Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 9
The Reproductive System
132
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/13/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Functions of the Reproductive system
Definition

1.produce sex cells (gametes-sperm & egg cells)

2.noursish and support the develpoing sex cells

3.transport sex cells to the site of fertilization

4.produce new offspring 

5.support the developing embryo

6.produce hormones to support reproduction, human growth and development

Term
The primary male sex organs are:
Definition
the two testes (male gonads)
Term
Internal male reproductive organs
Definition

spermatic ducts

secretory glands

 

Term
External reproductive organs
Definition

scrotum 

penis

Term

Spermatic Ducts

-efferent ducts

-epididymis

-vas deferns (ductus deferens)

-ejaculatory duct

-urethra

Definition
transport sperm cells
Term

Secretory glands

-seminal vesicles 

-prostate gland

-bulbourethral gland

 

Definition
produce semen
Term
Testes function
Definition
produce sperm cells and make sex hormones (testosterone)
Term
Descent of the testes
Definition

-begins in wks 6-10 and is finished by 28

-originate near the level of developing kidneys in the abdomen

-they descend into the scrotum during the last two months of fetal life

Term
location outside pelvic cavity is essential for:
Definition
normal sperm production that require temperature 2-3 degrees celcius below body temperature
Term
cryptorchidism
Definition
occurs when one or both testicles fail to move into the scrotum before birth
Term
vasectomy
Definition
is a minor, out-patient surgical procedure for male sterilization and/or birth control. During the procedure, the vasa deferentia of a man are severed, and then tied/sealed in a manner such to prevent sperm from entering into the seminal stream (ejaculate)
Term
inguinal hernia
Definition
is a protrusion of the abdominal cavity contents through the ingunial canal
Term
Structure of the testes
Definition

oval organ, 4cm long, 2.5 cm diameter

tunica vaginalis

tunica albuginia

lobules

seminiferous tubules

Term
tunica vaginalis
Definition
a bag partially surrounding each testis
Term
tunica albuginia
Definition
outer tough, white connective tissue covering
Term
lobules of the testis
Definition

-each testes is patitioned by septa into several compartments

-each lobule is filled with coiled seminiferous tubules

Term
seminiferous tubules
Definition

-sperm cells are produced here

-spermatogonic cells are found embedded in the walls of this

-meiosis takes place here

Term
spermatogonic cells
Definition

immature sperm cells

found embedded in the wall of the semineferous tubules

Term
cells of the testes
Definition

sertoli cells

interstitial cells (Lydig cells)

Term
Sertoli cells
Definition

-form wall of semineferous tubules

-nourish and protect maturing sperm cells

-form Blood-testes barrier against immune cells

Term

Interstitial cells

(Lydig cells)

Definition

-found between semineferous tubules

-produce testosterone (an androgen hormone)

Term
Epididymis
Definition

-Paired

-colied tube that leads into the vas deferens

-stores and nourishes immature sperm cells

-is is the site for sperm cell maturation (fertile for 60 days)

-spermatozoa reach the epididymis through the efferent ducts

Term

Vas Deferens 

(Ductus Deferens)

Definition

-paired

-forms part of the spermatic cord

-joins the duct from the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct

-stores sperm cells

-propels spermatozoa towards urethra

Term
Spermatic cord
Definition

-a cylindrical structure that contains the blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, ductus deferens, and cremaster muscle

-passes through the inguinal canal and connects the testes to the vital structures in the abdomen

Term
spermatic cord structures include the following:
Definition

vas deferens

testicular arteries and veins

testicular nerves

cremaster muscle

lymphatic vessels

Term
Seminal Vesicle 
Definition

-paired

-secretion contains nutrients for sperm cells (fructose)

-secretion contains prostaglandin and alkaline secretion

Term
Prostate gland
Definition

-single

-surrounds the urethra

-secretion: slightly acidic, fibrinolysin (liquifies sperm,lysozyme), PSA(prostatic specific antigen), and other protein digesting enzymes

-secretion aids the motility of sperm cells

-enlargement causes urethral constriction

Term
Bulbourethral gland
Definition

-paired

-beneath the prostate gland

-secretion serves as a lubricant

-alkaline fluid neutralizes urethra before ejaculation (for urine)

