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Chapter 9 articulations
Articulations
153
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
06/09/2009

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Cards

Term
Arthrology
Definition
Study of joints
Term
Fibrous Joint
Definition

occurs where bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue

  • end of bones and bone parts (no joint cavity)
Term
Cartilaginous Joint
Definition
(gristle) occurs where bones are joined by cartilage Pad of cartilage is wedged between the ends of bones; no joint cavity
Term
Synovial Joint
Definition

fluid-filled, joint cavity that separates the articulating surfaces of the bones.

 

The articulation surfaces are enclosed within a capsule, and the bones are also joined by various ligaments

Term
Synarthrosis
Definition

(joined together)

 

 an immobile joint

Term
Amphiarthrosis
Definition

(around)

is a slightly mobile joint

Term
Diarthrosis
Definition

(two)

 

is a freely mobile joint

Term
Gomphosis
Definition

Fibrous Periodontal membranes

 

EX: Tooth to jaw

 

FUNCTION: Synarthrosis

Term
Suture
Definition

Fibrous Dense regular connective tissue connects skull bones

 

EX: Lambdoid Suture

 

FUNCTION: Synarthrosis

Term
Syndesmosis
Definition

Fibrous Dense regular connective tissue fibers between bones (interosseous membrane)

 

EX: Articulation betwen radius and ulna, and between tibia and fibula

 

FUNCTION: Amphiarthrosis

Term
Synchondrosis
Definition

Cartilaginous Hyaline cartilage plate between bones

 

EX: Epiphyseal plates in growing bones; costochondral joints

 

FUNCTION: Synarthrosis

Term
Uniaxial - Plane Joint
Definition

Synovial Flattened or slightly curved faces slide across one another

 

EX: Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints

 

FUNCTION: Diarthrosis

Term
Uniaxial - Hinge Joint
Definition

Synovial Permits angular movements in a single plane

 

EX: Elbow Joint

 

FUNCTION: Diarthrosis

Term
Uniaxial - Pivot Joint
Definition

Synovial Permits rotation only

 

EX: Atlantoaxial Joint

 

FUNCTION: Diarthrosis

Term
Biaxial - Condylar Joint
Definition

Synovial Oval articular surface on one bone closely interfaces with a depressed oval surface on another bone

 

EX: Condylar Joint MP Joints(metacarpophalangeal)

 

FUNCTION: Diarthrosis

Term
Biaxial - Saddle Joint
Definition

Synovial Saddle-shaped articular surface on one bone closely interfaces with depressd surface on another bone

 

EX: Articulation between carpal and first metacarpal bone

 

FUNCTION: Diarthrosis

Term
Multiaxial (triaxial)- Ball-and-Socket Joint
Definition

Synovial Round head of one bone rests within cup-shaped depressin in another bone

 

EX: Glenohumeral joint, hip joint

 

FUNCTION: Diarthrosis

Term
Synostoses
Definition

Dense regular connective tissue in the suture becomes ossifed, fusing the skull bones together

Term
Symphysis
Definition

Cartilaginous Fibrocartilage pad betweeen bones

 

EX: Pubic Symphysis; Intervertebral disc articulations

 

FUNCTION: Amphiarthrosis

Term
Costochondral Joints
Definition
the joints between each bony rib and its respective costal cartilage
Term
Synovial Joints - Basic Features
Definition

Articular Capsule

Joint Cavity

Synovial Fluid

Articular Cartilage

Ligaments

Nerves

Blood Vessels

Term
Synovial Joint - Articular
Definition

a double layered capsule

 

Outer Layer - Fibrous Layer

 

Inner Layer - Synovial Membrane

Term
Fibrous Layer
Definition

formed from dense regular connective tissue

 

strengthens the joint to prevent the bones from being pulled apart.

Term
Synovial Membrane
Definition

composed primarily of areolar connective tissue

 

covers all the internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage

 

lines the articulare capsule

Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition
  • thin layer of hyaline cartilage
  • reduces friction in the joint during movement
  • acts as a spongy cushion to absorb compression placed on the joint
  • prevents damage to the articulation ends of the bones
Term
Ligaments
Definition
are composed of dense regular connective tissue
Term
Extrinsic Ligaments
Definition
are outside of the physically separate from the articular capsule
Term
Intrinsic Ligaments
Definition

represent thickenings of the articular capsule itself

  • extracapsular ligaments outside the articular capsule
  • intracapsular ligaments within the articular capsule
Term
Tendons
Definition

are not part of the synovial joint itself 

 

composed of dense regular connective tissue

 

attaches a muscle to a bone

Term
Bursa
Definition

a fibrous, saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and is lined by a synovial membrane

