a(n):

organ.
organism.
positive feedback system.
organ system.
organelle.
Definition
organ
Term
Which of the following statements regarding responsiveness, or irritability, is FALSE?

Responsiveness, or irritability, is a necessary life function.
All body cells are irritable to some extent.
Because nerve cells are slightly irritable and communicate rapidly with each other via hormones, the nervous system bears the major responsibility for responsiveness.
You do not need to think about responsiveness, such as involuntarily pulling your hand away from a painful stimulus.
None of the statements is false.
Definition
Because nerve cells are slightly irritable and communicate rapidly with each other via hormones, the nervous system bears the major responsibility for responsiveness
Term
The ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal environment is referred to as:

equilibrium.
homeostasis.
metabolism.
negative feedback.
positive feedback
Definition
homeostasis
Term
The anatomical term meaning away from the midline is

distal.
inferior.
lateral.
medial.
proximal.
Definition
Lateral
Term
The anatomical term meaning close to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk is:

distal.
inferior.
lateral.
medial.
proximal.
Definition
proximal
Term
The anatomical term meaning farther from the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk is:

distal.
inferior.
lateral.
medial.
anterior.
Definition
distal
Term
The anatomical term meaning toward the lower part of a structure is

distal.
inferior.
lateral.
medial.
anterior.
Definition
inferior
Term
The anatomical term meaning toward the midline of the body is

distal.
inferior.
lateral.
medial.
anterior.
Definition
medial
Term
Growth, reproduction, and food use at the cellular level are partially controlled by hormones released by organs from which of the following systems that also act(s) relatively slowly?

The digestive system.
The reproductive system.
The endocrine system.
The nervous system.
A and B.
Definition
The endocrine system
Term
The scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure and shape is called:

anatomy.
embryology.
endocrinology.
histology.
physiology.
Definition
anatomy
Term
The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

Body erect.
Palms turned posteriorly.
Arms at sides.
Thumbs pointed laterally.
Feet parallel.
Definition
Palms turned posteriorly.
Term
Which body system is most closely associated with information assessment?

Endocrine.
Integumentary.
Lymphatic.
Nervous.
Reproductive.
Definition
Nervous
Term
Which body system is most closely associated with the support and protection of the body organs?

Endocrine.
Integumentary.
Lymphatic.
Nervous.
Skeletal.
Definition
Skeletal.
Term
Which of the following statements regarding homeostatic control mechanisms is/are true?

The effector is usually a type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment.
Information in homeostatic control mechanisms flows from the receptor to the control center via the efferent pathway.
The control center determines the set point at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes the information it receives, and then determines the appropriate response or course of action.
Information flows from the control center to the effector along the afferent pathway.
A and B.
Definition
The control center determines the set point at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes the information it receives, and then determines the appropriate response or course of action.
Term
Which body system is most closely associated with transport and delivery?

Cardiovascular.
Integumentary.
Nervous.
Reproductive.
Respiratory.
Definition
Cardiovascular.
Term
Which body system is most closely associated with the production of offspring?

Endocrine.
Integumentary.
Lymphatic.
Nervous.
Reproductive.
Definition
Reproductive.
Term
Which body system is most closely associated with the slow (long term) control of bodily activities?

Endocrine.
Integumentary.
Lymphatic.
Nervous.
Reproductive.
Definition
Endocrine.
Term
Which of the following best illustrates the increasing levels of complexity?
(1) Cellular Level; (2) Organ Level; (3) Chemical Level; (4) Organism Level Level; (5) Tissues Level; (6) Organ systems Level

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
2, 4, 3, 5, 1, 6.
4, 3, 5, 6, 1, 2.
3, 1, 5, 2, 6, 4.
1, 5, 3, 2, 6, 4.
Definition
3,1, 5, 2, 6, 4.
Term
A transverse plane divides the body into _______ segments.

equal right and left
right and left
anterior and posterior
superior and inferior
both right and left and anterior and posterior segments
Definition
superior and inferior
Term
Anatomical position is:

a term used by artists referring to facing front and posing.
unimportant as a term of reference.
the position in which the body is erect, facing front with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward.
the position in which the body is lying prone (face down) with feet parallel and arms by the sides.
the position in which the body is erect, facing forward with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing backward.
Definition
a term used by artists referring to facing front and posing.
unimportant as a term of reference.
the position in which the body is erect, facing front with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward.
Term
The cheeks are ____ to the tongue.

proximal
lateral
medial
inferior
dorsal
Definition
Lateral
Term
Which of the following statements regarding feedback mechanisms is/are FALSE?