Term
Scrotum
Definition

-encloses the testes

-provides a temperature of 3 degrees celsius lower for sperm production

- when cold the testes are pulled closer to the pelvic floor and warmth of the body wall and the scrotum becomes shorter & heavily wrinkled, reducing its surface area & increasing its thickness and to reduce heat loss

- when warm, the scrotal skin is flaccis and loose to increase the surface area for cooling, and the testes hang lower away from the body trunk

Term
Dartos muscle
Definition
together with the cremaster muscle, contracts to keep the testes closer to body heat and controls distance from body
Term
The median septum of the scrotum:
Definition
seperates the scrotum into two chambers
Term
Penis
Definition
contains the root, shaft, and glans penis
Term
Root of penis
Definition
contains the bulb, internal
Term
Shaft or body of penis
Definition

composed of three columns of erectile tissues

-two corpus cavernosa- contain blood sinusoids

one corpus spongiosum- contain blood sinuses, contain urethra

Term
glans penis
Definition
covered by prepuce (foreskin)
Term
Erection
Definition

the engorgement of blood in the sinusoids of erectile tissue resulting from sexual excitement

-blood fills the dilated arteries 

-veins become compressed 

-erectile tissue becomes engorged

Term
Orgasm 
Definition
the culmination of sexual stimulation (neural)
Term
Ejaculation 
Definition
the emission of seminal fluid from the urethra to the outside
Term
Seminal Fluid
Definition

2-6 ml with every ejaculation (50-100 million sperm cells per ml)

-secretion of seminal vesicles 60%

-secretion of prostate gland 30%

-secretion of Bulbourethral glands 10%

Term
normal sperm count
Definition

100 million/ ml

-male fertility if affected if sperm cell count is less than 20 million/ ml

Term
passage of sperm cells
Definition
lumen of seminiferous tubules-> rete testes-> efferent tubules-> epididymis-> vas deferens-> ejaculatory duct-> urethra-> out
Term
male sex hormones
Definition

-androgens

-testosterone is the most important androgen

-androgen production at puberty

Term
actions of testosterone 
Definition

-stimulates the development of the male reproductive organs in the embryo

-developes and maintains male secondary sexual characteristics

-required for sexual arousal or libido 

Term
regulations of male sex hormones
Definition

negative feedback mechanism

production of inhibin

Term
structure of a sperm cell
Definition

-head, midpiece, and tail

 

Term
head of sperm cell
Definition

contains a nucleus with 23 chromosomes

acrosome of head contains digestive enzymes

Term
midpiece of sperm cell 
Definition
contains many mitochondria
Term
tail (flagellum) of sperm cell
Definition
propels the sperm cells
Term
two types of cell divisions in male reproductive system
Definition

mitosis

meiosis

Term
mitosis
Definition

occurence: in all body tissues

# of cell divisions: once

# of daughter cells: two

# of chromosomes in daughter cells: diploid (2n), same as parent cell chromosomes

genetic identity: genetically identical as the parent cell

significance: growth & tissue repair 

Term
Meiosis (1)
Definition

occurence: gametes only

# of cell divisions: twice

# of daughter cells: four

# of chromosomes in daughter cells: haploid(n), half of the parent cell chromosomes

genetic identity: genetically different from the parent cell

significance: to maintain the chromosome numbers constant in the species, brings diversity to the species

Term
Meiosis (Reduction Division)
Definition

-involves 2 subsequent cell division

-takes place in the wall of seminiferous tubes

-special type of cell division where the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is reduced from 46 (diploid) to 23 (haploid)

Term
in the first meiotic division
Definition
homologous chromosomes seperate and the chromosome number is reduced by one half
Term
in the second meiotic division 
Definition
the paired chromatids seperate but the chromosome number is not reduced
Term
Early Prophase I
Definition
chromatin condenses to form visable chromosomes; each chromosome has 2 chromatids joined by a centromere
Term
Mid-Late prophase I
Definition
homologous chromosomes form pairs called tetrads. Chromatids often break and exchange segments (crossing-over). Centrioles produce spindle fibers. Nuclear envelope disintegrates.
Term
Metaphase I
Definition
tetrads align on equatorial plane of cell with centromeres attatched to spindle fibers
Term
Anaphase I
Definition
homologous chromosomes seperate and migrate to opposite poles of the cell
Term
Telophase I
Definition

new nuclear envelopes froms around chromosomes, cell undergoes cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis).