 

Designed to alleviate the friction resulting from the various body movements, such as a tendon or ligament rubbing against bone

Term
Tendon Sheath
Definition

wraps around tendons where there may be excessive friction

 

common in the wrist and ankles

Term
Uniaxial
Definition
the bone moves in just one plane or axis
Term
Biaxial
Definition
the bone moves in two planes or axes
Term
Multiaxial or Triaxial
Definition
the bone moves in multiple planes or axes
Term
Plane Joint
Definition

also called a planar or gliding joint

 

least mobile type of diarthrosis

 

found in the carpal and tarsal bones

Term
Hinge Joint
Definition

uniaxial joint

 

convex surface of one articulatin bone fits into a concave depression on the other bone.

 

Example: Elbow Joint, Knee, and the finger joints

Term
Pivot Joint
Definition

uniaxial joint

 

one articularing bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone.

 

Example: proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint between the the first two cervical vertebrae.

Term
Condylar Joints
Definition

also called condyloid or ellipsoid joints

 

Biaxial - back and forth side to side

 

EX: metacarpophlanges (MP) joints of fingers 2 -5 (knuckles)

Term
Saddle Joint
Definition

articular surfaces of the bones have convex and concave regions that resemble the shape of a saddle

 

EX: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb - the thumb to move toward the other fingers so that we can grasp objects

Term
Ball-and-socket Joints
Definition

multiaxial joints

 

spherical articulating head of one bone fits into the rounded, cuplike socket of a second bone

 

EX: hip joint, glenohumeral joint

Term
Flexion
Definition

movement in an anterior-posterior plane of the body that decreases the angle between the articulating bones

 

EX: bending your fingers toward your palm to make a fist, bending your forearm toward your arm at the elbow

Term
Extension
Definition

(stretching out) movement in an anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between the articulating bones

 

EX: straightening your arm and forearm until the upper limb projects directly away from the anterior side of your body

Term
Hyperextension
Definition

(above normal)

 

extension of a joint beyond 180 degrees

 

EX: Glancing up at the ceiling while standing, your neck is hyperextended

Term
Angular Motion
Definition

either increases or decreases the angel between two bones

 

EX: flexion & extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion, abduction and adduction and circumduction

Term
Lateral Flextion
Definition
occurs when the trunk of the body moves in a coronal plane laterally away from the body.
Term
Abduction
Definition

(move away)

 

lateral movement of a body part away from the body midline

Term
Adduction
Definition

(move toward)

 

medial movement of a body part toward the body midline

Term
Circumduction
Definition

is a sequence of movements in which the proximal end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the distal end makes a circular motion

Term
Circumduction
Definition

around

 

is a sequence of movements in which the proximal end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the distal end makes a circular motion

Term
Rotation
Definition
is a pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own longitudinal axis
Term
Temporomandibular Joint
Definition

is the articulation formed at the point where the head of the mandible articulates with the articular tubercle of the temporal one anteriorly and the mandibular fossa posteriorly

Term
Articular Capsule
Definition
surrounds the joint and promotes an extensive range of motion
Term
Articular Disc
Definition
is a thick pad of fibrocartilage separating the articulating bones and extending horizontally to divide the joint cavity into two separate chambers
Term
Sphenomandibular Ligament
Definition
is a thin band that extends anteriorly and inferiorly from the sphenoind to the medial surface of the mandibular ramus
Term
Stylomandibular ligament
Definition
is a thick band that extends anteriorly and inferiorly from the sphenoid to the mandibal surface of the mandibular ramus
Term
Temporomandibular ligament
Definition

is composed of two short bands on the lateral portion of the articular capsule. 

 

These bands extend inferiorly and posteriorly from the articular tubercle to the mandible

Term
Anulus Fibrosus
Definition
is the tough outer layer of fibrocartilage that covers each intervertebral disc
Term
Nucleus Pulposus
Definition
is the inner gelatinous core of the disc and is primarily composed of water, with some scattered reticular and elastic fibers
Term

Axial Skeleton Joint

 

Suture

Definition

Fibrous Joint

Synarthrosis

Term
Axial Skeleton Joints
Definition

Suture

Temporomandibular

Atlanto-occipital

Intervertebral

Vertebrocostal

Lumbosacral

Sternocostal

Term
Sternoclavicular
Definition

Sternal end of clavicle, manubrium of sternum, and first costal cartilage

Synovial

Diarthrosis

Elevation, depression, circumduction

Term
Acromioclavicular
Definition

Acromial end of clavicle and acromion of scapula

Synovial

Diarthrosis

Gliding of scapula on clavicle

Term
Glenohumeral
Definition

Glenoid cavity of scapula and head of humerus

Synovial (ball-and-socket)

