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Chapter 9
In-Depth TCP/IP Networking
83
Computer Networking
Undergraduate 1
05/16/2016

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Term
ANDing
Definition
A logical process of combining bits. In ANDing, a bit with a value of 1 plus another bit with a value of 1 results in a 1. A bit with a value of 0 plus any other bit results in a 0.
Term
CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing)
Definition
An IP addressing and subnetting method in which network and host information is manipulated without adhering to the limitations imposed by traditional network class distinctions. CIDR is also known as classless routing or supernetting. Older routing protocols, such as RIP, are not capable of interpreting CIDR addressing schemes.
Term
CIDR block
Definition
In CIDR notation, the number of bits used for an extended network prefix. For example, the CIDR block for 199.34.89.0/22 is /22.
Term
CIDR notation
Definition
In CIDR, a method of denoting network IDs and their subnet boundaries. Slash notation takes the form of the network ID followed by a slash (/), followed by the number of bits that are used for the extended network prefix.
Term
classful addressing
Definition
An IP addressing convention that adheres to network class distinctions, in which the first 8 bits of a Class A address, the first 16 bits of a Class B address, and the first 24 bits of a Class C address are used for network information.
Term
Classless Interdomain Routing
Definition
An IP addressing and subnetting method in which network and host information is manipulated without adhering to the limitations imposed by traditional network class distinctions. CIDR is also known as classless routing or supernetting. Older routing protocols, such as RIP, are not capable of interpreting CIDR addressing schemes.
Term
classless routing
Definition
An IP addressing and subnetting method in which network and host information is manipulated without adhering to the limitations imposed by traditional network class distinctions. CIDR is also known as classless routing or supernetting. Older routing protocols, such as RIP, are not capable of interpreting CIDR addressing schemes.
Term
core gateway
Definition
A gateway that operates on the Internet backbone.
Term
default gateway
Definition
The gateway that first interprets a device's outbound requests, and then interprets its inbound requests to and from other subnets. In a Postal Service analogy, the default gateway is similar to a local post office.
Term
default router
Definition
The gateway that first interprets a device's outbound requests, and then interprets its inbound requests to and from other subnets. In a Postal Service analogy, the default gateway is similar to a local post office.
Term
dig (domain information groper)
Definition
A TCP/IP utility that queries the DNS database and provides information about a host given its IP address or vice versa. Dig is similar to the nslookup utility, but provides more information, even in its simplest form, than nslookup can.
Term
DNAT (Dynamic Network Address Translation)
Definition
A type of address translation in which a limited pool of Internet-valid IP addresses is shared by multiple private network hosts.
Term
domain information groper
Definition
A TCP/IP utility that queries the DNS database and provides information about a host given its IP address or vice versa. Dig is similar to the nslookup utility, but provides more information, even in its simplest form, than nslookup can.
Term
DNAT (Dynamic Network Address Translation)
Definition
A type of address translation in which a limited pool of Internet-valid IP addresses is shared by multiple private network hosts.
Term
domain information groper
Definition
A TCP/IP utility that queries the DNS database and provides information about a host given its IP address or vice versa. Dig is similar to the nslookup utility, but provides more information, even in its simplest form, than nslookup can.
Term
Dynamic Network Address Translation
Definition
A type of address translation in which a limited pool of Internet-valid IP addresses is shared by multiple private network hosts.
Term
extended network prefix
Definition
The combination of an IP address's network ID and subnet information. By interpreting the address's extended network prefix, a device can determine the subnet to which an address belongs.
Term
host
Definition
A TCP/IP utility that at its simplest returns either the IP address of a host if its host name is specified or its host name if its IP address is specified.
Term
hostname
Definition
A TCP/IP utility used to show or modify a client's host name.
Term
