Term
|
Definition
| the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of how the body and its parts function. |
|
|
Term
| Smooth muscle is an example of which level of structural organization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which system regulates the acid-base balance of the blood?
The endocrine system.
The urinary system.
The lymphatic system.
The cardiovascular system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Organ systems are NOT described as which of these statements?
They can share organs with other systems.
They are groups of organs with a common function.
They function together to ensure wellness of the organism.
They act independently of each other. |
|
Definition
| They act independently of each other. |
|
|
Term
The passing of blood through the body is part of which body function?
Growth.
Metabolism.
Responsiveness.
Movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
4 The simplest level of organization on the "structural ladder" is the:
tissue level.
organ level.
cellular level.
chemical level. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements regarding homeostatic control mechanisms is FALSE?
Efferent information exits from the control center.
Positive feedback mechanisms, although rare, are factors in blood clotting and blood levels of glucose and oxygen.
Information in homeostatic control mechanisms flows from the receptor to the control center along the afferent pathway.
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms. |
|
Definition
| Positive feedback mechanisms, although rare, are factors in blood clotting and blood levels of glucose and oxygen. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following systems is involved in maintaining the boundaries of the body so that the inside remains distinct from the outside?
Respiratory.
Lymphatic.
Integumentary.
Endocrine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Metabolism is best described as:
the ability to transform substances into energy for the body.
the sum of the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
how the human body uses the food we eat.
how fast the body uses energy. |
|
Definition
| the sum of the chemical reactions that occur in the body. |
|
|
Term
The spleen is usually found in which abdominopelvic region?
Epigastric region.
Left iliac region.
Left hypochondriac region.
Left lumbar region. |
|
Definition
| Left hypochondriac region. |
|
|
Term
The mediastinum houses which of the following structures?
Trachea.
Spleen.
Liver.
Urinary bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal condition under changing external conditions is defined as:
negative feedback.
positive feedback.
homeostasis.
hematopoiesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The elements of a physiological control system include
a receptor or another kind of sensor.
an effector or other response.
a control center that determines output.
All of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The thymus gland is part of which of the following?
The cardiovascular system.
The lymphatic system.
The endocrine system.
The reproductive system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements is/are FALSE?
The arms are medial to the chest.
The breastbone (sternum) is anterior to the spine.
The navel is deep to the breastbone (sternum).
The arms are medial to the chest AND the navel is deep to the breastbone (sternum). |
|
Definition
| The arms are medial to the chest AND the navel is deep to the breastbone (sternum). |
|
|
Term
The correct anatomical position does NOT include which of the following positions?
Palms facing backwards.
Standing erect.
Hands at the sides, and feet parallel.
Head facing forward. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The dorsal body cavity is divided into two subdivisions. They are
the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity.
the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.
the cranial cavity and the thoracic cavity.
None of the above. |
|
Definition
| the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following planes would separate the cranial cavity from the thoracic cavity?
Transverse plane.
Frontal (coronal) plane.
Median (midsagittal) plane.
Sagittal plane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When standing in the correct anatomical position, the feet are ________ to the knees.
proximal
medial
distal
lateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A group of cells of the same type form a(n):
organ.
organism.
atom.
tissue.
organ system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which system complements the circulatory system and involves the spleen?
The urinary system.
The lymphatic system.
The digestive system.
The endocrine system.
The reproductive system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A group of tissues working together for a specific function form a(n):
organ.
organism.
positive feedback system.
organ system.
organelle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements regarding responsiveness, or irritability, is FALSE?
Responsiveness, or irritability, is a necessary life function.
All body cells are irritable to some extent.
Because nerve cells are slightly irritable and communicate rapidly with each other via hormones, the nervous system bears the major responsibility for responsiveness.
You do not need to think about responsiveness, such as involuntarily pulling your hand away from a painful stimulus.