Positive feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus and to push the variable farther from its original value.
In negative feedback mechanisms, the net effect of the responses to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity.
Positive feedback mechanisms control infrequent events that occur "explosively."
Blood clotting is an example of a typical negative feedback mechanism.
Definition
Blood clotting is an example of a typical negative feedback mechanism
Term
When the body is subject to physical trauma, such as in an automobile accident, which organs are the most vulnerable to injury (homeostatic imbalance)?

Abdominal organs in the abdominal cavity.
Pelvic organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
Heart and lungs in the thoracic cavity.
The brain in the cranial cavity.
The spinal cord within the spinal cavity.
Definition
Abdominal organs in the abdominal cavity.
Term
Metabolism is:

a broad term that refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
a term that refers to the chemical reactions where larger structures are made from smaller ones (synthesis).
the term that refers only to the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood for delivery to all body cells.
a term that refers to the chemical reactions where large molecules are broken down into smaller ones.
the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them
Definition
a broad term that refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
Term
Which of the following is NOT an anterior body landmark?

Coxal.
Crural.
Buccal.
Olecranal.
Acromial.
Definition
Olecranal.
Term
The _______ is the body's slow-acting control system and acts by means of _______.

endocrine system; hormones
muscular system; contraction
nervous system; hormones
lymphatic system; lymphocytes and macrophages
nervous system; electrical and chemical signals
Definition
endocrine system; hormones
Term
If you wish to make a drawing of a section through the human body that showed the heart and both of the lungs, your section could be in which of the following planes?
(1) Frontal (coronal); (2) Transverse; (3) Sagittal

1 only.
2 only.
3 only.
1 and 2.
2 and 3.
Definition
(1) Frontal (coronal); (2) Transverse
Term
The right and left _______ regions flank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs.

epigastric
hypochondriac
iliac
lumbar
hypogastric
Definition
hypochondriac
Term
Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex:
(1) Molecules; (2) Atoms; (3) Tissues; (4) Cells; (5) Organ

1-2-3-4-5.
2-1-4-3-5.
2-1-3-4-5.
1-2-4-3-5.
5-4-3-2-1
Definition
2) Atoms; (1) Molecules;(4) Cells; (3) Tissues;(5) Organ
Term
The term medial is

a direction toward or at the midline of the body.
a term referring to a direction away from the midline of the body.
refers to a direction farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body part.
a term referring to the front of the body.
a term referring to the superior (cranial or cephalad) direction.
Definition
a direction toward or at the midline of the body.
Term
The thoracic body cavity:

is made up of the cranial and spinal cavities.
is made up of two subcavities.
is the superior cavity in the ventral cavity.
is the dorsal cavity.
is posterior to the dorsal body cavity.
Definition
is the superior cavity in the ventral cavity.
Term
Which of the following is NOT a necessary life function?

Maintaining boundaries.
Movement.
Thinking.
Responsiveness.
Reproduction.
Definition
Thinking.
Term
Which of these is found in the dorsal body cavity?

Liver.
Brain.
Kidneys.
Heart.
Lungs.
Definition
Brain.
Term
Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Tissues consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function.
Atoms are the building blocks of matter, and combine to form molecules.
The digestive system, reproductive system, and endocrine system are examples of organs.
An organ is made up of two or more tissue types.
Organ systems make up the living body or the organism.
Definition
The digestive system, reproductive system, and endocrine system are examples of organs.
Term
Which of the following is NOT true of a sagittal plane?