Each cell is now haploid

Term
The products of first meiosis are
Definition
two secondary spermatocytes or one secondary oocyte
Term
Prophase II
Definition

nuclear envelopes disintegrate again; chromosomes consist of 2 chromatids

new spindle forms

Term
Metaphase II
Definition
chromosomes align on equatorial plane 
Term
Anaphase II
Definition

centromeres divide

sister chromatids migrate to oppostite poles of cell 

each chromatid now constitutes a single-stranded chromosome

Term
Telophase II
Definition

new nuclear envelopes forms around chromosomes

chromosomes uncoil and become less visible

cytoplasm divides

 

Final product is 4 haploid cells with single-starnded chromosomes

Term
the products of second meiosis are 
Definition
four sperm cell or one ovum and three polar bodies
Term
results of meiosis in spermatogenesis
Definition

-spermatogenesis- sperm cell production, four sperm cells are produced from each parent cell-spermatogonium

 

-chromosome reduction- each sperm cell contains 23 single chromosomes

 

genetic variability-the genetic information within the sperm cells arises from cell to cell as a result of crossing-over

 

Term
results of meiosis in oogenesis
Definition

oogenesis- egg cell production

-one functional egg cell (secondary oocyte) and three nonfunctional polar bodies are produced

-each egg cell contains 23 chromosomes

-the genetic information within each egg cell varies from cell to cell as a result of crossing over

Term
Spermatogenesis
Definition
process of mature sperm cell production
Term
stages of spermatogenesis
Definition

spermatogonia

primary spermatocyte

secondary spermatoctye

spermatids

spermatozoa

Term
spermatogonia 
Definition

-have 46 chromosomes, dipoid, 2n

-are stem cell formed in early make embryo

-undergo several mitotic cell divisions to produce primary spermatocytes

Term
primary spermatocyte
Definition

-46 chromosomes

- are daughter cells of spermatogonia

-they undergo first meiotic cell division

 

Term
secondary spermatocyte
Definition

-23 chromosomes,haploid,n

-are daughter cells of primary spermatocyte

-undergo second meiotic division

Term
spermatids 
Definition

-23 single chromosomes,haploid,n

-are daughter cells of secondary spermatocyte

Term
spermatozoa
Definition

-23 single chromosomes,haploid,n

-are physically transformed spermatids

-the sperm cell from the father contribute the 23 haploid chromosomes

-the egg cell from the mother contribute 23 haploid chromosomes

-the ZYGOTE is the fertilized egg that has 46 chromosomes

Term
paternal chromosomes + maternal chromosomes=
Definition
46 dipolid chromosomes
Term
Functions of the female reproductive system
Definition

produce and deliver gametes

provide nutrition and room for fetal developement

to give birth & nourish infant

Term
primary female sex organ
Definition
the ovaries ( female gonads)
Term
ovaries
Definition

located in the pelvic cavity

almond shaped, 3cm by 1.5 cm

Produce egg cells and female sex hormones

Term
structure of ovaries
Definition

-contains an outer cortex(produces gametes) and inner medulla(holding vessels)

-each egg develops inside its own fluid filled ovarian follicle & is released by ovulation

-follicle later develops into corpus luteum

Term
ovulation
Definition
the follicle grows and ruptures to release the egg 
Term
corpus luteum (yellow body)
Definition
an endocrine tissue that produces estrogen and progesterone
Term
stages of follicle development
Definition

- primordial follicle (contains the egg cell)

-primary follicle 

-secondary follicle

-graafian follicle (mature follicle)

-corpus luteum

-

Term
formation of corpus luteum
Definition

-follicle cells-> granulose cells-> corpus luteum

 