ICS (Internet Connection Sharing)
Definition
A service provided with Windows operating systems that allows one computer, the ICS host, to share its Internet connection with other computers on the same network.
Term
ICS host
Definition
On a network using the Microsoft Internet Connection Sharing service, the computer whose Internet connection other computers share. The ICS host must contain two network interfaces: one that connects to the Internet and one that connects to the LAN.
Term
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
Definition
A mail retrieval protocol that improves on the shortcomings of POP. The single biggest advantage IMAP4 has relative to POP is that it allows users to store messages on the mail server, rather than always having to download them to the local machine. The most current version of IMAP is version 4 (IMAP4).
Term
IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol, version 4)
Definition
The most commonly used form of the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP).
Term
Internet Connection Sharing
Definition
A service provided with Windows operating systems that allows one computer, the ICS host, to share its Internet connection with other computers on the same network.
Term
Internet Message Access Protocol
Definition
A mail retrieval protocol that improves on the shortcomings of POP. The single biggest advantage IMAP4 has relative to POP is that it allows users to store messages on the mail server, rather than always having to download them to the local machine. The most current version of IMAP is version 4 (IMAP4).
Term
Internet Message Access Protocol, version 4
Definition
The most commonly used form of the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP).
Term
IP masquerading
Definition
A type of address translation in which a limited pool of Internet-valid IP addresses is shared by multiple private network hosts.
Term
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
Definition
A standard for encoding and interpreting binary files, images, video, and non-ASCII character sets within an e-mail message.
Term
mtr (my traceroute)
Definition
A route discovery and analysis utility that comes with UNIX and Linux operating systems. Mtr combines the functions of the ping and traceroute commands and delivers an easily readable chart as its output.
Term
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
Definition
A standard for encoding and interpreting binary files, images, video, and non-ASCII character sets within an e-mail message.
Term
mtr (my traceroute)
Definition
A route discovery and analysis utility that comes with UNIX and Linux operating systems. Mtr combines the functions of the ping and traceroute commands and delivers an easily readable chart as its output.
Term
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
Definition
A standard for encoding and interpreting binary files, images, video, and non-ASCII character sets within an e-mail message.
Term
my traceroute
Definition
A route discovery and analysis utility that comes with UNIX and Linux operating systems. Mtr combines the functions of the ping and traceroute commands and delivers an easily readable chart as its output.
Term
NAT (Network Address Translation)
Definition
A technique in which IP addresses used on a private network are assigned a public IP address by a gateway when accessing a public network.
Term
nbtstat
Definition
A TCP/IP troubleshooting utility that provides information about NetBIOS names and their addresses. If you know the NetBIOS name of a workstation, you can use nbtstat to determine its IP address.
Term
NetBIOS
Definition
A protocol that runs in the Session and Transport layers of the OSI model and associates NetBIOS names with workstations. NetBIOS alone is not routable because it does not contain Network layer information. However, when encapsulated in another protocol such as TCP/IP, it can be routed.
Term
netstat
Definition
A TCP/IP troubleshooting utility that displays statistics and the state of current TCP/IP connections. It also displays ports, which can signal whether services are using the correct ports.
Term
Network Address Translation
Definition
A technique in which IP addresses used on a private network are assigned a public IP address by a gateway when accessing a public network.
Term
network number
Definition
The portion of an IP address common to all nodes on the same network or subnet.
Term
network prefix
Definition
The portion of an IP address common to all nodes on the same network or subnet.
Term
nslookup
Definition
A TCP/IP utility that allows you to look up the DNS host name of a network node by specifying its IP address, or vice versa. This ability is useful for verifying that a host is configured correctly and for troubleshooting DNS resolution problems.