A sagittal section is a cut made along the lengthwise, or longitudinal, plane of the body dividing the body into right and left parts.
A sagittal section divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left parts.
A median plane is another name for a midsagittal plane.
Both the sagittal and coronal planes represent a cut made along a lengthwise plane.
Definition
A sagittal section divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Term
Which of the following is NOT true of the skeletal system?

The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
Bones are not necessary for efficient movement.
The skeletal system has a protective function.
Hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) occurs within the cavities of the skeleton.
The hard substance of bones acts as a storehouse for minerals.
Definition
Bones are not necessary for efficient movement.
Term
Which term is defined as being close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk?

Superior, cranial, or cephalad.
Intermediate.
Distal.
Proximal.
Superficial.
Definition
Proximal.
Term
Know the “Levels of Structural Organization”
Definition
1. Chemical/Molecular Level
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. Organ System Level
6. Organism Level
Term
What is the Chemical/Molecular Level?
Definition
They are contractile protein fibers organized from molecules.
Term
What would be considered the cellular level?
Definition
Cardiac Muscle for at interlocking would be an a example of this
Term
What would be considered the tissue level?
Definition
Cardiac Muscle interlocked at the heart muscle cells would be an example of this
Term
What would be considered the Organ level?
Definition
The heart, lungs, and etc... would be an example of this
Term
What would be considered the Organ System level.
Definition
MURDERS LINC would be an example of this.
Term
What would be considered the Organism Level
Definition
All Levels of Organizations working together for a person to remain healthy and alive.
Term
What are the directional terms?
Definition
1. Superior and inferior
2. Proximal and distal
3. Lateral and Medial
4. Longitudinal
5. Anterior and Posterior
6. Dorsal and Ventral
7. Superficial and Deep
8. Cranial/Cephalic
9. Supine
10. Prone
11. Anatomical Position
Term
What are the planes of the body?
Definition
1. Frontal/Coronal plane - cut from middle at side view
2. Transverse plane - cut horizontally
3. Parasagittal plane - cut longitude to the either side of the midline.
4. Sagittal - cut longitude midline
5. Oblique - cut at an angle
Term
What are the Abdominopelvic Regions of the human body?
Definition
1. Right and Left Hypochondriac Region
2. Right and Left Lumber Region
3. Right and Left inguinal Regions
4. Epigastric Region
5. Umbilical Region
6. Hypogastric region
Term
What are the quadrants of the human body?
Definition
1.Right and Left Upper Quadrant Region
2.Right and Left Lower Quadrant Region
Term
What cavity contains the brain?
Definition
1.Cranial Cavity
Term
What cavity contains the pharynx?
Definition
Vertebral Cavity
Term
What cavity contains the lungs?
Definition
Pleural Cavity
Term
What cavity contains Esophagus?
Definition
Superior Mediastinum
Term
What cavity contains heart?
Definition
Pericardial Cavity
Term
What cavity contains the Superior Mediastinum, Pericardial, and the plural cavity.
Definition
Thoracic Cavity
Term
What cavity contains the digestive viscera.
Definition
Abdominal cavity
Term
What cavity contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum?
Definition
Pelvic Cavity
Term
What are the homeostatic control mechanisms?
Definition
1. Control Center - Brain of operation
2. Efferent Pathway - Information line
3. Effector feedback - influences stimulus and returns body back to homeostasis.
3. Receptor
Term
Cells are the structural_________ __________of all _______ and ________
Definition
1. building blocks
2. plants
3. Animals
Term
How are cells produced?
Definition
By the division of preexisting cells.
Term
What is the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions?
Definition
the cell
Term
How many different type of cell are there?
Definition
200
Term
What are the three major components of the cell.?
Definition
Plasma Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
What is the main structure of a Plasma Membrane?
Definition
Phospholipid bilayer
Term
What does the Phospholipid bilayer contain?
Definition
Hydrophilic Heads
Hydrophobic Tails
Term
Define Hydrophilic Heads?
Definition
orientated themselves towards the extracellular and intracellular fluid
Term
Define Hydrophobic Tails
Definition
Orientate themselves inward away from the Cytoplasm
Term
Define Integral Proteins
Definition
This usually covers the entire with of the membrane and is also called transmembrane proteins
Term
Define the Integral Proteins forms
Definition
