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Chapter 8: Skeletal System
Articulations-Joints
45
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/16/2011

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Term
What are Joints/Articulations?
Definition
connections between bones that may or may not permit movement
Term
What is usually involved in holding joints together?
Definition
  • cartilage,
  • fluid connective tissues
  • dense connective tissues
Term
How are joints classified?
Definition
  • by the amount of movement they allow (immoveable, freely moveable)
  • tissue used to connect bones
  • structure 
Term
Synarthroses
Definition

IMMOVABLE JOINT

edges of bones are very close together and may even interlock

(sutures)

Term
Amphiarthroses
Definition

SLIGHTLY MOVABLE

joints are connected at more of a distance

(syndesmosis, symphysis)

Term
Sutures
Definition
found only in the skull, edges interlock and short dense connective tissue fibers hold the bones together
Term
Syndesmosis
Definition
occurs when two bones are connected by relatively long connective tissue ligaments
Term
Symphysis
Definition
connection of bones by fibrocartilage bad
Term
Diarthroses
Definition

FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS

synovial joints, specialized to allow movement

Term
What 6 characteristics do all synovial joints have?
Definition
  1. joint capsule
  2. articular cartilages
  3. joint cavity with synovial fluid
  4. synovial membrane
  5. accessory structures
  6. sensory nerves and blood vessels
Term
Articular Cartilages
Definition
smooth, reduce friction and absorb shock in the joint
Term
joint capsule
Definition
thick layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds  all synovial joints
Term
synovial membrane
Definition
lining of joint capsule which produces synovial fluid
Term
What are the 3 functions of synovial fluid?
Definition
  1. lubricate the surfaces of articular cartilages
  2. nourishes chondrocytes
  3. absorbs shock
Term
Menisci/Articular Discs
Definition
fibrocartilage pads that change the shape of the joint cavity; may divide the cavity, restrict movement, or direct the flow of synovial fluid
Term
Fat Pads
Definition
protect the articular cartilages and fill in spaces when the joint moves; found at the periphery of the joint
Term
Ligaments
Definition
dense connective tissues that stabilize the joint
Term
Intrinsic ligaments
Definition
capsular ligaments, are local areas of thickened joint capsule
Term
Extrinsic ligaments
Definition
separate from the joint capsule and may be either inside or outside the joint cavity
Term
Tendons
Definition
fibrous connective tissue connections of muscle to bone (not part of joint but cross a joint so therefore stabilize joint)
Term
Bursae
Definition
small synovial fluid filled pockets found in the connective tissue surrounding joints; found where friction occurs between tendons, ligaments, and other structures (reduces friction)
Term
Synovial Tendon Sheaths
Definition
tubular bursae that surround tendons that cross a bony surface
Term
What joints are the strongest and why?
Definition
synarthrosis; because as a joint gains movement it loses stability
Term
What are some factors that cause a joint to lose mobility as it gains stability?
Definition
  • more collages fibers fill in the joint capsule
  • shapes of articular cartilage limiting movement
  • presence of bones, muscles, and fat around the joint
  • tensions in tendons attached near the joint
Term
What are the 3 planes of motion of joints?
Definition
  1. linear motion
  2. angular motion
  3. rotation
Term
Monaxial Joints
Definition
permit movement in only one plane
Term
biaxial joints
Definition
permit movement in two planes, or one plane and rotation
Term
Triaxial joints
Definition
permits movement in two planes plus rotation
Term
Gliding Joints
Definition
  • linear motion
  • carpals, tarsals, sternoclavicular joints
  • small amounts of movement allowed and no rotation possible
Term
Abduction/Adduction
Definition
  • angular motion
  • movement away or back to the longitudinal axis in the frontal plane
Term
Flexion/Extension/Hyperextension
Definition
  • angular motion
  • reducing or increasing the angle of a joint in the saggital plane
Term
Circumduction
Definition
  • angular motion
  • combines abduction, adduction, flexion, extension to result in complete circle
Term
Rotation
Definition
one end of a joint remains stationary and the other end twists
Term
Plane Joints/Gliding Joints
Definition
have two different degree of movement; joints that allow slight movement, and joints that allow some movement in all directions
Term
Hinge Joints
Definition
permit only flexion and extension and therefore are monaxial joints
Term
Pivot Joints
Definition
allow only rotation movements
Term
Condylar joints
Definition
contain bones with oval surfaces; biaxial allowing flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
Term
Saddle Joints
Definition
facets resemble saddles, biaxial and allow circumduction
Term
Ball and Socket
Definition
most flexible of all jones, triaxial joints
Term
Intervertebral discs
Definition
cushioned pads of fibrocartilage between vertebrae
Term
Anulus fibrosus
Definition
tough outer layer of vertebral disc made of fibrocartilage
Term
nucleus pulposus
Definition
soft, elastic, gelatinous core of intervertebral disc
Term
Rheumatism
Definition
general term that indicates pain and stiffness affecting the skeletal system
Term
Arthritis
Definition
encompasses all rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints; involves damage to articular cartilages
Term
Osteoperosis
Definition
bones may weaken to the point at which fractures occur in response to stresses that could easily be tolerated by normal bones
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