None of the statements is false. |
|
Definition
| Because nerve cells are slightly irritable and communicate rapidly with each other via hormones, the nervous system bears the major responsibility for responsiveness |
|
|
Term
The ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal environment is referred to as:
equilibrium.
homeostasis.
metabolism.
negative feedback.
positive feedback |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The anatomical term meaning away from the midline is
distal.
inferior.
lateral.
medial.
proximal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The anatomical term meaning close to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk is:
distal.
inferior.
lateral.
medial.
proximal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The anatomical term meaning farther from the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk is:
distal.
inferior.
lateral.
medial.
anterior. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The anatomical term meaning toward the lower part of a structure is
distal.
inferior.
lateral.
medial.
anterior. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The anatomical term meaning toward the midline of the body is
distal.
inferior.
lateral.
medial.
anterior. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Growth, reproduction, and food use at the cellular level are partially controlled by hormones released by organs from which of the following systems that also act(s) relatively slowly?
The digestive system.
The reproductive system.
The endocrine system.
The nervous system.
A and B. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure and shape is called:
anatomy.
embryology.
endocrinology.
histology.
physiology. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
Body erect.
Palms turned posteriorly.
Arms at sides.
Thumbs pointed laterally.
Feet parallel. |
|
Definition
| Palms turned posteriorly. |
|
|
Term
Which body system is most closely associated with information assessment?
Endocrine.
Integumentary.
Lymphatic.
Nervous.
Reproductive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which body system is most closely associated with the support and protection of the body organs?
Endocrine.
Integumentary.
Lymphatic.
Nervous.
Skeletal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements regarding homeostatic control mechanisms is/are true?
The effector is usually a type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment.
Information in homeostatic control mechanisms flows from the receptor to the control center via the efferent pathway.
The control center determines the set point at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes the information it receives, and then determines the appropriate response or course of action.
Information flows from the control center to the effector along the afferent pathway.
A and B. |
|
Definition
| The control center determines the set point at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes the information it receives, and then determines the appropriate response or course of action. |
|
|
Term
Which body system is most closely associated with transport and delivery?
Cardiovascular.
Integumentary.
Nervous.
Reproductive.
Respiratory. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which body system is most closely associated with the production of offspring?
Endocrine.
Integumentary.
Lymphatic.
Nervous.
Reproductive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which body system is most closely associated with the slow (long term) control of bodily activities?
Endocrine.
Integumentary.
Lymphatic.
Nervous.
Reproductive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following best illustrates the increasing levels of complexity?
(1) Cellular Level; (2) Organ Level; (3) Chemical Level; (4) Organism Level Level; (5) Tissues Level; (6) Organ systems Level
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
2, 4, 3, 5, 1, 6.
4, 3, 5, 6, 1, 2.
3, 1, 5, 2, 6, 4.
1, 5, 3, 2, 6, 4. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A transverse plane divides the body into _______ segments.
equal right and left
right and left
anterior and posterior
superior and inferior
both right and left and anterior and posterior segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anatomical position is:
a term used by artists referring to facing front and posing.
unimportant as a term of reference.
the position in which the body is erect, facing front with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward.
the position in which the body is lying prone (face down) with feet parallel and arms by the sides.
the position in which the body is erect, facing forward with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing backward. |
|
Definition
a term used by artists referring to facing front and posing.
unimportant as a term of reference.
the position in which the body is erect, facing front with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward. |
|
|
Term
The cheeks are ____ to the tongue.
proximal
lateral
medial
inferior
dorsal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements regarding feedback mechanisms is/are FALSE?
Positive feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus and to push the variable farther from its original value.
In negative feedback mechanisms, the net effect of the responses to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity.
Positive feedback mechanisms control infrequent events that occur "explosively."
Blood clotting is an example of a typical negative feedback mechanism. |
|
Definition
| Blood clotting is an example of a typical negative feedback mechanism |
|
|
Term
When the body is subject to physical trauma, such as in an automobile accident, which organs are the most vulnerable to injury (homeostatic imbalance)?
Abdominal organs in the abdominal cavity.
Pelvic organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
Heart and lungs in the thoracic cavity.
The brain in the cranial cavity.
The spinal cord within the spinal cavity. |
|
Definition
| Abdominal organs in the abdominal cavity. |
|
|
Term
Metabolism is:
a broad term that refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
a term that refers to the chemical reactions where larger structures are made from smaller ones (synthesis).
the term that refers only to the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood for delivery to all body cells.
a term that refers to the chemical reactions where large molecules are broken down into smaller ones.
the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them |
|
Definition
| a broad term that refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT an anterior body landmark?
Coxal.
