- Bones held together by dense irregular collagen fibers and permit little to no movement. 

- Lack a synovial cavity.

- Three types of fibrous joints:

1.) sutures (skull)

2.) syndesmoses (between tibia and fibula)

3.) gomphoses (teeth, maxille and mandible)

- Bones held together by cartilage. 

- Lacks a synovial cavity. 

- Allows little or no movement. 

- Two types of cartilaginous joints :

1.) Synchondroses (connective hyaline cartilage, epiphyseal growth plate)

2.) Symphyses (slightly movable joint covered with hyline cartilage, pubic symphysis between hip bones)

- Bones held together by ligaments. 

- Synovial cavity allows for a joint to be freely movable. 

- A sleeve-like capsule encloses the synovial cavity. 

- Articular capsule is composed of two layers: outer fibrous capsule, inner synovial membrane. 

Synovial Joints: Synovial Fluid 

- Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid. 

- It functions to reduces friction by lubricating the joint, absorbing shock, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage, and removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the cartilage. 

- Nerve endings convey information about pain from the joint to the spinal cord and brain. 

- Nerve endings respond to the degree of movement and stretch a joint. 

- Arterial branches from several different arteries merge around a joint before penetrating the articular capsule. 

- Accessory ligament. 

- Pads of cartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of th bone. 

- Allows bones of different shapes to fit together more tightly. 

- Sac-like structures containing fluid similar to synovial fluid. 

- Located between tendons, ligaments and bones. 

- Cushion the movement of these body parts. 

1.) Gliding

2.) Angular Movements

3.) Rotation

4.) Special Movements 

- Simple movement back-and-forth and from side-to-side. 

- There is no significant alteration of the angle between the bones. 

- Limited in range.

- Intercarpal joints. 

- Increase or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones. 

- These include: Flexion, Extension, Lateral flexion, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction. 

- Articular surfaces are nearly flat or slighly convex and allow gliding movements only. 

-Back-and-forth and side-to-side movements such as the carpals of the wrist, and tarsals of the ankles

- Produces an opening and closing motion, allows a bending movement in one direction only. 

- Permit only flexion and extension (knee and elbow). 

- Surface of bone articulates with a ring form partly by another bone. 

- Allows rotary movement in one axis (atlas and axis). 

- angular movement in two directions. 

- have an oval-shaped head in an elliptical cavity (wrist) 

- Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface of another bone fits in like a "saddle". 

- Permits angular movements in two planes (thumb). 

- angular movement in all directions combined with pivotal rotation. 

- ball-like surface of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of another (shoulder and hip). 

1.) Structure or shape of articulating bones: determine how closely they fit together. 

2.) Strength and tension of the joint ligaments: ligaments are tense when the joint is in certain positions, tense ligaments restrict the joint. 

3.) Arrangement and tension of muscles: muscle tension reinforces the restraint placed on a joint by its ligaments, and restricts movement. 

4.) Contact of soft parts: the point at which one body surface contacts another may limit mobility, movements are restricted by the presence of adipose tissue. 

5.) Hormones: Flexibility is affected by hormones, relaxin increase the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and loosens the ligaments between the sacrum and hip bones during pregnancy. 

6.) Disuse: movement may be restricted if a joint has not been used for an extended period of time.

- Ball-and-socket joint formed by the head of the humerus and scapula. 

- More freedom of movement than any other joint of the body. 

- Combined hinge joint and planar formed by the mandible and the temporal bone. 

- Only movable joint between skull bones, only the mandible moves. 

- Largest and most complex joint of the body. 

- Modified hinge joint. 

- decresed production of synovial fluid. 

- articular cartilage becomes thinner. 

- ligaments shorten and lose flexibility. 

- osteoarthritis. 

- Partial hip replacements involve only the femur. 

- Total hip replacements involve both the acetabulum and head of the femur. 

*Refer to long answer question from lab exam*

- Actual resurfacing of cartilage and may be partial or total. 

*Refer to long answer question from lab exam*