Diarthrosis

Abduction, adduction, circumduction, extension,flexion,hyperextension,lateral rotation,and medial rotation of arm

Term
Humeroulnar
Definition

Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

Synovial (hinge)

Diarthrosis

Extension and flextion of forearm

Term
Humeroradial
Definition

Capitulum of humerus and head of radius

Synovial (hinge)

Diarthrosis

Extension and flextion of forearm

Term
Radioulnar
Definition

Proximal Joint:  Head of radius and radial notch of ulna

Distal Joint:  Distal end of ulna and ulnar notch of radius

Synovial (pivot)

Diarthrosis

Rotation of radius with respect to the ulna

Term
Radiocarpal
Definition

Distal end of radius; lunate, scaphoid, and triquetrum

Synovial (condylar)

Diarthrosis

Abduction,adduction,circumduction,extension,and flexion of wrist

Term
Intercarpal
Definition

Adjacent bones in proximal row of capal bones

Adjacent bones in distal row of carpal bones

Adjacent bones between proximal and distal rows (midcarpal joints)

Synovial (plane)

Diarthrosis

Gliding

Term
Carpometacarpal
Definition

Thumb; trapezium (carpal bone) and first metacarpal

Other digets: Carpals and metacarpals II-V

Synovial (saddle) at thumb; synovial (plane) at other digits

Diarthrosis

Abduction,adduction,circumduction,extension,

flexion,and opposition at thumb;gliding at other digits

Term
Metacarpophalangeal (MP joints, "knuckles")
Definition

Head of metacarpals and bases of proximal phalanges

Synovial (hinge)

Diarthrosis

Extension and flextion of phalanges

Term
Suture
Definition

Adjacent skull bones

Fibrous joint

Synarthrosis

 

Term
Atlanto-occipital
Definition

Superior articular facets of atlas and occipital condyles of occipital bone

 

Synovial (condylar) joint

Diarthrosis

Extension and flexion of the head; slight lateral flexion of head to sides

Term
Intervertebral
Definition

Vertebral bodies of adjacent vertebrae

 

Superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

 

Cartilaginous joint (symphysis) between vertebral bodies; synovial (plane) joint between articular processes

Term
Vertebrocostal
Definition

Facets of heads of ribs and bodies of adjacent thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs between adjacent vertebrae

 

Articular part of tubercles of ribs and facets of transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae

 

Synovial (plane) joint

Diarthrosis

Some slight gliding

Term
Lumbosacral
Definition

Body of the fifth lumbar vertebra and base of the sacrum

 

Inferior articular facets of fifth lumbar vertebra Superior articular facets of first sacral vertebra

 

Cartilaginous joint (symphysis) between lumbar body and base of sacrum

synovial (plane) joint between articular facets

 

Amphiarthrosis between body and base diarthrosis between articular facets

 

Extension, flextion, lateral flexion of vertebral column

Term
Sternocostal
Definition

Sternum and first seven pairs of ribs

 

Cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis) between sternum and first ribs

synovial (plane) joint between sternum and ribs 2-7

Synarthrosis between sternum and first ribs; diarthrosis between sternum and ribs 2-7

No movement between sternum and first ribs; some gliding movement permitted between sternum and ribs 2-7

Term
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Definition

Infraspinatus

Subscapularis

Supraspinatus

Teres MInor

Term
Sacroiliac
Definition

Auricular surfaces of sacrum and ilia

 

Synovial (plane)

Diarthrosis

 

Slight gliding; more movement during pregnancy and childbirth

Term
Hip (coxal)
Definition

Head of femur and accetabulum of os coxae

 

Synovial (ball-and-socket)

Diarthrosis

 

Abduction,adduction,circumduction,extension,

flexion,medial and lateral rotation of thigh

 

Term
Public symphysis
Definition

Two pubic bones

 

Carlilaginous (symphysis)

Amphiarthrosis

 

Very slight movement; more movement during childbirth

Term
Knee
Definition

Patellofemoral joint: Patella and patellar surface of femur

 

Tibiofemoral joint:  Distal end of fibula and fibular notch of tibia

 

Superior Joint: Synovial (plane)

 

Inferior joint:  Fibrous (syndesmosis)

 