Crural.
Buccal.
Olecranal.
Acromial. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The _______ is the body's slow-acting control system and acts by means of _______.
endocrine system; hormones
muscular system; contraction
nervous system; hormones
lymphatic system; lymphocytes and macrophages
nervous system; electrical and chemical signals |
|
Definition
| endocrine system; hormones |
|
|
Term
If you wish to make a drawing of a section through the human body that showed the heart and both of the lungs, your section could be in which of the following planes?
(1) Frontal (coronal); (2) Transverse; (3) Sagittal
1 only.
2 only.
3 only.
1 and 2.
2 and 3. |
|
Definition
| (1) Frontal (coronal); (2) Transverse |
|
|
Term
The right and left _______ regions flank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs.
epigastric
hypochondriac
iliac
lumbar
hypogastric |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex:
(1) Molecules; (2) Atoms; (3) Tissues; (4) Cells; (5) Organ
1-2-3-4-5.
2-1-4-3-5.
2-1-3-4-5.
1-2-4-3-5.
5-4-3-2-1 |
|
Definition
| 2) Atoms; (1) Molecules;(4) Cells; (3) Tissues;(5) Organ |
|
|
Term
The term medial is
a direction toward or at the midline of the body.
a term referring to a direction away from the midline of the body.
refers to a direction farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body part.
a term referring to the front of the body.
a term referring to the superior (cranial or cephalad) direction. |
|
Definition
| a direction toward or at the midline of the body. |
|
|
Term
The thoracic body cavity:
is made up of the cranial and spinal cavities.
is made up of two subcavities.
is the superior cavity in the ventral cavity.
is the dorsal cavity.
is posterior to the dorsal body cavity. |
|
Definition
| is the superior cavity in the ventral cavity. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a necessary life function?
Maintaining boundaries.
Movement.
Thinking.
Responsiveness.
Reproduction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of these is found in the dorsal body cavity?
Liver.
Brain.
Kidneys.
Heart.
Lungs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Tissues consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function.
Atoms are the building blocks of matter, and combine to form molecules.
The digestive system, reproductive system, and endocrine system are examples of organs.
An organ is made up of two or more tissue types.
Organ systems make up the living body or the organism. |
|
Definition
| The digestive system, reproductive system, and endocrine system are examples of organs. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT true of a sagittal plane?
A sagittal section is a cut made along the lengthwise, or longitudinal, plane of the body dividing the body into right and left parts.
A sagittal section divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left parts.
A median plane is another name for a midsagittal plane.
Both the sagittal and coronal planes represent a cut made along a lengthwise plane. |
|
Definition
| A sagittal section divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT true of the skeletal system?
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
Bones are not necessary for efficient movement.
The skeletal system has a protective function.
Hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) occurs within the cavities of the skeleton.
The hard substance of bones acts as a storehouse for minerals. |
|
Definition
| Bones are not necessary for efficient movement. |
|
|
Term
Which term is defined as being close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk?
Superior, cranial, or cephalad.
Intermediate.
Distal.
Proximal.
Superficial. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Know the “Levels of Structural Organization” |
|
Definition
1. Chemical/Molecular Level
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. Organ System Level
6. Organism Level |
|
|
Term
| What is the Chemical/Molecular Level? |
|
Definition
| They are contractile protein fibers organized from molecules. |
|
|
Term
| What would be considered the cellular level? |
|
Definition
| Cardiac Muscle for at interlocking would be an a example of this |
|
|
Term
| What would be considered the tissue level? |
|
Definition
| Cardiac Muscle interlocked at the heart muscle cells would be an example of this |
|
|
Term
| What would be considered the Organ level? |
|
Definition
| The heart, lungs, and etc... would be an example of this |
|
|
Term
| What would be considered the Organ System level. |
|
Definition
| MURDERS LINC would be an example of this. |
|
|
Term
| What would be considered the Organism Level |
|
Definition
| All Levels of Organizations working together for a person to remain healthy and alive. |
