Term
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Definition
| Sensory Receptors that respond to stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
Brain
Spinal Cord
Both process stimuli
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Term
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Definition
Central Nervous System
Brain/Spinal Cord |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral Nervous System
All neurons outside CNS |
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Term
| Characterisitics of Neurons |
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Definition
Nerve cells.
Require oxygen/glucose.
Recieve information, process, and produce responses. |
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Term
| Neuron Structures: Dendrite |
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Definition
| Recieves stimulus from other neurons or sensory receptors |
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Term
| Neuron Structures: Cell Body |
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Definition
Processes a stimulus. Contains a nucleus.
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Term
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Definition
| Transmits a stimulus to a gland, muscle, organ, and other neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatty, protective, wrapping around axons. Excellant insulator. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gaps in myelin sheath where action potential develop |
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Term
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Definition
| "jumping" of action potentials. |
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Term
| Difference between myelinated axons and unmyelinated axons? |
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Definition
| Action potentials jump are conducted more quickly through a myelinated axon (3-15 meters a second) than unmyelinated. This is due to the Nodes Of Ranvier. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease of the myelin sheath that causes loss of muscle function |
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Term
Types Of Neurons: Multipolar
(Note: Neurons relay information back to the brain) |
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Definition
| Many dendrites. Single Axon. CNS and most motor neurons. |
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Term
Types Of Neurons: Bipolar
(Note: Neurons Relay Information Back To The Brain) |
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Definition
One Dendrite. One Axon.
Found in the eye/nasal cavity.
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Term
Types Of Neurons: Pseudo
(Note: Neurons Relay Information Back To The Brain) |
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Definition
Unipolar. One Axon. No Dendrite.
Usually sensory. |
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Term
| Neuroglia Characteristics |
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Definition
| Supporting cells for neurons. More numerous than neurons. Can divide to reproduce 5 different types. |
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Term
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Definition
Star shaped.
Most abundant.
Form blood/brain barrier. |
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Term
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Definition
Produce/circulate cerebralspinal fluid (CSF)
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Term
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Definition
| Remove bacteria and cell debris (CNS) |
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Term
| Neuroglia:Oligodendrocytes |
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Definition
| Produces myelin sheath in CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce myelin sheath in PNS |
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Term
| Organization Of Nervous Tissue: Grey Matter |
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Definition
| Collection Of Dendrites And Cell Bodies |
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Term
| Organization Of Nervous Tissue: White Matter |
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Definition
| Collection Of Axons And Their Myelin Sheath |
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Term
Electrical Signals And Neural Pathways
Resting Membrane Potential |
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Definition
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Term
Electrical Signals And Neural Pathways
Leak Ion Channels |
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Definition
| Always open. K+ channels open. |
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Term
Electrical Signals And Neural Pathways
Gated Ion Channels |
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Definition
| Closed until opened by specific signal Na+ channels |
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Term
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Definition
| "Electricity" that causes depolarization and repolarization. Change reacting membrane potential by activating gated ion channels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of sodium in- more positive. If enough, sodium enters. Then threshold is reached and more sodium channels open. Once threshold is reached, all or none law applies. Action potentials continue until sodium channels close. K+ channels open. Repolarization occurs. Sodium/potassium restores. |
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Term
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Definition
Where an axon attaches to a muscle, gland, organ, or other neuron. Involved with release of neurotransmitters.
Example: neuromuscular junction |
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Term
Spinal Cord
Foramen Magnum |
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Definition
2nd lumbar vertebra
Protected by vertebral column
Spinal nerves allow movement
If damaged, paralysis can occur |
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Term
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Definition
Center of spinal cord.
Looks like letter H or a butterfly |
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Term
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Definition
Outside of spinal cord. Contains myelinated fibers. 3 columns: Dorsal, ventral, & lateral.
Ascending tracts: axons (conduction of action potentials TOWARDS the brain)
Descending: axons (conduction of action potentials AWAY from the brain)
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Term
Spinal Cord
Grey Matter
Posterior Horns |
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Definition
| Contain axons, synapse with interneurons. |
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Term
Spinal Cord
Grey Matter
Anterior Horns |
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Definition
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Term
Spinal Cord
Grey Matter
Lateral Horns |
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Definition
| Contain autonomatic neurons. |
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Term
Spinal Cord
Grey Matter
Central Canal
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Definition
| Fluid filled space in center of cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involuntary response to a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Path in which the reflex travels |
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Term
Components Of Reflex Arc
Receptors |
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Definition
Sensory Receptors pick up stimulus.