Amphiarthrosis

 

Slight rotation of fibula during dorsiflexion of foot

Term
Talocrural
Definition

Distal end of tibia and medial malleolus with talus

 

Lateral malleolus of fibula and talus

 

Synovial (hinge)

Diarthrosis

 

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Term
Intertarsal
Definition

Between the tarsal bones

 

Synovial (plane)

Diarthrosis

 

Eversion and inversion of foot

Term

Tarsometatarsal

 

Definition

Three cuneiforms (tarsal bones),cuboid, and bases of five metatarsal bones

 

Synovial (plane)

Diarthrosis

 

Slight gliding

Term
Metatarsophalangeal (MP joints)
Definition

Heads of metatarsals and bases of proximal phalanges

Synovial (condylar)

Diarthrosis

 

Abduction,adduction,circumduction,extension,and flexion of proximal phalanges

Term
Interphalangeal (IP joints)
Definition

Heads of proximal and middle phalanges with bases of middle and distal phalanges, respectively

Synovial (hinge)

Diarthrosis

 

Extension and flexion of phalanges

Term
Bursa
Definition

flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containg synovial fluid

 

common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons or bones rub together

Term
Tendon Sheath
Definition
elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon
Term
Capsule of Knee Joint
Definition

Covers posterior and lateral aspects of the knee

 

Covers tibial and femoral condyles

 

Does not cover the anterior aspect of the knee

 

Anteriorly - covered by three ligaments

Patellar ligament

Medial retinaculum

Lateral retinaculum

Term
Three ligaments of the knee
Definition

Patellar ligament

Medial retinaculum

Lateral retinaculum

Term
Extracapsular Ligaments
Definition

become taut when knee is extended

 

Provide support of sides of the knee

 

Ligaments are

Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

Tibial (medial) collateral ligament

Term
Intracapsular ligaments
Definition

Cruciate ligament - cross each othe like an X

 

Prevent undesirable movement at the knee joint

Each runs from the proximal tibia to the distal femur

 

Anterior Cruciate ligament - anterior tibia to posterior femur

 

Posterior cruciate ligament - posterior tibia to anterior inferior femur

Term
Unhappy Triad
Definition

Triple ligamentous injury

 

Tibial collateral ligament

Medial meniscul

ACL (anterior cruciate ligament)

Term
ACL
Definition

when the knee is extended, the _____  is pulled tight and prevents hyperextension. 

 

Also prevents tibia from moving too far anteriorly on the femur

Term
PCL
Definition

becomes tight on flexion and so prevents hyperflexion of the knee joint. 

 

The _____ also prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur

Term
Collateral Ligament
Definition
  • found in the elbow - radial and ulnar
  • stabilizes the joint
  • extends around the head of the radius between the anular ligament and the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Term
Retinaculum
Definition
a ligament that holds tendon anchored in the wrist and ankles
Term
Partial Pressure
Definition
The contribution of one gas to the total pressure exerted by all gases
Term
In plumonmary capillary beds, oxygen diffuses from
Definition
alveoli to blood
Term
In plumonmary capillary beds, carbon dioxide  diffuses from
Definition
blood to alveoli
Term
In systemic capillary beds, oxygen diffuses from
Definition
blood to the cells
Term
In systemic capillary beds, carbon dioxide diffuses from
Definition
cells to the blood
Term
Because gases are not equally soluble in liquids and in air, they move down their
Definition
partial pressure gradient
Term
At rest we consume how much oxygen per hour
Definition

15 liters per hour

(250 mL per minute)

Term
At rest, we produce how much carbon dioxide per hour
Definition

12 Liters of carbon dioxide

(200 mL per minute)

Term
The amount of O2, that moves into the blood from the air, and the amount of CO2, that moves out of the blood into the air is usually at what concentrations
Definition

in the same location in the blood are relatively constant

The partial pressures at a given location are therefore also relatively constant

Term
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood occurs by
Definition
simple diffusion across the respiratory membrane
Term
At what body sites does the partial pressure of carbon dioxide exceed the partial pressure of oxygen
Definition