|
|
Term
| What are the directional terms? |
|
Definition
1. Superior and inferior
2. Proximal and distal
3. Lateral and Medial
4. Longitudinal
5. Anterior and Posterior
6. Dorsal and Ventral
7. Superficial and Deep
8. Cranial/Cephalic
9. Supine
10. Prone
11. Anatomical Position |
|
|
Term
| What are the planes of the body? |
|
Definition
1. Frontal/Coronal plane - cut from middle at side view
2. Transverse plane - cut horizontally
3. Parasagittal plane - cut longitude to the either side of the midline.
4. Sagittal - cut longitude midline
5. Oblique - cut at an angle |
|
|
Term
| What are the Abdominopelvic Regions of the human body? |
|
Definition
1. Right and Left Hypochondriac Region
2. Right and Left Lumber Region
3. Right and Left inguinal Regions
4. Epigastric Region
5. Umbilical Region
6. Hypogastric region |
|
|
Term
| What are the quadrants of the human body? |
|
Definition
1.Right and Left Upper Quadrant Region
2.Right and Left Lower Quadrant Region |
|
|
Term
| What cavity contains the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cavity contains the pharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cavity contains the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cavity contains Esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cavity contains heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cavity contains the Superior Mediastinum, Pericardial, and the plural cavity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cavity contains the digestive viscera. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cavity contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the homeostatic control mechanisms? |
|
Definition
1. Control Center - Brain of operation
2. Efferent Pathway - Information line
3. Effector feedback - influences stimulus and returns body back to homeostasis.
3. Receptor |
|
|
Term
| Cells are the structural_________ __________of all _______ and ________ |
|
Definition
1. building blocks
2. plants
3. Animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| By the division of preexisting cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many different type of cell are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three major components of the cell.? |
|
Definition
Plasma Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main structure of a Plasma Membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Phospholipid bilayer contain? |
|
Definition
Hydrophilic Heads
Hydrophobic Tails |
|
|
Term
| Define Hydrophilic Heads? |
|
Definition
| orientated themselves towards the extracellular and intracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Orientate themselves inward away from the Cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This usually covers the entire with of the membrane and is also called transmembrane proteins |
|
|
Term
| Define the Integral Proteins forms |
|
Definition
| The form channels that water molecules, ions, and small water-soluble compounds into or out of the cell. Some of the channels are also called gated because they can open and close |
|
|
Term
| What can act as Channels, Carriers, and Receptors and is also call the cell membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Peripheral Proteins. |
|
Definition
| Known for Anchoring because it can attach to either the inner or the outer membrane surface. |
|
|
Term
| What are the General Functions of the Plasma Membrane |
|
Definition
Physical isolation
Regulates exchange with environment
Sensitive to environment
Connect with other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is the carbohydrate (glycol-) component of the glycolipids and glycoproteins that extend away from the outer surface o the plasma-lemma for a viscous, superficial coating.
It also serve as biological markers |
|
|
Term
| What does Cholesterol do? |
|
Definition
| Helps to stabilize membrane |
|
|
Term
| Describe the 3 specialized plasma membrane junctions. |
|
Definition
Tight Junction
Desmosomes
Gap Junction |
|
|
Term
| What is a Tight Junction? |
|
Definition
| it is a impermeable junction formed by interlocking proteins encircling the cell; also, Keeps out enzymes, acids, microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| What is a Desmosomes Junction? |
|
Definition
| it is a anchoring junctions the Prevent cells that are subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is cells are connected by hollow cylinders that Allows chemical communication between cells and is Found in smooth and cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is two type of Membrane Transport? |
|
Definition
Passive Process - No energy required
Active Process - Requires Energy ATP |
|
|
Term
| What three function of the Passive Process? |
|
Definition
Simple Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Diffuse directly through phospholipid bilayer
Concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
| Define Facilitated Diffusion |
|
Definition
compounds can be passively transported across the membrane by special carrier proteins.
Substances bind to carrier proteins
Can be saturated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two functions of the Active Process |
|
Definition
Carrier Mediated Active Transport
Vesicular Transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having reduced pressure or tone, in particular |
|
|
Term
| Define Hypertonic Solution |
|
Definition
| Cell shrinks because the intracellular fluid is on the outside of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cell shape stay the same because there is an equal of amount of intracellular fluid dispersed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane against concentration gradient and requires carrier proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transport of material out of a cell by means of a sac or vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through an opening in the cell membrane which is also a part of Vesicular transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the packaging of extracellular materials into a vesicle at the cell surface for importation into the cell which is also during Vesicular transport.
