Term
| Greek root “___” means joint |
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Definition
| Greek root “arthro” means joint |
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Term
Joints-Articulations can be:
(3 types) |
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Definition
Joints-Articulations can be:
Bone to bone
Bone to cartilage
Teeth in bony sockets |
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Term
*Joints can be classified by ___ or ___
*____ classification is determined by how the bones connect to each other
*___ classification is determined by the degree of movement between the articulating bones. |
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Definition
*Joints can be classified by function or structure
*Structural classification is determined by how the bones connect to each other
*Functional classification is determined by the degree of movement between the articulating bones. |
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Term
| the highly mobile _____ are universally ___ joints |
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Definition
| the highly mobile diarthroses are universally synovial joints |
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Term
Functional classification – based on amount of movement
____ – immovable – common in axial skeleton
_____ – slightly movable – common in axial skeleton
_____ – freely movable – common in appendicular skeleton |
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Definition
Functional classification – based on amount of movement
Synarthroses – immovable – common in axial skeleton
Amphiarthroses – slightly movable – common in axial skeleton
Diarthroses – freely movable – common in appendicular skeleton |
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Term
Structural classification based on:
Material that binds bones together
Presence or absence of a _____
Structural classifications include: (3) |
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Definition
Structural classification based on:
Material that binds bones together
Presence or absence of a joint cavity
Structural classifications include
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial |
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Term
Fibrous Joints
Bones are connected by ______ tissue
Do not have a _____
Most are ______ or slightly _____ |
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Definition
Fibrous Joints
Bones are connected by fibrous dense connective tissue
Do not have a joint cavity
Most are immovable or slightly movable |
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Term
| Types – of fibrous joints: (3) |
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Definition
Types –
sutures
syndesmoses
gomphoses |
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Term
Sutures
Bones are ____ bound by a __ amount of ___ tissue
Only occur between the bones of the __
Allow bone growth so that the skull can expand with ___ during childhood
Fibrous tissue ossifies in middle age
Closed sutures - _____ |
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Definition
Sutures
Bones are tightly bound by a minimal amount of fibrous tissue
Only occur between the bones of the skull
Allow bone growth so that the skull can expand with brain during childhood
Fibrous tissue ossifies in middle age
Closed sutures - Synostoses |
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Term
Syndesmoses
Bones are connected exclusively by _____ |
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Definition
Syndesmoses
Bones are connected exclusively by ligaments |
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Term
Syndesmoses
Amount of movement depends on length of _____
*distal Tibiofibular joint – an immovable- ______
*Interosseous membrane between radius and ulna – freely movable - _____ |
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Definition
Syndesmoses
Amount of movement depends on length of fibers
*Tibiofibular joint – an immovable- synarthrosis
*Interosseous membrane between radius and ulna – freely movable - diarthrosis |
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Term
______:
Tooth in a socket
Connecting ligament – the ______ ligament |
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Definition
Gomphoses
Tooth in a socket
Connecting ligament – the periodontal ligament |
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Term
Cartilaginous Joints
Bones are united by ____
Lack a joint ____
Two types: |
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Definition
Cartilaginous Joints
Bones are united by cartilage
Lack a joint cavity
Two types
Synchondroses
Symphyses |
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Term
Synchondroses
____ cartilage unites bones
2 examples |
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Definition
Synchondroses
Hyaline cartilage unites bones
Epiphyseal plates, joint of first rib and manubrium - immovables |
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Term
Symphyses
____ unites bones – resists tension and compression
Slightly ____ joints that provide ___ with _____
2 examples |
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Definition
Symphyses
Fibrocartilage unites bones – resists tension and compression
Slightly movable joints that provide strength with flexibility
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis |
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Term
Synovial Joints
Most movable type of joint
All are ____
Each contains a _____ |
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Definition
Synovial Joints
Most movable type of joint
All are diarthroses
Each contains a fluid-filled joint cavity |
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Term
General Structure of Synovial Joints
Ends of opposing bones are covered with _____ cartilage
Absorbs ______
Joint cavity (synovial cavity)
Cavity is a potential space that holds a small amount of ____ fluid |
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Definition
General Structure of Synovial Joints
Ends of opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage
Absorbs compression
Joint cavity (synovial cavity)
Cavity is a potential space that holds a small amount of synovial fluid |
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Term
General Structure of Synovial Joints
_____ capsule – joint cavity is enclosed in a two-layered capsule
#1 capsule – ____ connective tissue, which strengthens joint
#2 membrane – ____ connective tissue
Lines joint capsule and covers ____ joint surfaces
Functions to make _____ |
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Definition
General Structure of Synovial Joints
Articular capsule – joint cavity is enclosed in a two-layered capsule
Fibrous capsule – dense irregular connective tissue, which strengthens joint
Synovial membrane – loose connective tissue
Lines joint capsule and covers internal joint surfaces
Functions to make synovial fluid |
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Term
Synovial fluid
A viscous fluid similar to _____