The form channels that water molecules, ions, and small water-soluble compounds into or out of the cell. Some of the channels are also called gated because they can open and close
Term
What can act as Channels, Carriers, and Receptors and is also call the cell membrane.
Definition
Plasma Membrane
Term
Define Peripheral Proteins.
Definition
Known for Anchoring because it can attach to either the inner or the outer membrane surface.
Term
What are the General Functions of the Plasma Membrane
Definition
Physical isolation
Regulates exchange with environment
Sensitive to environment
Connect with other cells
Term
Define Glycocalyx
Definition
It is the carbohydrate (glycol-) component of the glycolipids and glycoproteins that extend away from the outer surface o the plasma-lemma for a viscous, superficial coating.
It also serve as biological markers
Term
What does Cholesterol do?
Definition
Helps to stabilize membrane
Term
Describe the 3 specialized plasma membrane junctions.
Definition
Tight Junction
Desmosomes
Gap Junction
Term
What is a Tight Junction?
Definition
it is a impermeable junction formed by interlocking proteins encircling the cell; also, Keeps out enzymes, acids, microorganisms
Term
What is a Desmosomes Junction?
Definition
it is a anchoring junctions the Prevent cells that are subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart
Term
What is a Gap Junction?
Definition
it is cells are connected by hollow cylinders that Allows chemical communication between cells and is Found in smooth and cardiac muscle
Term
What is two type of Membrane Transport?
Definition
Passive Process - No energy required
Active Process - Requires Energy ATP
Term
What three function of the Passive Process?
Definition
Simple Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
Term
Define Simple Diffusion
Definition
The net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Diffuse directly through phospholipid bilayer
Concentration gradient
Term
Define Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
compounds can be passively transported across the membrane by special carrier proteins.
Substances bind to carrier proteins
Can be saturated
Term
Define Osmosis
Definition
The net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
Term
What are the two functions of the Active Process
Definition
Carrier Mediated Active Transport
Vesicular Transport
Term
Define hypotonic
Definition
having reduced pressure or tone, in particular
Term
Define Hypertonic Solution
Definition
Cell shrinks because the intracellular fluid is on the outside of the cell.
Term
Define Isotonic Solution
Definition
The cell shape stay the same because there is an equal of amount of intracellular fluid dispersed.
Term
Define Active Transport
Definition
Uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane against concentration gradient and requires carrier proteins
Term
Define Exocytosis
Definition
the transport of material out of a cell by means of a sac or vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through an opening in the cell membrane which is also a part of Vesicular transport
Term
Define Endocytosis
Definition
the packaging of extracellular materials into a vesicle at the cell surface for importation into the cell which is also during Vesicular transport.
Some of the transports included are Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis
Term
Define Phagocytosis
Definition
It is a stage during Endocytosis were Large particles, such as bacteria, cell debris, or other foreign particles, are taken into cells and enclosed with vesicles.
In is also known as "cell eating"
Term
Define Pinocytosis
Definition
It is a stage during Endocytosis were pinosomes, or vesicles filled with extracellular fluid
Also known as the cell drinking.
Term
What are the three parts of Endocytosis
Definition
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Term
Define Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
Definition
The process that resembles pinocytosis
Term
What are the factors affecting rate in Diffusion
Definition
Size of gradient, molecular size, charge, lipid, protein solubility, temperature
Term
What are the factors affecting rate in Osmosis
Definition
Concentration gradient; opposing pressue
Term
What are the factors affecting rate in Facilitated diffusion
Definition
Size of gradient, molecular size, charge, lipid, protein solubility, temperature and availability of carrier protein
Term
What are the factors affecting rate in Active Transport
Definition
Availability of carrier, substrate, and ATP
Term
What are the factors affecting rate in Endocytosis
Definition
Stimulus and mechanism not understood; requires ATP
Term
What are the factors affecting rate in Exocytosis
Definition
Stimulus and mechanism incompletely understood' requires ATP and calcium ions
Term
What substances are involved with Diffusion
Definition
Small inorganic ions, lipid-soluble materials (all cells)
Term
What substances are involved with Osmosis
Definition