Term
PAT (Port Address Translation)
Definition
A form of address translation that uses TCP port numbers to distinguish each client's transmission, thus allowing multiple clients to share a limited number of Internet-recognized IP addresses.
Term
pathping
Definition
A command-line utility that combines the functionality of the tracert and ping commands (similar to UNIX's mtr command) and comes with Windows operating systems.
Term
POP (Post Office Protocol)
Definition
An Application layer protocol used to retrieve messages from a mail server. When a client retrieves mail via POP, messages previously stored on the mail server are downloaded to the client's workstation, and then deleted from the mail server.
Term
POP3 (Post Office Protocol, version 3)
Definition
The most commonly used form of the Post Office Protocol.
Term
Port Address Translation
Definition
A form of address translation that uses TCP port numbers to distinguish each client's transmission, thus allowing multiple clients to share a limited number of Internet-recognized IP addresses.
Term
Post Office Protocol
Definition
An Application layer protocol used to retrieve messages from a mail server. When a client retrieves mail via POP, messages previously stored on the mail server are downloaded to the client's workstation, and then deleted from the mail server.
Term
Post Office Protocol, version 3
Definition
The most commonly used form of the Post Office Protocol.
Term
private network
Definition
A network whose access is restricted to only clients or machines with proper credentials.
Term
public network
Definition
A network that any user can access with no restrictions. The most familiar example of a public network is the Internet.
Term
route
Definition
A utility for viewing or modifying a host's routing table
Term
route prefix
Definition
The prefix in an IPv6 address that identifies a route. Because route prefixes vary in length, slash notation is used to define them. For example, the route prefix indicated by 2608:FE10::/32 includes all subnets whose prefixes begin with 2608:FE10 and, consequently, all interfaces whose IP addresses begin with 2608:FE10.
Term
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Definition
The Application layer TCP/IP subprotocol responsible for moving messages from one e-mail server to another.
Term
slash notation
Definition
In CIDR, a method of denoting network IDs and their subnet boundaries. Slash notation takes the form of the network ID followed by a slash (/), followed by the number of bits that are used for the extended network prefix.
Term
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
Definition
The Application layer TCP/IP subprotocol responsible for moving messages from one e-mail server to another.
Term
SNAT (Static Network Address Translation)
Definition
A type of address translation in which each private IP address is correlated with its own Internet-recognized IP address.
Term
Static Network Address Translation
Definition
A type of address translation in which each private IP address is correlated with its own Internet-recognized IP address.
Term
subnet prefix
Definition
The 64-bit prefix in an IPv6 address that identifies a subnet. A single IPv6 subnet is capable of supplying 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 IPv6 addresses.
Term
supernet
Definition
In IPv4, a type of subnet that is created by moving the subnet boundary to the left and using bits that normally would be reserved for network class information.
Term
supernet mask
Definition
A 32-bit number that, when combined with a device's IPv4 address, indicates the kind of supernet to which the device belongs.
Term
supernetting
Definition
An IP addressing and subnetting method in which network and host information is manipulated without adhering to the limitations imposed by traditional network class distinctions. CIDR is also known as classless routing or supernetting. Older routing protocols, such as RIP, are not capable of interpreting CIDR addressing schemes.
Term
tracepath
Definition
A version of the traceroute utility found on some Linux distributions.
Term
traceroute (tracert)
Definition
A TCP/IP troubleshooting utility that uses ICMP to trace the path from one networked node to another, identifying all intermediate hops between the two nodes. Traceroute is useful for determining router or subnet connectivity problems. On Windows-based systems, the utility is known as tracert.
Term
A node on a network has an IP address of 140.133.28.72 and its subnet mask is 255.248.0.0. What type of subnetting has been used on this network?