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Term
Components Of Reflex Arc
Sensory Neurons |
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Definition
| Sensory (afferent) neurons send stimulus to interneurons in spinal cord. |
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Term
Components Of Reflex Arc
Interneurons |
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Definition
Interneurons (within spinal cord) also known as associated neurons...
Located in CNS and connect to motor neurons.
Process the stimulus |
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Term
Components Of The Reflex Arc
Efferent Neurons |
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Definition
| Efferent (motor) neurons send response to effector. Effector may be a muscle, gland, or organ. |
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Term
Neuronal Pathways
Converging |
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Definition
Two or more neurons synapse. Same neuron allows info to be transmitted in more than one neuronal pathway.
Converge into a single pathway. |
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Term
Neuronal Pathways
Diverging |
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Definition
| Axon from one neuron divides and synapses with more than one neuron. Allows info to be transmitted in one neuronal pathway to be diverged into two or more. |
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Term
Neuronal Pathways
Spinal Nerves |
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Definition
| Arise along spinal cord from union of dorsal roots and ventral roots. Contain axons -> sensory and somatic neurons. Located between vertebra. Catergorized by region of vertebral column. 31 pairs, organized in 3 plexuses. |
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Term
Neuronal Pathways
Cervical Plexus |
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Definition
| Spinal nerves C1-4. Innervates muscls attached to hyoid bone and neck. Contains phrenic nerve which innervates diaphragm. |
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Term
Neuronal Pathways
Brachial Plexus |
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Definition
Originates from spinal nerves. C5-T1.
Supply nerves to upper limbs, shoulder, hands. |
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Term
Neuronal Pathways
Lumbosacral Plexus |
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Definition
Originates from spinal nerves L1-S4.
Supply nerves to lower limbs. |
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Term
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Definition
Bathes the brain and spinal cord.
Provides a protective cushion around the CNS.
Produced in the choroid plexus of brain. |
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Term
| Components Of The Brainstem |
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Definition
Medulla Oblongata.
Pons.
Midbrain. |
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Term
Components Of The Brainstem
Medulla Oblongata |
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Definition
Continous with spinal cord.
Heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomitting, hiccuping, coughing, sneezing, and balance. |
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Term
Components Of The Brainstem
Pyramids |
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Definition
| Involved in conscious control of skeletal muscle. |
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Term
Components Of The Brainstem
Pons |
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Definition
Right above medulla.
Between cerebrum and cerebellum
Breathing, chewing. |
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Term
Components Of The Brainstem
Midbrain |
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Definition
Above pons.
Coordinated eye movement, pupil diameter, turning head towards a noise. |
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Term
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Definition
Thalamus.
Hypothalamus.
Located between brainstem and cerebrum. |
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Term
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Definition
Largest portion of diencephalon.
Influences moods and detects pain.
ALOT of nerves.
Senses.
Emotions.
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Term
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Definition
Below thalamus.
Controls pituitary gland and is connected to infundiloulum.
Controls: homestasis, body temp, thirst, hunger, fear, rage, and sexual emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
Influences the sense of night/day.
Dark/light cycles.
Onset of puberty. |
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Term
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Definition
Largest Portion.
Left/Right hemisphere.
Seperated by longitudinal fissure.
Lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surface of cerebrum. Gray matter. Controls thinking, communicating, remembering, understanding, and initates involuntary movements. |
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Term
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Definition
Folds on cerebral cortex that increase surface area.
(Grooves)
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Term
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Definition
Shallow indentations
(Dips) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Controls Right Side.
Math.
Analytic.
Speech.
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Term
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Definition
Controls left.
Art.
Music.
Abstract Ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connection between left/right hemipsheres. |
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Term
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Definition
Controls voluntary motor functions.
Aggression.
Moods.
Smell.
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Term
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Definition
Evaluates sensory input.
Taste.
Touch.
Pain.
Pressure.
Temperature. |
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Definition
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Definition
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