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Chapter 9
senses
120
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
07/24/2012

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Cards

Term
What are four parts to a lever?
Definition

Rigid Bar (IE Bones)

Pivot or Fulcrum (IE Joints)

Resistance

Force

Term
How do you know what class a lever is in?
Definition
The middle part of the lever will determine the class in which the lever is in.
Term
If the lever is considered first class what part holds the middle position?
Definition
Pivot
Term
What is an Example of first class levers?
Definition

Scissors and seesaws

extension at the elbow

Term
What are the order of the parts in first class levers?
Definition
Resistance, Pivot, Force.
Term
What are the order of the parts in the second class levers?
Definition
Pivot, Resistance, Force.
Term
What part of the lever holds the middle column to make it a second class lever?
Definition
Resistance
Term
What are examples of a second class lever?
Definition

Wheel Barrow

Opening the mouth

Term
In what order are the lever parts put together to form a third class lever?
Definition
Resistance, Force, Pivot
Term
What part of the lever is held in the middle which makes it a third class lever?
Definition
Force
Term
What are examples of a third class lever?
Definition

Forceps and Tweezers

Flexion at the Elbow

Term
What is the most comon class of levers in the human body?
Definition
Third class
Term
What is the same length but allows force to change?
Definition
Isometric
Term
What is an example of isometric action?
Definition
postural muscle
Term
What is the word that describes the same force, with change in muscle length?
Definition
Isotonic
Term
What are two types of Isotonic action?
Definition