Cells

systemic veins

the right atrium and ventricle

Term
In the systemic arteries, the partial pressure of oxygen is
Definition
100 mm Hg
Term
In the systemic arteries, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide  is
Definition
40 mm Hg
Term
In the pulmonary veins the partial pressure of oxygen is
Definition
100 mm Hg
Term
In the pulmonary veins the partial pressure of carbon dioxide  is
Definition
40 mm Hg
Term
In the Pulmonary arteries the partial pressure of oxygen is
Definition
40 mm Hg
Term
In the Pulmonary arteries the partial pressure of carbon dioxide  is
Definition
46 mm Hg
Term
In the systemic veins the partial pressure of oxygen is
Definition
40 mm Hg
Term
In the systemic veins the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is
Definition
46 mm Hg
Term
In systemic arteries, the partial pressure of oxygen is 100 mm Hg.  At this partial pressure how much oxygen will be dissoved in the plasma of 1 L of blood
Definition
3 mL of oxygen
Term
Once oxygen diffuses from alveolar air to blood in pulmonary capillaries, it diffuses into
Definition
erythrocytes and binds to hemoglobin for transport in the blood
Term
In the systemic capillaries, hemoglobin in erythrocytes releases oxygen, which then diffuses
Definition
from the blood into tissue cells
Term
What is the oxygen that moves into respiring tissue used for
Definition
to generate ATP through the electron transport chain and oxidative phyosphorylation
Term
Hg, 1 Liter of blood can hold how much oxygen
Definition

200 mL of oxygen

 

3 mL in plasma

197 mL in hemoglobin

Term
Where does hemoglobin tend to pick up O2
Definition
pulmonary capillary beds
Term
Where does hemoglobin drop off O2
Definition
systemic capillary beds
Term
What is the partial CO2 in the systemic veins
Definition
46 mm Hg
Term
If the partial pressure of CO2 in the sytemic veins is 46 mmHg, 1 Liter of blood contains
Definition

31 mL (6%) of CO2 dissolved in plasma

39 mL (7%) of CO2 bound to hemoglobin

470 mL (87%) of CO2 in the form of bicarbonate

Term
What is carbonic anhydrase
Definition
the enzyme that catalyzes reaction one
Term
An increase in affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen causes what type of shift
Definition

leftward shift

  • indicate that a lower PO2 is required to achieve any give level of saturation
  • indicates that oxygen is loaded more easily onto hemoglobin
Term
A decrease in affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen causes what type of shift
Definition

rightward shift

  • indicating that a higher PO2 is required to achieve any given lever of saturation
  • indicates oxygen is unoladed more easity from hemoglobin, making it more available to the tissue
Term
Carbonic Acid
Definition
H2CO3
Term
Bicarbonate
Definition
HCO3
Term
Erthrocytes are able to form bicarbonate because they contain the enzyme
Definition
carbonic anhydrase
Term
What catalyzes the reversible reaction that converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid
Definition

       Carbonic anhydrase

CO2 + H2O <---------------------> H2CO3

Term
An increase in carbon dioxide concentration drives the reaction to the right producing
Definition
more hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
Term
A decrease in carbon dioxide concentraiton drives the reaction to the left producing
Definition
carbon dioxide from hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
Term
If pH falls, solution gains
Definition
H+ ions
Term
If pH rises, solution
Definition
loses H+ ions
Term
H+ and Bicarbonate are removed by the
Definition
Kidneys
Term
The eventual output of inspiratory neurons is to stimulate contraction of the
Definition

diaphrapgm, via the phrenic nerve

 

and

 

the external intercostal muscles via the external intercostal nerves

Term
What activates chemoreceptors in the walls of systemic arteries
Definition
increases in H+ concentration, which occurs due to increases in CO2 levels in the blood
Term
The respiratory control centers respond to activation of chemoreceptors by increasing
Definition
ventilation (breathing reate and force) which helps to reduce CO2 levels
Term
Peripheral chemoreceptors can be activated by
Definition
decreased O2 levels, but only when O2 levels drop severely low
Term
Receptors in the trachea or in the pharynx and nose recognize pollutants and some chemicals
Definition
irritant receptors
Term
When muscles and joints are used what type of receptor is this
Definition
Proprioceptors
Term
An increase in ventilation to meet an increase in the metabolic demands of the body
Definition
Hyperpnea
Term
Labored or difficult breathing
Definition
Dyspnea
Term
Temporary cessation of breathing
Definition
Apnea
Term
Rapid, shallow breathing
Definition
Tachypnea
Term
A condition in which ventilation exceeds the metabolic demands of the body
Definition
Hyperventilation
Term
A condition in which ventilation is insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the body
Definition
Hypoventilation
Term
A deficiency of oxygen in the tissue
Definition
Hypoxia
Term
A deficiency of oxygen in the blood
Definition
Hypoxemia
Term
An excess of carbon dioxide in the blood
Definition
Hypercapnia
Term
A deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood
Definition
Hypocapnia
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