Water only (all cells)
Term
What substances are involved with Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
Glucose and amino acids (all cells)
Term
What substances are involved with Active Transport
Definition
NA+, K+, Ca+, Mg2 (all cells); probably solutes in special cases
Term
What substances are involved with Endocytosis
Definition
Fluids, nutrients (all cells); debris, pathogens (special cells)
Term
What substances are involved with Exocytosis
Definition
Fluid and wastes (all cells)
Term
What is Cytoplasm
Definition
Material between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
Term
What are the Major Elements of Cytoplasm
Definition
Cytosol
Organelles
Term
What is Cytosol
Definition
contains a high concentration of potassium ions, high concentration of dissolved substances
Term
What are organelles
Definition
a specialized part of a cell having some specific function; a cell organ.
Term
What is the major elements in Nonmembranous organelles
Definition
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella
Ribosomes
Term
What is Cytoskeleton
Definition
the internal protein framework that gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility
Term
What is Centrioles
Definition
it is a rod-shaped bodies located near the nucleus, it is composed of short microtubules arranged in a cylindrical structure, and it causes direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division, and it forms the bases of cilia and flagellum
Term
Define nonmembranous organelles
Definition
It is always in contact with the cytosol
Term
Define membranous organelles
Definition
surrounded by membranes that isolate their contents from the cytosol, just as the plasmalemma isolates the cytosol from the extracellular fluid
Term
What is cilia
Definition
It is hair-like extension on the free surface of the cell and it moves substances in one direction along cell surface. (bad particles gets trapped in mucus
Term
What is flagella
Definition
It is similar to cilia but single and much longer and it propels the cell itself (sperm cell)
Term
What is ribosomes
Definition
it is small dark bodies made of protein and RNA at the site of protein synthesis and is found free in the cytoplasm and rough endoplasmic reticulum
Term
What is Cytoplasmic Organelles
Definition
Specialized cellular compartments
Term
What is contain in the specialized cellular compartments of cytoplasmic Organelles
Definition
Membranous Organelles
Nonmembranous Organelles
Term
What are the major elements of Membranous organelles
Definition
Mitochondria
Peroxisomes
Lysosomes
endoplasmic reticulum smooth and rough
Golgi apparatus
Term
What is Mitochondria
Definition
It is a double membrane structures with infoldings called cristae, provides ATP for cellular energy, and is the "Powerhouses" of the cell
Term
What is Peroxisomes
Definition
a cell organelle containing catalase, peroxidase, and other oxidative enzymes and performing essential metabolic functions, as the decomposition of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide.
Term
What is Lysosomes
Definition
a cell organelle containing enzymes that digest particles and that disintegrate the cell after its death
Term
What is the endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
Network of intracellular membranes connected to nuclear envelope of nucleus
Term
What is the Golgi Apparatus
Definition
it is a stack of flat membranous sacs and vesicles which packages proteins for transport depending on their final destination
Term
What is the Nucleus
Definition
It contains genetic material (DNA)
Term
What is the Nuclear envelope
Definition
It is a double membrane separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm
Term
What is the Nucleolus
Definition
It is a dark stained body, site of ribosome production
Term
What is the rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
It is studded with ribosomes and manufactures all secreted proteins
Term
What is the smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
It is the lipid synthesis, calcium storage and has no ribosomes
Term
What does Cytoskeleton consists of?
Definition
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
microtubules
Term
What is contained in the Pathway of Vesicles
Definition
Secretory vesicles
Membrane renewal vesicles
Lysosomes - which remain in the cytoplasm
Term
Define Microfilaments
Definition
It is concentrated under the plasma membrane, helps strengthens cell surface (really close to the plasma membrane), and it functions in cell mobility and shape (usually columnar)
Term
Define Intermediate Filaments
Definition
It is composed of proteins with high tensile strength helps to split the cell for mitosis, it resist pulling forces on the cell, and help form desmosomes
Term
Define Microtubules
Definition
It is hollow tubes made of protein, it is located adjacent to the nucleus, it anchors and moves organelles, and form from mitotic spindle during cell division