Concentric

Eccentric

Term
What does concentric isotonic action do?
Definition
Shortens muscle contraction. Makes the muscle shorter.
Term
What does eccentric isotonic action do?
Definition
Lengthens the muscle contraction making the muscle longer.
Term
Which type of Isotonic action causes the most microscopic damage causing muscle growth?
Definition
Eccentric
Term
What is Isokenetic action?
Definition
It is the same as isotonic except it controls the rate or pace to grow muscles. It also stimulates more muscles.
Term
Which is the agonist when it comes to action?
Definition
Prime mover
Term
Where is the antagonist when it comes to action?
Definition
It is usually on the opposite side
Term
What must the antagonist do to allow prime mover to do there job?
Definition
Relax
Term
What is the job of the synergyst?
Definition
To assist in the movement of muscles.
Term
Who is considered the stablizers when it comes to action and what does it do?
Definition
Synergist, and they hold one body part still so another may move. I.E. Chin Ups must stabelize your shoulders to get over the bar.
Term
What are the Rotator Cuff muscles?
Definition
Supra Spinatus, InfraSpinatus, Teres minor, Sub scapularis.
Term
Describe how a muscle relaxes?
Definition
Calcium returns to the sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage causing troponin tropomyosin to re sove atin causing myosin to let go of actin.
Term
Main Characteristics of smooth muscle?
Definition
No striations, mono-nucleated, spindle shape, and involuntary.
Term
Main characteristics of cardiac muscles?
Definition
Bush like, Branched cells, itercallated discs, striations, mononucleated, Involuntary.
Term
Main characteristics of skeletal muscles?
Definition
Thread like, striated, multinucleated, voluntary.
Term
Name the proteins associated with Muscles?
Definition
Actin and myosin
troponin and tropomyosin
Titin and actinin
dystrophin
Term
which proteins are the sliding filament?
Definition
Actin and Myosin
Term
Which proteins are complex and act as a sleeve for actin and myosin?
Definition
troponin and tropomyosin
Term
What is a sarcolemma?
Definition
Cell membrane of a muscle
Term
What is sarcoplasma?
Definition
Liquid
Term
What is sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Definition
WHere calcium is stored equivelant to endoplasmic reticulum
Term
What is a T-tubule?
Definition
It is a passageway going from the sarcolemma to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Term
What is the motor end plate?
Definition
It recieves messages from the Nervous system?
Term
what are Myofibrils?
Definition
Filaments that form together to make fibrils.
Term
What is myogloben?
Definition
produce color and are the carriers for oxygen just like hemogloben.
Term
Where is the motor endplate?
Definition
inside the sarcolemma, it is troph shaped and has protein receptors
Term
What can start the metobolic process before the intake of oxygen?
Definition
Meiglobin
Term
What and how much of what is produced by the liver and why?
Definition
4 hours worth of Glicogen is produced by the liver and it is saved for future use.
Term
What determines the type of muscles that we have in our body?
Definition
Genetics
Term
What is the most common type of tissue
Definition
Type II A Fast occidative glycolitic.
Term
Describe the differences between the Type 1 and type II B Muscel Isoforms?
Definition
Type 1 has a low force production and is fatigue resistant, they have very thin red fibers they are occidative which means arobic metabolism, Type II B has high force production and are fast to fatigue they are glycolitic glycolisis, they lack mitochondria and oxygen and are thick and white.
Term
When it comes to connective tissues what are three types of fascia?
Definition
Subcutaneous fascia, subserious fascia, and deep fascia.
Term
What surrounds muscles with names?
Definition
Epimiosum
Term
What is associated with bundles of cells?
Definition
Perimisium fasicles
Term
What is the functional unit of a muscle contraction?
Definition
Sarcomere
Term
What is the dark band where actin and myosin overlap causin it to be to thick for light to penetrate?
Definition
The A Band
Term
What is the lighter bands where only actin is and the thin filament is allowing light through?
Definition
The I Bands
Term
Where actin is attached like bookends to myosin?
Definition
Z line
Term
Where is myosin located?
Definition
H Zone
Term
What are the arms of myosin called?
Definition
Crossbridges
Term
What percent of cell volume is found within the cell body?
Definition
10%
Term
Where is the majority of the cell volume found
Definition
In the axons and dendrites
Term
Production of transmitters occurs where?
Definition
Nucleus
Term
Where do axons send neuro transmitters through.
Definition
The axo terminal or there distal ends
Term
Where are most of the cell body of neurons found?
Definition
in the brain and the spinal cord
Term
What is Myalin
Definition
fat that insolates making axon white which is white matter?
Term
What is an axon without Myalin
Definition
grey matter
Term
What are the gaps caused by myalin not covering the complete axon called?
Definition
Nodes of ranvier
Term
What is Saltitory conduction?
Definition
I is when messages are sent down a myolin coverd axon and must jump over the nodes of ransvier allowing the message to be sent quicker
Term
Where does the production of Myolin happen?
Definition
Frontal lobe
Term
At what age is mylonation finished by?
Definition
The age of 20
Term
What is a singular projection from the cell body called?
Definition
Axon
Term
What is the bump in which the single axon is produced from?
Definition
Axon Hiloc
Term
What acts like a satelite dish picking up chemical messages from axons and neurons?
Definition
Dendrites
Term
Dendrites are what and what and are close to what?
Definition
Numorous, highly branched, and close to the body.
Term
What are the three nueron varieties?
Definition
Motor, Sensory, and association
Term
What is a motor neuron?
Definition
It is an efferent nueron, it is the action of outputfrom the brain
Term
What is a sensory Neuron?
Definition
it is an afferent nueron, sending information to the brain from sensory organs.
Term
What is an association nueron?
Definition
They are internuerons that make up most of the brain and the spinal cord.
Term
What is a Neuroglia or glial cell and what is its function?
Definition
It is much smaller than a neuron and are there to support the neuron. They help to provide nutrients, a barrier, and help to keep the nervous system healthy.
Term
What is the nercous system?
Definition
It is the master control center and is kept seperate from other organ systems.
Term
What cells occupy the nervous system?
Definition
Astrocytes, microglia, epidymal
Term
what is an astrocyte?
Definition
It is considered the blood brain barrier is is not present in the patuitart gland or the madula oblongata. they look like stars and are the connection between blood vessles and they are the filter for neurons.
Term
What is a microglial cell?
Definition
It is a scavanger like a white blood cell and it eats bacteria.
Term
What is an epidymal cell?
Definition
epithelium that lines spaces they act as covering for the brain,
Term
What is oligodendrocytes?
Definition
associated with multiple sclorouses. it directs axons into nerves.
Term
What are two neuroglia cells in the peripheral nervous sytem?
Definition
Satelite, and schwann
Term
What do Satelite cells do
Definition
Repair
Term
What do schwann cell do
Definition
mylonate axons by using there whole body.
Term
describe synapse
Definition
The motor neuron is considered pre synapse and shoots message across the synaptic cleft, which is a gap and the targets receive the message, targets are post synapse
Term
What is the most common neuro transmitter in the body?
Definition
Acytal Colene
Term
What is part of the central nervous system,
Definition
Brain, and spinal cord
Term
What is the Periphreal nervous system?
Definition
Afferent sensory, and efferent motor
Term
What are branches of effernt motor
Definition
Somatic, and autonomic
Term
what does somatic do
Definition
concious control of body, skeletal muscle system
Term
What is autonomic
Definition
Unconcious or involuntary associated with exocrine and endocrine glands. smooth and cardiac muscles and addipose tissue
Term
what are two branches of Autonomic
Definition
Sympethetic and para symphathetic
Term
What is Sympathetic
Definition
Fight or flight noreepinepherin
Term
what is para sympathetic
Definition
acytal colene
Term
The outside of cell membrane will always carry what kind of charge?
Definition
Posotive
Term
What state is resting membrane potential
Definition
Polarized
Term
what is the voltage while at rest
Definition
-70mV
Term
what is the threshhold woltage
Definition
-55mV
Term
what is a neural pool
Definition
group of neurons with common problems
Term
what is sight devergence
Definition
sends to other neurons
Term
what is behavior convergence
Definition
input from several areas come to one center
Term
functional unit of neural processing are
Definition
Neuro nets
Term
what re the two types of long term memory
Definition
reflexive and declarative
Term
Where is reflexive long term memory kept
Definition
cerebellum
Term
where is declarative long term memory kept
Definition
temporal
Term
What is decarative memory
Definition
planned and though out before remembered
Term
what is reflexive memory
Definition
not thought out it just happens like playing a piano.
Term
What is lateralization
Definition
there are two hemispheres and one is dominate
Term
What do we associate our left hemisphere of brain with
Definition
language and verbal skills.
Term
What does gustatory sense
Definition
Taste
Term
What does occipital nerve
Definition
Vision
Term
what is frontal responsible for
Definition
worry, Planning and touch sensory
Term
Parietal is resposible for
Definition
hemunculus, sensory
Term
what is the control center for homeostasis?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
What connects the two hemispheres
Definition
Corpus Collosum
Term
what controls eye movement
Definition
Mid brain
Term
what helps modify breathing
Definition
pons
Term
what is the reflex center
Definition
Medulla oblongata
Term
what is the thalamus
Definition
sensory input filter
Term
what is the hypo thalamus
Definition
memory and learning
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