a. Classless

b. Supernetting

c. Classful

d. No subnetting has been used.
Definition
Term
What is the default subnet mask for a Class C network?

a. 0.0.0.0

b. 255.255.255.0

c. 255.255.0.0

d. 255.0.0.0
Definition
Term
Convert the following subnet mask into its dotted decimal equivalent: 11111111 11111111 11111000 00000000.

a. 1.1.224.0

b. 224.224.128.0

c. 255.255.255.0

d. 255.255.248.0
Definition
Term
On a network with an IP address of 140.133.28.72 (or 10001100 10000101 0001110001001000) and a subnet mask of 255.248.0.0 (or 11111111 11111000 0000000000000000), what is the network ID?

a. 140.128.0.0 (or 10001100 10000000 00000000 0000000)

b. 140.248.0.0 (or 10001100 11111000 00000000 00000000)

c. 140.133.20.0 (or 10001100 10000101 00010100 00000000)

d. 255.248.0.1 (or 11111111 11111000 00000000 00000001)
Definition
Term
As a networking consultant, you've been asked to help expand a client's TCP/IP network. The network administrator tells you that the network ID is subnetted as 185.27.54.0/26. On this network, how many bits of each IP address are devoted to host information?

a. 4

b. 6

c. 14

d. 26
Definition
Term
You have decided to create 254 subnets on your Class B network. What subnet mask will you use to accomplish this?

a. 255.255.0.0

b. 255.254.0.0

c. 255.255.254.0

d. 255.255.255.0
Definition
Term
If you subdivide your Class B network into 254 subnets, what is the maximum number of hosts you can assign to any single subnet?

a. 255

b. 212

c. 254

d. 225
Definition
Term
If you worked on a network that could not interpret classless addressing, and your network ID was 145.27.0.0, what is the theoretical maximum number of different subnets you could create on this network?

a. 16

b. 64

c. 128

d. 254
Definition
Term
Your company has leased a Class C network whose network ID is 205.61.128.0. You want to create 16 subnets within this network. One of the subnets will have an extended network prefix of 205.61.128.64. What will be the broadcast address for this subnet? (Hint: If you know the number of hosts per subnet, you can easily determine the broadcast address.)

a. 205.61.128.79

b. 205.61.128.143

c. 205.61.128.31

d. 205.61.128.95
Definition
Term
Your workstation's IP address is 10.35.88.12, and your supervisor's workstation's IP address is 10.35.91.4. When you send data from your workstation to your supervisor's workstation, what is the most likely IP address of the first default gateway that will accept and interpret your transmission?

a. 10.35.88.12

b. 10.35.1.1

c. 10.35.88.1

d. 10.35.91.1
Definition
Term
You have enabled NAT on your small office's router. The router's private network IP address is 192.168.6.1. Which of the following IP addresses is the most likely to be automatically assigned to one of the workstations that uses this router as its default gateway?

a. 192.168.6.1

b. 192.168.6.6

c. 192.168.255.0

d. 192.168.255.255
Definition
Term
Which two of the following are benefits of using IMAP4 relative to POP3?

a. It allows users to review and delete mail without downloading it from the mail server.

b. It provides mail delivery guarantees.

c. It allows users to modify mail server settings.

d. It provides better encryption for message attachments.

e. It enables multiple users to easily share a central mailbox.
Definition
Term
You have decided to use PAT on your small office network. At minimum, how many IP addresses must you obtain from your ISP in order for all five clients in your office to be able to access servers on the Internet?

a. 1

b. 4

c. 5

d. None, the private IP addresses will work.
Definition
Term
What Network layer protocol does the traceroute utility use to obtain its information about paths between a source and destination?

a. UDP

b. ARP

c. NTP

d. ICMP
Definition
Term
Which of the following commands allows you to view the routing table on your Linux workstation? (Choose all that apply.)

a. netstat -r

b. traceroute

c. netroute -R

d. route

e. tracepath
Definition
Term
If you know that your colleague's TCP/IP host name is JSMITH, and you need to find out his IP address, which of the following commands should you type at your shell prompt or command prompt?

a. netstat jsmith

b. nbtstat jsmith

c. nslookup jsmith

d. ifconfig jsmith
Definition
Term
Suppose your office's only DNS server was down, and you wanted to view the DNS address record for your company's domain. Which of the following TCP/IP utilities would allow you to do this?

a. nbtstat

b. netstat

c. traceroute

d. dig
Definition
Term
When you use the mtr command to assess the path from your office workstation to a server on your company's WAN that's located in Spain, what is the first hop the mtr command will display?

a. Your workstation's IP address

b. Your default gateway's IP address

c. Your ISP's router's IP address

d. The Web server's address
Definition
Term
Which of the following commands reveals the default gateway addresses for all the hosts to which a router is connected?

a. route

b. ping

c. host

d. ifconfig
Definition
Term
What utility might you use to find out whether your ISP's router is responsible for the poor network performance your organization experiences on a particular afternoon?

a. route

b. netstat

c. mtr

d. ipconfig
Definition
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