Term
What is Tissues
Definition
It is groups of cells similar in structure and function
Term
Name the for types of tissues
Definition
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve
Term
What is an Epithelium/epithelia Glands
Definition
It is an organ producing a secretion.
Term
What are the function of 5 function of Epithelial Tissue
Definition
Protection
Controlled Permeability
Sensation
Secretion
Term
What is protection in the Epithelial Tissue
Definition
It protects exposed and internal surfaces from abrasion, dehydration, and destruction by chemical or biological agents.
Internally in only applies on layer of protection (simple squamous)
Term
What is Controlled Permeability in the Epithelial Tissue
Definition
In contains molecular "machinery" needed for selective absorption and filtration.
Term
What is Sensation in the Epithelial Tissue
Definition
extensively innervated by sensory nerves
Term
What is Specialized Secretion in the Epithelial Tissue
Definition
It is Gland Cell also referred to as Glandular epithelium because the act or process of separating, elaborating, and releasing a substance that fulfills some function within the organism or undergoes excretion.
Term
Describe the characteristics of Epithelium
Definition
Polarity
Supported by connective tissue
Avascular but innervated
Regenerative
Cellularity
Term
Define Polarity
Definition
It has a apical surface the faces the exterior of the body or some internal space.
It also has basal surface where it is attached to adjacent tissues
It is also evenly distributed
Term
Define Avacularity
Definition
it obtains nutrients by diffusion or absorption across the apical or basal surface
Term
Define Regeneration
Definition
It is cells damaged or lost at the surface are continually replaced through the division of stem cells with the epithelium
Term
What are the two ways we classify epithelium
Definition
Simple Epithelium
Stratified Epithelium
Term
Where does Simple Epithelia reside
Definition
It is found where there is absorption and filtration
Term
Where does Stratified Epithelia reside
Definition
It is found where protection is needed
Term
Define squamous
Definition
relating to, consisting of, or denoting a layer of epithelium that consists of very thin flattened cells.
Term
Define Cuboidal
Definition
epithelium consisting of one or more layers of cells of cuboid or polyhedral shape.
Term
Define Columnar
Definition
epithelium consisting of one or more layers of elongated cells of cylindrical or prismatic shape.
Term
What is the function of Simple Squamous
Definition
It allows passage of material by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes, lubricating substances in serosae
Term
Where is the location of Simple Squamous
Definition
In is found in the Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)
Term
Which two simple squamous epithelia is not come into contact with external environment
Definition
Endothelium
Mesothelium
Term
Define Endothelium
Definition
a type of epithelium composed of a single layer of smooth, thin cells that lines the heart, blood vessels, lymphatics, and serous cavities.
Term
Define Mesothelium
Definition
epithelium of mesodermal origin, which lines the body cavities.
Term
Define Serous membrane
Definition
any of various thin membranes, as the peritoneum, that line certain cavities of the body and exude a serous fluid.
Term
What are the specializations of Epithelial Cells
Definition
they provide production of secretions, the movement of fluids over the epithelial surface, or the movement of fluid through the epitheliums itself.
Term
Define apical surface
Definition
It is a membrane of a polarized cell is the surface of the plasma membrane that faces inward to the lumen. This is particularly evident in epithelial and endothelial cells, but also describes other polarized cells, such as neurons.
Term
Define Simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition
Single layer of cube like cells with large4 spherical central nuclei
Term
What is he function of simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition
It performs secretion and absorption
Term
What is the location of simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition
It is found in the Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small gland; ovary surface
Term
Define Basement Membrane
Definition
a thin, delicate membrane of protein fibers and glycosaminoglycan separating an epithelium from underlying tissue.
Term
What is Simple columnar epithelium
Definition
It is a single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus glands (goblet cells)
Term
What is the function of simple columnar epithelium
Definition
it provides absorption; secretion for mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action
Term
Where is simple cuboidal located
Definition
It is located in the nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
Term
