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Chapter 9
Joints
73
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/06/2017

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Term
3 joint categories
Definition
synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses
Term
synarthroses
Definition
immovable joints, can be fibrous or cartilaginous
Ex.cranial and facial bones of skull, maxilla/teeth, mandible/teeth
Term
amphiarthroses
Definition
slightly movable joints, can be fibrous or cartilaginous
Ex. L5/sacrum, intervertebral
Term
diarthroses
Definition
freely movable joints (synovial joints)
Ex.
Term
3 types of synarthroses structures
Definition
suture, located only between the bones of the skull
gomphosis, binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible
synostosis, frontal suture of the frontal bone, the fusion of an infant's l.and R. mandibular bones
Term
Syndesmosis
Definition
A fibrous amphiarthrosis joint, bones are connected by a ligament.
Ex. the distal joint between the tibia and fibula
Term
Symphysis
Definition
A cartilaginous amphiarthrosis joint, the articulating bones are connected by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage.
Ex. Joint between the 2 pubic bones (pubic symphosis)
Term
Synovial joint
Definition
A diarthosis joint. Typically found at the ends of long bones (upper and lower limbs)
Term
3 planes of movement of a synovial joint
Definition
Monoaxial:movement in one plane (elbow, ankle)
Biaxial: movement in 2 planes (ribs & wrist)
Triaxial: movement in 3 planes (hip & shoulder)
Term
joint capsule (articular capsule)
Definition
surrounds the synovial joint; contains an inner synovial membrane & an outer fibrous capsule.
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
Covers the bony surfaces at a synovial joint; resembles hyaline cartilage but has no perichondrium. Surface slick and smooth.
Term
Synovial fluid
Definition
A clear, viscous solution, contains proteoglycans and high concentration of hyaluronan secreted by fibroblasts of the synovial membrane.
Term
3 functions of synovial fluid
Definition
(1)Lubrication
(2)Nutrient distribution
(3)Shock absorption
Term
Meniscus
Definition
A pad of fibrocartilage located between opposing bones within a synovial joint. May subdivide a cavity, channel the flow of synovial fluid, or allow for variations in the shapes of the articular surfaces
Term
Fat pads
Definition
Localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer of synovial membrane. Protect the articular cartilages, act as packing material
Term
Accessory ligaments
Definition
Support, strengthen, and reinforce synovial joints
Term
Intrinsic ligaments
Definition
Localized thickenings of the joint capsule (capsular ligaments)
Term
Extrinsic ligaments
Definition
Separate from the joint capsule; intracapsular (inside the joint capsule), or extracapsular (outside the joint capsule)
Term
Sprain
Definition
A ligament is stretched so much that some of the collagen fibers are torn.
Term
Tendons
Definition
Not part of the joint, they pass across or around a joint to limit the joint's ROM or provide mechanical support for it.
Term
Bursae
Definition
Small, thin, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue. Contain synovial fluid, lined by a synovial membrane. May be connected to the joint cavity or separate from it.Form where a tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues.Located around most synovial joints.
Term
Purposes of bursae
Definition
Reduce friction and act as shock absorbers.
Term
Factors responsible for limiting the range of motion, stabilizing the joint, & reducing chance of injury
Definition
Collagen fibers
Shapes of the articulating surfaces and menisci
The presence of other bones, fat pads, or skeletal muscles around the joint
Tension in tendons attached to the articulating bones
Term
Gliding movement
Definition
When 2 opposing surfaces slide past one another. Between articulating carpal & tarsal bones, between the clavicles and the sternum
Term
Angular movement
Definition
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
Term
6 types of synovial joints
Definition
Gliding, hinge, condylar, saddle, pivot, and ball-and-socket joints
Term
Gliding joint (plane joint)
Definition
Have flattened or slightly curved surfaces that slide across one another. Slight amount of movement.
Ex:sacroiliac joint, vertebraocostal joint
Term
Hinge joint
Definition
Permit angular monaxial movement, like opening and closing a door.
Ex: Elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints
Term
Condylar joint (ellipsoidal joint)
Definition
Have angular, biaxial movement.
Ex: Radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5
Term
Saddle joint
Definition
Fit together like a rider in a saddle, one surface is concave and the other is convex.Permits angular biaxial movement.
Ex: 1st carpometacarpal joint (thumb)
Term
Pivot joint
Definition
Only permit rotation, monoaxial movement.
Ex: Atlantoaxial joint, proximal radioulnar joint
Term
Ball-and-socket joint
Definition
Permits angular, ciucumduction, and rotation movement.
Ex: hip and shoulder joints
Term
Intervertebral discs
Definition
Pads of fibrocartilage between the bones of the vertebrae. The bodies of vertebrae form symphyseal joints.