Term
corpus luteum secretes:
Definition
estrogen and progesterone
Term
primordial follicles
Definition

-during embryonic development cortical cells form millions of primordial follicles

-each contain primary oocyte

-remain dormant until puberty 

Term
Uterine (fallopian) tubes
Definition

10 cm long, muscular tube lined with ciliated cells

lumen is size of course strand of hair

-includes : fimbriae- fingerlike projections

-infundibulum- funnel shaped

-ampulla- middle portion, is body, fertilization usually occurs here

-isthmus- near uterus

Term
Funcitons of the uterine (fallopian) tube
Definition

-the site of egg fertilization

-conveys fertilized egg cells toward the uterus by ciliary action and by peristaltic contractions

Term
uterus
Definition

major portion: body

rounded region superior to the entrance of uterine tubes: fundus

narrow neck,partially enclosed by the vagina:cervix

Term
supporting ligaments of uterus
Definition

broad ligament

round ligament

cardinal ligament

utero-sacral ligament

ovarian ligament

suspensory ligament

Term
mesometrium (broad ligament)
Definition
supports the uterus laterally 
Term
round ligament
Definition

bounds the uterus to anterior body wall 

-run through the inguinal canals to anchor in the subcutaneous tissue of the labia majora

Term
cardinal ligaments
Definition
extend from the cervix and superior vagina to the lateral walls of the pelvis
Term
uterosacral ligaments 
Definition
secure the uterus to the sacrum posteriorly
Term
Uterine wall layers
Definition

endometrium

myometrium

perimetrium (serous)

Term
endometrium
Definition

has an outer functional layer which is superficial, and 1/2 shed with each period and a deeper basal layer which regenerates a new functional layer with each mentrual cycle

-the functional layer undergoes significant changes during menstrual cycle 

Term
myometrium
Definition
thick, smooth, muscle layer, middle
Term
perimetrium
Definition
outer layer, thin connective tissue
Term
blood supply to the uterus
Definition
internal iliac->uterine artery
Term
functions of the uterus
Definition

-transport sperm cells towards the uterine tube

-is the site of implantation of fertilized egg

-forms the placenta

-sustains embryo-fetus during development (birth)

Term
vagina
Definition

length 8-10 cm 

-distensible, muscular tube

-tilted posteriorly between rectum & urethra

-contain rugae-horizontal folds that allow expansion

-vaginal mucosa-stratified squamous epithelium

Term
hymen
Definition
partially closes the vaginal opening
Term
function of the vagina
Definition

-site of sperm cells deposition during sexual intercourse

-secretes an acidic fluid

-passageway for sperm and menstrual flow

-organ of copulation for female

Term
blood flow to vagina
Definition
common iliac-> internal iliac-> vaginal artery
Term
blood testes barrier
Definition

prevents the membrane antigens of differentiating sperm from escaping through the basal lamina into the bloodstream where they would activate the immune system.

b/c sperm are not formed until puberty, they are absent when the immune system is being programmed to recognize a persons own tissue in early life

Term
importance of inguinal canal
Definition
the spermatic cord passes through to enter the pelvic cavity
Term
negative feedback mechanism in control of sperm cell production and testosterone production
Definition

-Spermatogenesis is hormonally regulated to ensure a well controlled sperm production. The hormonal mechanisms that regulate sperm production are based on the principle of negative feedback. In a negative feedback system, an increase in an element's output causes its production to decrease.

 

-the anterior pituitary produces follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Action of LH is controlled by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). LH stimulates cells in the seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone, which has a role in sperm production and developing male secondary sex characteristics. FSH acts on cells to help in sperm maturation. Negative feedback by testosterone controls the actions of GnRH.