What is psedostratified columnar
Definition
It is a single layer of cell of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain goblet cells and bear cilia
Term
What is the function of pseudostratified columnar
Definition
It does secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
Term
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Definition
It is located in the nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety line the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract
Term
Describe Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Definition
It I a thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cell are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flatted (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers
Term
What are the functions of Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Definition
It protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
Term
Where is the location of Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Definition
It is located in Nonkerathinezed type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.
Term
Describe Transitional Epithelium
Definition
it is stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous like depending on degree of organ stretch
Term
What is the function of Transitional Epithelium
Definition
It stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine.
Term
What is the location of Transitional Epithelium
Definition
It is located; the lines of ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra
Term
What is a gland.
Definition
It is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid
Term
In a gland what is an active process
Definition
Secretions
Term
In a Epithelial Tissue, Glandular in classified by what?
Definition
Site of product release such as Endocrine and Exocrine
Relative number of cells forming the gland such as Unicellular (one) or multicellular (many).
Term
Endocrine gland is what
Definition
It is ductless glands the produce hormones
Term
What hormones does Endocrine Gland secret
Definition
Amino Acids
Proteins
Glycoproteins
Steroids
Term
Are All Endocrine Glands epithelial derivatives
Definition
no the are not
Term
The are more Exocrine Glands than Endocrine Glands.
True or False
Definition
True
Term
What hormones does Endocrine Gland secret onto body surface or into body cavities
Definition
Mucous
Sweat
Oil
Salivary Glands
Term
Define Unicellular Exocrine Glands
Definition
It includes goblet cells (looks like a goblet) and mucous cells. Unicellular glands can be found within the epithelial linings of the intestinal and respiratory tracts.
Term
Define Multicellular exocrine glands
Definition
They are more complex than their unicellular neighbors. They have two main parts: an epithelium-derived duct and a secretory unit (made of secretory cells)
Term
Define structure of Tubular
Definition
if the secretory cells form tubes
Term
Define structure of Alveolar
Definition
if the secretory cells form small sacs
Term
Define structure of Tubuloalveolar
Definition
if they have both tubular and alveolar secretory units
Term
Define Merocrine glands
Definition
(Releases products)
they secrete their products by exocytosis during production (the pancreas and most sweat/salivary glands belong to this class).
Term
Define Holocrine glands
Definition
(it burst as it releases)
They accumulate their products until they rupture and die they also secrete dead cell fragments along with their main product, this is why they must rupture and die when the product is released.
Term
What is the most important Unicellular Exocrine Gland
Definition
The Goblet Cell
Term
Where is the Goblet cell found
Definition
it is Found in epithelial lining of intestinal and respiratory tract between columnar cells
Term
What does the Goblet cell produce
Definition
Mucin
Term
What two parts is Multicellular Exocrine Gland composed of
Definition
Duct (epithelium derived)
Secretory unit or acinus (secretory cells
Term
What is the structural classification of Multicellular Exocrine Gland
Definition
Simple vs compound structure
Secretory structure
Term
Name types of structure Multicellular Exocrine Gland (simple duct)
Definition
Tubular secretory structure
Aveolar secretory structure
Term
Name types of structure Multicellular Exocrine Gland (Compound duct)
Definition
Compound Tubular
Compound Alveolar
Compound Tubuloalveolar
Term
Define Apocrine glands
Definition
(Cuts off the cell (droplets will be milk from mammary gland)
a gland and especially a sweat gland that secretes a viscous fluid into a hair follicle (as in the armpit or groin), is lined with a single layer of usually columnar cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm, and typically does not become active until puberty
Term
What is the function of the of Connective tissue
Definition
Protection
Support
Protection
Insulation
Transportation
Term
What are the characteristics of connective tissue