Some of the transports included are Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is a stage during Endocytosis were Large particles, such as bacteria, cell debris, or other foreign particles, are taken into cells and enclosed with vesicles.
In is also known as "cell eating" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is a stage during Endocytosis were pinosomes, or vesicles filled with extracellular fluid
Also known as the cell drinking. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of Endocytosis |
|
Definition
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Define Receptor Mediated Endocytosis |
|
Definition
| The process that resembles pinocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors affecting rate in Diffusion |
|
Definition
| Size of gradient, molecular size, charge, lipid, protein solubility, temperature |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors affecting rate in Osmosis |
|
Definition
| Concentration gradient; opposing pressue |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors affecting rate in Facilitated diffusion |
|
Definition
| Size of gradient, molecular size, charge, lipid, protein solubility, temperature and availability of carrier protein |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors affecting rate in Active Transport |
|
Definition
| Availability of carrier, substrate, and ATP |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors affecting rate in Endocytosis |
|
Definition
| Stimulus and mechanism not understood; requires ATP |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors affecting rate in Exocytosis |
|
Definition
| Stimulus and mechanism incompletely understood' requires ATP and calcium ions |
|
|
Term
| What substances are involved with Diffusion |
|
Definition
| Small inorganic ions, lipid-soluble materials (all cells) |
|
|
Term
| What substances are involved with Osmosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substances are involved with Facilitated Diffusion |
|
Definition
| Glucose and amino acids (all cells) |
|
|
Term
| What substances are involved with Active Transport |
|
Definition
| NA+, K+, Ca+, Mg2 (all cells); probably solutes in special cases |
|
|
Term
| What substances are involved with Endocytosis |
|
Definition
| Fluids, nutrients (all cells); debris, pathogens (special cells) |
|
|
Term
| What substances are involved with Exocytosis |
|
Definition
| Fluid and wastes (all cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Material between the nucleus and the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| What are the Major Elements of Cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains a high concentration of potassium ions, high concentration of dissolved substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a specialized part of a cell having some specific function; a cell organ. |
|
|
Term
| What is the major elements in Nonmembranous organelles |
|
Definition
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella
Ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the internal protein framework that gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is a rod-shaped bodies located near the nucleus, it is composed of short microtubules arranged in a cylindrical structure, and it causes direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division, and it forms the bases of cilia and flagellum |
|
|
Term
| Define nonmembranous organelles |
|
Definition
| It is always in contact with the cytosol |
|
|
Term
| Define membranous organelles |
|
Definition
| surrounded by membranes that isolate their contents from the cytosol, just as the plasmalemma isolates the cytosol from the extracellular fluid |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| It is hair-like extension on the free surface of the cell and it moves substances in one direction along cell surface. (bad particles gets trapped in mucus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| It is similar to cilia but single and much longer and it propels the cell itself (sperm cell) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| it is small dark bodies made of protein and RNA at the site of protein synthesis and is found free in the cytoplasm and rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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|
Term
| What is Cytoplasmic Organelles |
|
Definition
| Specialized cellular compartments |
|
|
Term
| What is contain in the specialized cellular compartments of cytoplasmic Organelles |
|
Definition
Membranous Organelles
Nonmembranous Organelles |
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Term
| What are the major elements of Membranous organelles |
|
Definition
Mitochondria
Peroxisomes
Lysosomes
endoplasmic reticulum smooth and rough
Golgi apparatus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| It is a double membrane structures with infoldings called cristae, provides ATP for cellular energy, and is the "Powerhouses" of the cell |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a cell organelle containing catalase, peroxidase, and other oxidative enzymes and performing essential metabolic functions, as the decomposition of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a cell organelle containing enzymes that digest particles and that disintegrate the cell after its death |
|
|
Term
| What is the endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| Network of intracellular membranes connected to nuclear envelope of nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What is the Golgi Apparatus |
|
Definition
| it is a stack of flat membranous sacs and vesicles which packages proteins for transport depending on their final destination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It contains genetic material (DNA) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Nuclear envelope |
|
Definition
| It is a double membrane separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a dark stained body, site of ribosome production |
|
|
Term
| What is the rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
|
Definition
| It is studded with ribosomes and manufactures all secreted proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is the smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
|
Definition
| It is the lipid synthesis, calcium storage and has no ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| What does Cytoskeleton consists of? |
|
Definition
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
microtubules |
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|
Term