A ____ of blood
Arises from capillaries in ____
Contains ____ molecules secreted by fibroblasts |
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Definition
Synovial fluid
A viscous fluid similar to raw egg white
A filtrate of blood
Arises from capillaries in synovial membrane
Contains glycoprotein molecules secreted by fibroblasts |
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Term
Reinforcing ligaments
Often are thickened parts of the ____ capsule
Sometimes are ____ ligaments – located outside the capsule
Sometimes are ____ ligaments – located internal to the capsule |
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Definition
Reinforcing ligaments
Often are thickened parts of the fibrous capsule
Sometimes are extracapsular ligaments – located outside the capsule
Sometimes are intracapsular ligaments – located internal to the capsule |
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Term
General Structure of Synovial Joints
Richly supplied with ______
Most monitor how much the capsule is being _____ |
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Definition
General Structure of Synovial Joints
Richly supplied with sensory nerves
Detect pain
Most monitor how much the capsule is being stretched |
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Term
General Structure of Synovial Joints
Have a rich ____ supply
Most supply the _____
Extensive capillary beds produce basis of ______
Each joint is served by ____ of several major nerves and blood vessels |
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Definition
General Structure of Synovial Joints
Have a rich blood supply
Most supply the synovial membrane
Extensive capillary beds produce basis of synovial fluid
Branches of several major nerves and blood vessels |
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Term
Synovial Joints with Articular Discs
Occur in the ___ joint and at the ___ joint
Occur in joints whose articulating bones have somewhat ____ shapes |
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Definition
Synovial Joints with Articular Discs
Occur in the temporomandibular joint and at the knee joint
Occur in joints whose articulating bones have somewhat different shapes |
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Term
How Synovial Joints Function
Fluid is ____ as opposing cartilages touch |
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Definition
How Synovial Joints Function
Fluid is squeezed out as opposing cartilages touch |
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Term
Factors Influencing Joint Stabililty
____ surfaces – seldom play a major role in joint stability
the more ____ in a joint, the stronger it is
_____ – the most important factor in joint stability - keeps tension on muscle tendons |
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Definition
Factors Influencing Joint Stabililty
Articular surfaces – seldom play a major role in joint stability
the more ligaments in a joint, the stronger it is
Muscle tone – the most important factor in joint stability |
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Term
Bursae and tendon sheaths are not __ joints but contain _____ fluid
Closed bags of ____
Reduce ____ between body elements |
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Definition
Bursae and tendon sheaths are not synovial joints but contain synovial fluid
Closed bags of lubricant
Reduce friction between body elements |
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Term
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Definition
| Bursa – a flattened fibrous sac lined by a synovial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendon sheath – an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon |
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Term
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
Three basic types of movement |
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Definition
1 Gliding – one bone across the surface of another
2 Angular movement – movements change the angle between bones
3 Rotation – movement around a bone's long axis |
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Term
Gliding Joints
___ surfaces of two bones slip across
each other
Gliding occurs
between |
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Definition
Gliding Joints
Flat surfaces of two bones slip across
each other
Gliding occurs
between
Carpals
Articular
processes
of vertebrae
Tarsals |
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Term
Rotation
The only movement allowed between ___and ___ vertebrae
Occurs at the __ and ___ joints |
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Definition
Rotation
The only movement allowed between atlas and axis vertebrae
Occurs at the hip and shoulder joints |
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Term
Special Movements
Supination –
Pronation – |
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Definition
Special Movements
Supination – forearm rotates laterally – palm faces anteriorly
Pronation – forearm rotates medially – palm faces posteriorly |
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Term
Dorsiflexion –
Plantar flexion – |
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Definition
Dorsiflexion – lifting the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin
Plantar flexion – depressing the foot – pointing the toes |
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Term
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Definition
Inversion – turning the sole medially
Eversion – turning the sole laterally |
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Term
Protraction –
Retraction – |
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Definition
Protraction – nonangular movement of jutting out the jaw
Retraction – opposite movement to protraction |
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Term
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Definition
Elevation – lifting a body superiorly
Depression – moving the elevated part inferiorly |
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Term
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Definition
| Opposition – movement of the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers |
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Term
Hinge joints
___ end of one bone fits into a ___ on another bone
____ movement is allowed in one plane
3 examples
Movement is __axial |
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Definition
Hinge joints
Cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough on another bone
Angular movement is allowed in one plane
Elbow, ankle, and joints between phalanges
Movement is uniaxial – allows movement around one axis only |
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Term
Pivot joints
Classified as __axial – rotating bone only turns around its ____
Examples 2 |
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Definition
Pivot joints
Classified as uniaxial – rotating bone only turns around its long axis
Examples
Proximal radioulnar joint
Joint between atlas and axis |