Definition
Mesenchyme (common tissue of origin)
Varying degrees of vascularity
Nonliving extracellular matrix
Term
What are the three basic components of connective tissue
Definition
Ground Substance
Fibers
Cell
Term
What are the substances of Ground substances
Definition
interstitial Fluid
Protein
Term
What is Interstitial Fluid
Definition
is a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid
Term
What are proteins
Definition
any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies.
Term
What are the substances of Fibers
Definition
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
Term
What is collagen
Definition
the main structural protein found in animal connective tissue, yielding gelatin when boiled.
Adds tightness to structure
Term
What is elastic
Definition
able to resume its normal shape spontaneously after contraction, dilatation, or distortion.
(recoiling in the body)
Term
What is reticular
Definition
short branch of fibers to help maintain the structure of it
Term
What substances are found in cells
Definition
Mesenchymal – stem cell, embryonic
Fibroblastsn – build fiber
Adipocytesn- fat cells
White blood cells -
Macrophages – act as phagocytes
Mast cells – inflammatory response
Term
What are the subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper (Loose)
Definition
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Term
Define Areolar
Definition
small area between things or about something: as a : the colored ring around the nipple or around a vesicle or pustule b : the portion of the iris that borders the pupil of the eye.
Term
Define Adipose
Definition
used for the storage of fat
Term
Define Reticular
Definition
made of type III collagen or fibers
Term
What are the subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper (Dense)
Definition
Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Elastic
Term
Define Areolar
Definition
Gel like matrix with 3 fiber types; cells:
fibroblasts
macrophages
mast cells, and some white blood cells
Term
The function of the Integument
Definition
Protection - Keratin and Melanin Temperature regulation - sweat
Sensation-Exteroreceptors & hair
Metabolism - Cholesterol Mol & vitam D
Term
What is the Function of Areolar
Definition
Wraps and cushion organs
Its macrophages phagocytize bacteria
Help inflammation
hold and conveys tissue fluid
Term
Location of Areolar tissue
Definition
Epithelia of body
e.g.
mucous membranes
capillaries
Term
Define adipose tissue
Definition
Sparse in matrix of areolar
closely packed adipocytes
fat cells
nucleus push to side by large fat droplet
Term
Location of Adipose tissue
Definition
Under skin
around kidneys
around eyeballs
in abdomen
in breasts
Term
Function of Adipose tissue
Definition
reserve food fuel
insulates
support and protect organs
Term
Define reticular tissue
Definition
Loose ground substance (fiber Network)
cells lie on the network
Term
Location of reticular tissue
Definition
Lymphoid organs
bone marrow
spleen
Term
Function of Reticular tissue
Definition
fibers form soft internal skeleton
support cell types including:
white blood cells
mast blood cells
macrophages
Term
Define Dense Regular Tissue
Definition
Parallel collagen fibers
Elastin fibers (few)
Fibroblast (major cell type)
Term
Location of Dense Regular Tissue
Definition
Tendons
Ligaments (most)
aponeuroses
Term
Function of Dense Regular Tissue
Definition
Attaches muscles to bone
withstands great tensile stress
Term
Define Dense Regular CT
Definition
Dominated by elastic fibers
Term
Location of Dense Regular CT
Definition
between vertebra of spinal column, in wall of large blood vessels
Term
Define Dense Irregular Tissue
Definition
collagen fibers Primarily Irreg
elastic fibers (some
Fibroblast (major cell type)
Term
Location of Irregular Tissue
Definition
Dermis of skin
submucosa of digestive tract
fibrous joint capsule
Term
Name three types of Cartilage Tissue
Definition
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Term
Define cartilage
Definition
Dense connective tissue and bone
Tough
Flexible
Lacks nerve fibers
is Avascular
Take longer to heal
Term
Define Hyaline Cartilage Tissue
Definition
Amorphous (No Define shape) but firm matrix
collagen fibers form and imperceptible (hard to believe) network
chondroblasts produce the matrix when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae
Term
Location of Hyaline Cartilage Tissue
Definition
Embryonic Skeleton
Costal Cartilages of ribs
Long bone in Joint Cavity
nose
trachea
Larynx
Term
Function of Hyaline Cartilage Tissue
Definition
Supports
Reinforces
cushioning properties
resist compressive stress
Term
Define Elastic Cartilage
Definition
Has more elastic fibers but similar to hyaline
Term
Function of Elastic Cartilage Tissue
Definition
Keep structure while allowing flexibility
Term
Location of Elastic Cartilage
Definition
ear
epiglottis (root of tongue)
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