| What is contained in the Pathway of Vesicles |
|
Definition
Secretory vesicles
Membrane renewal vesicles
Lysosomes - which remain in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is concentrated under the plasma membrane, helps strengthens cell surface (really close to the plasma membrane), and it functions in cell mobility and shape (usually columnar) |
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|
Term
| Define Intermediate Filaments |
|
Definition
| It is composed of proteins with high tensile strength helps to split the cell for mitosis, it resist pulling forces on the cell, and help form desmosomes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| It is hollow tubes made of protein, it is located adjacent to the nucleus, it anchors and moves organelles, and form from mitotic spindle during cell division |
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Term
|
Definition
| It is groups of cells similar in structure and function |
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|
Term
| Name the for types of tissues |
|
Definition
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve |
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|
Term
| What is an Epithelium/epithelia Glands |
|
Definition
| It is an organ producing a secretion. |
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|
Term
| What are the function of 5 function of Epithelial Tissue |
|
Definition
Protection
Controlled Permeability
Sensation
Secretion |
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|
Term
| What is protection in the Epithelial Tissue |
|
Definition
It protects exposed and internal surfaces from abrasion, dehydration, and destruction by chemical or biological agents.
Internally in only applies on layer of protection (simple squamous) |
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|
Term
| What is Controlled Permeability in the Epithelial Tissue |
|
Definition
| In contains molecular "machinery" needed for selective absorption and filtration. |
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|
Term
| What is Sensation in the Epithelial Tissue |
|
Definition
| extensively innervated by sensory nerves |
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|
Term
| What is Specialized Secretion in the Epithelial Tissue |
|
Definition
| It is Gland Cell also referred to as Glandular epithelium because the act or process of separating, elaborating, and releasing a substance that fulfills some function within the organism or undergoes excretion. |
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|
Term
| Describe the characteristics of Epithelium |
|
Definition
Polarity
Supported by connective tissue
Avascular but innervated
Regenerative
Cellularity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It has a apical surface the faces the exterior of the body or some internal space.
It also has basal surface where it is attached to adjacent tissues
It is also evenly distributed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it obtains nutrients by diffusion or absorption across the apical or basal surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is cells damaged or lost at the surface are continually replaced through the division of stem cells with the epithelium |
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|
Term
| What are the two ways we classify epithelium |
|
Definition
Simple Epithelium
Stratified Epithelium |
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|
Term
| Where does Simple Epithelia reside |
|
Definition
| It is found where there is absorption and filtration |
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|
Term
| Where does Stratified Epithelia reside |
|
Definition
| It is found where protection is needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relating to, consisting of, or denoting a layer of epithelium that consists of very thin flattened cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epithelium consisting of one or more layers of cells of cuboid or polyhedral shape. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epithelium consisting of one or more layers of elongated cells of cylindrical or prismatic shape. |
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|
Term
| What is the function of Simple Squamous |
|
Definition
| It allows passage of material by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes, lubricating substances in serosae |
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|
Term
| Where is the location of Simple Squamous |
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Definition
| In is found in the Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae) |
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|
Term
| Which two simple squamous epithelia is not come into contact with external environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of epithelium composed of a single layer of smooth, thin cells that lines the heart, blood vessels, lymphatics, and serous cavities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epithelium of mesodermal origin, which lines the body cavities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of various thin membranes, as the peritoneum, that line certain cavities of the body and exude a serous fluid. |
|
|
Term
| What are the specializations of Epithelial Cells |
|
Definition
| they provide production of secretions, the movement of fluids over the epithelial surface, or the movement of fluid through the epitheliums itself. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a membrane of a polarized cell is the surface of the plasma membrane that faces inward to the lumen. This is particularly evident in epithelial and endothelial cells, but also describes other polarized cells, such as neurons. |
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|
Term
| Define Simple cuboidal epithelium |
|
Definition
| Single layer of cube like cells with large4 spherical central nuclei |
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|
Term
| What is he function of simple cuboidal epithelium |
|
Definition
| It performs secretion and absorption |
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|
Term
| What is the location of simple cuboidal epithelium |
|
Definition
| It is found in the Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small gland; ovary surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a thin, delicate membrane of protein fibers and glycosaminoglycan separating an epithelium from underlying tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What is Simple columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