Term
mons pubis
Definition

mound of fat over pubic symphysis

apart of female external genitalia-vulva

Term
labia majora
Definition

thick, outer folds

pubic hair

Term
labia minora
Definition
inner folds, media
Term
clitoris
Definition

erotic, sensory organ

corresponds to the male penis

contains two colums of erectile tissue

Term
vestibule
Definition

space enclosed by the two labia minors 

contain vestibular glands, vaginal opening, and urethral opening

Term
vestibular bulbs
Definition
erectile tissue around vagina
Term
vestibular glands
Definition

secrete mucus into the vestibule during sexual stimulation

accessory glands beneath skin

Term
femal perineum is _______ shaped
Definition
diamond
Term
mammary glands
Definition

-modified sweat glands

-each gland has 15 to 25 lobes that contain tubular glands

-the lobes are seperated by dense connective tissue

- mammary glands are connected to the nipple by ducts

Term
lactiferous ducts
Definition
transport milk from the glands to the nipple
Term
areola
Definition
the pigmented skin surrounding the nipple
Term
development of the breast
Definition

-progesterone causes development of alveolar glands

prolactin is released during pregnancy

progesterone inhibits milk production durring pregnancy

Term
production and secretion of milk
Definition

- release of prolactin by the anterior pituitary 

reflex response of the nipple

Term
oogenesis
Definition
developement of mature egg cell from the primary oocyte after two subsequent cell divisions
Term
stages in oogenesis
Definition

at puberty FSH initiates the maturation of follicles

- primordial follicle: oocyte covered by single layer cell

-primary follicle:oocyte covered by several layer of cells

-secondary follicle:follicle cells forming fluid filled pockets

-graafian (mature follicle): oocyte inside a large follicle

Term

when a primary oocyte undergoes the first meiotic division, it gives rise to a large _______ ________ and a small ____ _____ _____ in which original chromosome number is reduced by one half (from 46 to 23 or from diploid chromosomes to haploid chromosome)

 

usually only one _______ reaches full development each month.

Definition

secondary oocyte 

first polar body

follicle

Term

Ovarian Cycle is:

& occurs in the ________.

Definition

follcile maturation and formation of Corpus Luteum.

ovaries

Term
The three phases of the ovarian cycle are:
Definition

follicular phase

ovulatory phase

luteal phase

Term
follicular phase
Definition

 

 primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle, then a secondary follicle and produce estrogen & a glycoprotein-rich protein substance that forms the zona pellucida, then a late secondary follicle,then vesicular follicle,

as one of the final events of follicle maturation, the primary oocyte completes meiosis I to from the secondary oocyte and first polar body 

 

Term

ovulatory phase

ovulation

Definition

-occurs when the ballooning ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte into the peritoneal cavity

-it is triggered when the anterior pituitary gland releases a relatively large amount of LH. 

-one follicle outstrips the others to become the dominant follicle and is at the peak stage of maturation when the hormonal stimulus LH is given for ovulation. the others degenerate and are reabsorbed

Term
luteal phase
Definition

athe ruptured follicle collapses 

corpus luteum forms and begins to secrete progesterone and estrogen

-progesterone causes the uterine lining to become more vascular and glandular and  prepares the endometruim for implantation

-these secretions inhibit the release of LH and FSH by negative feedback mechansim

if pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates in about 10 days and its hormonal output ends. 

Term
Menstrual (Uterine) Cycle
Definition

-regularly occuring change in the uterine lining (endometrium) followed by menstrual blood flow

-decrease in the concentration of estrogen and progesterone, causing the uterine lining to disintegrate -> menstrual flow

 

Term
The three phases of uterine (menstrual) cycle are:
Definition

menstrual phase

proliferative phase

secretory phase

Term
menstrual phase
Definition

caused by lack of estrogen & progesterone

-days 1-5 

-the functional layer sloughs off in menses

 

 

shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium

Term
proliferative phase
Definition

-rising estrogen levels stimulate functional layer regeneration making the uterus receptive to implantation about one week after ovulation.

endometrium rebuilds itself

-days 6-14

-further thickening of endometrium due to secretion by endometrial glands

-estrogen effect- induce synthesis of progesterone receptors  in endometrial cells

 

rebuilding of the functional layer of the endometrium

 

Term
secretory phase
Definition

progesterone effect

-days 15-28

-the uterine glands secrete glycogen, and endometrial vascularity increases further

 

begins immediately after ovulation. Enrichment of the blood supply and glandular secretion of nutrients prepare the endometrium to recieve an embryo

Supporting users have an ad free experience!