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Term
Condyloid joints
Allow moving bone to travel:
Classified as __axial – movement occurs ___ |
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Definition
Condyloid joints
Allow moving bone to travel:
Side to side – abduction-adduction
Back and forth – flexion-extension |
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Term
Saddle joints
Each articular surface has ___ and ___ surfaces
Classified as __axial joints
2 examples |
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Definition
Saddle joints
Each articular surface has concave and convex surfaces
Classified as biaxial joints
example: first carpometacarpal joint of the thumb + sternoclavicular joint |
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Term
Ball-and-socket joints
Spherical head of one bone fits into ___ of another
Classified as __axial –
Examples: |
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Definition
Ball-and-socket joints
Spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another
Classified as multiaxial – allow movement in all axes
Examples: shoulder and hip joints |
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Term
| Only joint that forms bony attachment of the axial skeleton to the pectoral girdle |
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Definition
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Term
Shoulder (_____) joint
The most freely movable joint – lacks ___
Articular capsule is __ and ___
_____ contribute to joint stability |
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Definition
Shoulder (Glenohumeral) joint
The most freely movable joint – lacks stability
Articular capsule is thin and loose
Muscle tendons contribute to joint stability |
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Term
Elbow joint
Allows ___ and ____
The humerus’ articulation with ___ forms the ___ joint
Tendons of ___ and ____ brachii provide stability |
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Definition
Elbow joint
Allows flexion and extension
The humerus’ articulation with ulna forms the hinge
Tendons of biceps and triceps brachii provide stability |
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Term
Wrist
Composed of the ____ and ____ joint |
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Definition
Wrist
Composed of the radiocarpal and intercarpal joint |
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Term
| _____ joint – joint between the radius and proximal carpals (the scaphoid and lunate); allows for ____, ____, ___, ___, and ___ |
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Definition
| Radiocarpal joint – joint between the radius and proximal carpals (the scaphoid and lunate); allows for flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction |
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Term
Intercarpal joint – joint between ____; allows for ____ movement
The wrist joint is stabilized by numerous ____ |
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Definition
Intercarpal joint – joint between the proximal and distal rows or carpals; allows for gliding movement
The wrist joint is stabilized by numerous ligaments |
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Term
Hip joint
A ______ structure
Movements occur in __ axes – limited by ligaments and ____
Head of ___ articulates with ____
Muscle tendons contribute _ to stability
Stability comes ___ from acetabulum and __ ligaments |
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Definition
Hip joint
A ball-and-socket structure
Movements occur in all axes – limited by ligaments and acetabulum
Head of femur articulates with acetabulum
Muscle tendons contribute somewhat to stability
Stability comes chiefly from acetabulum and capsular ligaments |
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Term
Knee joint
The ___ and most complex joint
Primarily acts as a __ joint
Has some capacity for ____ when leg is ___
Structurally considered compound and ___
Two ____ menisci occur within the joint cavity |
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Definition
Knee joint
The largest and most complex joint
Primarily acts as a hinge joint
Has some capacity for rotation when leg is flexed
Structurally considered compound and bicondyloid
Two fibrocartilage menisci occur within the joint cavity |
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Term
Knee Joint
Capsule of knee joint
Covers ____ and ___ aspects of the knee
Covers ___ and ___ condyles
Does not cover the ____ aspect of the knee
Anteriorly – covered by three ligaments
___, ___, and ____ retinacula |
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Definition
Knee Joint
Capsule of knee joint
Covers posterior and lateral aspects of the knee
Covers tibial and femoral condyles
Does not cover the anterior aspect of the knee
Anteriorly – covered by three ligaments
Patellar, medial, and lateral retinacula |
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Term
Ligaments of the knee joint
Become taut when knee is ____
These extracapsular ligaments are
____ and ___ collateral ligament
Oblique ___ ligament
Arcuate ____ ligament |
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Definition
Ligaments of the knee joint
Become taut when knee is extended
These extracapsular ligaments are
Fibular and tibial collateral ligament
Oblique popliteal ligament
Arcuate popliteal ligament |
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Term
Knee Joint
Intracapsular ligaments
____ ligaments – cross each other like an “X”
Each runs from the proximal ___ to the distal ___
2 ligaments:
Prevent ___ at the knee joint |
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Definition
Knee Joint
Intracapsular ligaments
Cruciate ligaments – cross each other like an “X”
Each runs from the proximal tibia to the distal femur
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Prevent undesirable movements at the knee joint |
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Term
Ankle Joint
A ___ joint between:
United inferior ends of ___ and ___
And the ___ of the foot
Allows _____ and ____ flexion only |
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Definition
Ankle Joint
A hinge joint between:
United inferior ends of tibia and fibula
And the talus of the foot
Allows dorsiflexion and plantar flexion only |
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Term
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Lies ___ to the ear
Head of the ___ articulates with the ___ fossa
Two surfaces of the articular __ allow two kinds of movement
1.___ movement
2. Superior surface of disc glides ___
3. the disc also allows for ___ |
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Definition
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Lies anterior to the ear
Head of the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa
Two surfaces of the articular disc allow two kinds of movement
Hinge-like movement
Superior surface of disc glides anteriorly
lateral movement |
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