| It is a single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus glands (goblet cells) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of simple columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
| it provides absorption; secretion for mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action |
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|
Term
| Where is simple cuboidal located |
|
Definition
| It is located in the nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus |
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|
Term
| What is psedostratified columnar |
|
Definition
| It is a single layer of cell of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain goblet cells and bear cilia |
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|
Term
| What is the function of pseudostratified columnar |
|
Definition
| It does secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action |
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|
Term
| Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
| It is located in the nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety line the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
| Describe Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
|
Definition
| It I a thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cell are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flatted (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
|
Definition
| It protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion |
|
|
Term
| Where is the location of Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
|
Definition
| It is located in Nonkerathinezed type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Transitional Epithelium |
|
Definition
| it is stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous like depending on degree of organ stretch |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Transitional Epithelium |
|
Definition
| It stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine. |
|
|
Term
| What is the location of Transitional Epithelium |
|
Definition
| It is located; the lines of ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid |
|
|
Term
| In a gland what is an active process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a Epithelial Tissue, Glandular in classified by what? |
|
Definition
Site of product release such as Endocrine and Exocrine
Relative number of cells forming the gland such as Unicellular (one) or multicellular (many). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is ductless glands the produce hormones |
|
|
Term
| What hormones does Endocrine Gland secret |
|
Definition
Amino Acids
Proteins
Glycoproteins
Steroids |
|
|
Term
| Are All Endocrine Glands epithelial derivatives |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The are more Exocrine Glands than Endocrine Glands.
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones does Endocrine Gland secret onto body surface or into body cavities |
|
Definition
Mucous
Sweat
Oil
Salivary Glands |
|
|
Term
| Define Unicellular Exocrine Glands |
|
Definition
| It includes goblet cells (looks like a goblet) and mucous cells. Unicellular glands can be found within the epithelial linings of the intestinal and respiratory tracts. |
|
|
Term
| Define Multicellular exocrine glands |
|
Definition
| They are more complex than their unicellular neighbors. They have two main parts: an epithelium-derived duct and a secretory unit (made of secretory cells) |
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|
Term
| Define structure of Tubular |
|
Definition
| if the secretory cells form tubes |
|
|
Term
| Define structure of Alveolar |
|
Definition
| if the secretory cells form small sacs |
|
|
Term
| Define structure of Tubuloalveolar |
|
Definition
| if they have both tubular and alveolar secretory units |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Releases products)
they secrete their products by exocytosis during production (the pancreas and most sweat/salivary glands belong to this class). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(it burst as it releases)
They accumulate their products until they rupture and die they also secrete dead cell fragments along with their main product, this is why they must rupture and die when the product is released. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important Unicellular Exocrine Gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the Goblet cell found |
|
Definition
| it is Found in epithelial lining of intestinal and respiratory tract between columnar cells |
|
|
Term
| What does the Goblet cell produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two parts is Multicellular Exocrine Gland composed of |
|
Definition
Duct (epithelium derived)
Secretory unit or acinus (secretory cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the structural classification of Multicellular Exocrine Gland |
|
Definition
Simple vs compound structure
Secretory structure |
|
|
Term
| Name types of structure Multicellular Exocrine Gland (simple duct) |
|
Definition
Tubular secretory structure
Aveolar secretory structure |
|
|
Term
| Name types of structure Multicellular Exocrine Gland (Compound duct) |
|
Definition
Compound Tubular
Compound Alveolar
Compound Tubuloalveolar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Cuts off the cell (droplets will be milk from mammary gland)
a gland and especially a sweat gland that secretes a viscous fluid into a hair follicle (as in the armpit or groin), is lined with a single layer of usually columnar cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm, and typically does not become active until puberty |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the of Connective tissue |
|
Definition
Protection
Support
Protection
Insulation
Transportation |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of connective tissue |
|
Definition
Mesenchyme (common tissue of origin)
Varying degrees of vascularity
Nonliving extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
| What are the three basic components of connective tissue |
|
Definition
Ground Substance
Fibers
Cell |
|
|
Term
| What are the substances of Ground substances |
|
Definition
interstitial Fluid
Protein |
|
|
Term
| What is Interstitial Fluid |
|
Definition
| is a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies. |
|
|
Term
| What are the substances of Fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the main structural protein found in animal connective tissue, yielding gelatin when boiled.