Term
Anulus fibrosus
Definition
The tough outer layer of fibrocartilage around each vertebral disc. Surrounds the nucleus pulposus.
Term
Nucleus pulposus
Definition
Soft, elastic, gelatinous core of the intervertebral disc. Gives the disc resiliency and enables it to absorb shocks
Term
vertebral end plates
Definition
Composed of hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage, cover the superior and inferior surfaces of the discs
Term
The discs account for how much of the vertebral column?
Definition
About 1/4 the length of the vertbral column. Water loss from the discs causes decrease in height with age.
Term
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Definition
Connects the anterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies.
Term
posterior longitudinal ligament
Definition
Connects the posterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies.
Term
Ligamentum flavum
Definition
Connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae
Term
Interspinous ligament
Definition
Connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
Term
Supraspinous ligament
Definition
Interconnects the tips of the spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum.Is continuous with the ligamentum nuchae.
Term
Ligamentum nuchae
Definition
Extends from C7 to the base of the skull. Is continuous with the supraspinous ligament.
Term
Movements across the intervertebral joints of the vertebral column
Definition
Flexion (bending anteriorly)
Extension (bending posteriorly)
Lateral extension (bending laterally)
Rotation
Term
Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)
Definition
Permits the greatest ROM of any joint. Is a ball-and-socket diarthrosis, formed by the articulation of the head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
Term
Glenoid labrum
Definition
increases the glenoid cavity;is fibrocartilaginous.
Term
Rotator cuff muscles
Definition
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
Term
Ligaments that help stabilize the shoulder joint
Definition
coracohumeral, coracoacromial, coracoclavicular, glenohumeral, and acromioclavicular
Term
Shoulder bursae
Definition
subacromial bursa, subdeltoid bursa, subcoracoid bursa, and the subscapular bursa
Term
What bones are involved in the elbow joint?
Definition
Humerus, radius, and ulna
Term
What kind of joint is the elbow joint?
Definition
A complex hinge joint.
Term
humeroulnar joint
Definition
The largest and strongest articulation at the elbow; the trochlea of the humerus articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna.
Term
What limits the degree of extension of the elbow?
Definition
A combination of the trochear notch and the olecranon
Term
What determines the plane of movement of the elbow?
Definition
The shape of the trochlear notch of the ulna.
Term
Where do the muscles that extend the elbow attach?
Definition
To the rough surface of the olecranon.
Term
What nerve controls the muscles that extend the elbow?
Definition
The radial nerve, which passes along the radial groove of the humerus
Term
What muscle covers the anterior surface of the arm?
Definition
The biceps brachii.
Term
What does contraction of the biceps brachii produce?
Definition
Supination of the forearm and flexion at the elbow.
Term
Why is the elbow joint extremely stable?
Definition
1.The bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock.
2.A single, thick, articular capsule surrounds both the humeroulnar and proximal radioulnar joints.
3.Strong ligaments reinforce the articular capsule.
Term
What is "nursemaid's elbow"?
Definition
A partial dislocation of the radial head from the annular ligament.
Term
What ligament binds the head of the radius to the ulna?
Definition
The annular ligament.
Term
What ligament stabilizes the lateral surface of the elbow joint?
Definition
The radial collateral ligament.
Term
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Definition
A ball-and-socket joint. It permits flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction.
Term
Acetabular labrum
Definition
A projecting rim of fibrocartilage, increases the depth of the hip joint cavity & helps to seal in synovial fluid.
Term
What makes the hip joint extremely stable?
Definition
A combination of an almost complete bony socket, a strong articular capsule, supporting ligaments, and muscular padding.
Term
The knee has 3 separate articulations.
Definition
2 between the medial and lateral condyles of the femur and tibia, and one is between the patella and the patellar surface of the femur.
Term
7 major ligaments that stabilize the knee joint
Definition
1.patellar ligament
2,3.Popliteal ligaments
4,5.anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL)
6,7.medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) collateral ligaments (MCL and LCL)
Term
Rheumatism
Definition
A general term for pain and stiffness affecting the musculoskeletal system.
Term
Arthritis
Definition
means joint inflammation. Encompasses all the rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints.
Term
What kind of joint is the shoulder?
Definition
A ball-and-socket joint.
Term
Hip joint
Definition
A ball-and-socket diarthrosis formed between the acetabulum of the hip bone and the head of the femur.
Term
Elbow joint
Definition
A hinge diarthrosis which permits only flexion-extension whose capsule is reinforced by strong ligaments
Term
Knee joint
Definition
A hinge joint made up of 3 articulations, it permits flexion-extension and limited rotation.
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