Adds tightness to structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
able to resume its normal shape spontaneously after contraction, dilatation, or distortion.
(recoiling in the body) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short branch of fibers to help maintain the structure of it |
|
|
Term
| What substances are found in cells |
|
Definition
Mesenchymal – stem cell, embryonic
Fibroblastsn – build fiber
Adipocytesn- fat cells
White blood cells -
Macrophages – act as phagocytes
Mast cells – inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| What are the subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper (Loose) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small area between things or about something: as a : the colored ring around the nipple or around a vesicle or pustule b : the portion of the iris that borders the pupil of the eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for the storage of fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of type III collagen or fibers |
|
|
Term
| What are the subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper (Dense) |
|
Definition
Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Elastic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gel like matrix with 3 fiber types; cells:
fibroblasts
macrophages
mast cells, and some white blood cells |
|
|
Term
| The function of the Integument |
|
Definition
Protection - Keratin and Melanin Temperature regulation - sweat
Sensation-Exteroreceptors & hair
Metabolism - Cholesterol Mol & vitam D |
|
|
Term
| What is the Function of Areolar |
|
Definition
Wraps and cushion organs
Its macrophages phagocytize bacteria
Help inflammation
hold and conveys tissue fluid |
|
|
Term
| Location of Areolar tissue |
|
Definition
Epithelia of body
e.g.
mucous membranes
capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sparse in matrix of areolar
closely packed adipocytes
fat cells
nucleus push to side by large fat droplet |
|
|
Term
| Location of Adipose tissue |
|
Definition
Under skin
around kidneys
around eyeballs
in abdomen
in breasts |
|
|
Term
| Function of Adipose tissue |
|
Definition
reserve food fuel
insulates
support and protect organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Loose ground substance (fiber Network)
cells lie on the network |
|
|
Term
| Location of reticular tissue |
|
Definition
Lymphoid organs
bone marrow
spleen |
|
|
Term
| Function of Reticular tissue |
|
Definition
fibers form soft internal skeleton
support cell types including:
white blood cells
mast blood cells
macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Define Dense Regular Tissue |
|
Definition
Parallel collagen fibers
Elastin fibers (few)
Fibroblast (major cell type) |
|
|
Term
| Location of Dense Regular Tissue |
|
Definition
Tendons
Ligaments (most)
aponeuroses |
|
|
Term
| Function of Dense Regular Tissue |
|
Definition
Attaches muscles to bone
withstands great tensile stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dominated by elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
| Location of Dense Regular CT |
|
Definition
| between vertebra of spinal column, in wall of large blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Define Dense Irregular Tissue |
|
Definition
collagen fibers Primarily Irreg
elastic fibers (some
Fibroblast (major cell type) |
|
|
Term
| Location of Irregular Tissue |
|
Definition
Dermis of skin
submucosa of digestive tract
fibrous joint capsule |
|
|
Term
| Name three types of Cartilage Tissue |
|
Definition
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dense connective tissue and bone
Tough
Flexible
Lacks nerve fibers
is Avascular
Take longer to heal |
|
|
Term
| Define Hyaline Cartilage Tissue |
|
Definition
Amorphous (No Define shape) but firm matrix
collagen fibers form and imperceptible (hard to believe) network
chondroblasts produce the matrix when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae |
|
|
Term
| Location of Hyaline Cartilage Tissue |
|
Definition
Embryonic Skeleton
Costal Cartilages of ribs
Long bone in Joint Cavity
nose
trachea
Larynx |
|
|
Term
| Function of Hyaline Cartilage Tissue |
|
Definition
Supports
Reinforces
cushioning properties
resist compressive stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has more elastic fibers but similar to hyaline |
|
|
Term
| Function of Elastic Cartilage Tissue |
|
Definition
| Keep structure while allowing flexibility |
|
|
Term
| Location of Elastic Cartilage |
|
Definition
ear
epiglottis (root of tongue) |
|
|
