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Chapter 8- Muscular System
Muscle Anatomy/ Physiology
58
Anatomy
10th Grade
12/11/2013

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Term
Muscle Fiber
Definition
a skeletal muscle
Term
sarcolemma
Definition
cell membrane of a muscle fiber
Term
sarcoplasm
Definition
cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Term
sarcoplasm reticulum
Definition
endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber
Term
Cardiac muscle
Definition
causes heart to beat and pump blood. involuntary. 1 cell nuclei. branched.
Term
intercalated disks
Definition
gap junctions that allow coordination of the heartbeat
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
moves food through body; controls blood pressure
Term
Where is smooth muscle located?
Definition
walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
Term
skeletal muscle
Definition
allows movement; facial expression; threadlike; voluntary
Term
endomysium
Definition
a thin layer of connective tissue that covers each individual muscle fiber
Term
fascicle
Definition
a bundle of muscle fibers
Term
perimysium
Definition
the layer of connective tissue that surrounds a muscle fascicle and holds it together
Term
epimysium
Definition
tough layer of connective tissue that covers the outside of a muscle
Term
fascia
Definition
a delicate, web-like layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle and loosely connects it to other muscles
Term
tendon
Definition
a cord-like extension of the epimysium that binds muscle to bone
Term
aponeuroses
Definition
broad, flat sheets of epimysium that connect muscles to bones or to other muscles
Term
myofibrils
Definition
thin organelles that fills each muscle fiber
Term
i bands
Definition
light band
Term
a bands
Definition
dark band
Term
Sarcomeres have the ability to make themselves...
Definition
shorter
Term
muscle contraction
Definition
when large numbers of muscle fibers shorten at the same time, the entire muscle gets shorter
Term
actin
Definition
a thin myofilament
Term
myosin
Definition
a thick myofilament with arm-like "heads"
Term
z-disk
Definition
membrane at each end of the sarcomere that separates the sarcomeres from each other like the lids on a can
Term
irritability
Definition
the ability of a cell to receive and respond to a stimulus
Term
contractility
Definition
the ability to shorten when adequate stimulus is received
Term
motor neurons
Definition
nerves that stimulate skeletal muscles
Term
motor unit
Definition
one motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates
Term
axon
Definition
the long, threadlike extension that carries a nerve impulse from a motor neuron out to a muscle fiber
Term
axon terminal
Definition
process of an axon where it comes in contact with a muscle fiber
Term
neuromuscular junction
Definition
the connection between an axon terminal and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber
Term
motor end plate
Definition
the depressed, folded area of sarcolemma that an axon terminal fits down into
Term
synaptic cleft
Definition
small gap between the axon terminal and motor end plate
Term
neurotransmitter
Definition
any chemical released by nerve cells that has the ability to stimulate other cells or nerves
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
the specific neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle cells
Term
ACh is located in the...
Definition
motor end plate
Term
depolarization
Definition
the binding of ACh to the motor end plate receptors causes a change in the electrical charge across the sarcolemma
Term
action potential
Definition
an electrical current that depolarization of the sarcolemma generates
Term
What causes cramping?
Definition
a lack of ATP/ oxygen
Term
origin
Definition
a muscle's attachment to an immovable or less movable bone.
Term
insertion
Definition
a muscle's attachment to a movable bone.
Term
prime mover
Definition
the muscle with the major responsibility for causing a particular movement
Term
antagonists
Definition
the muscles that oppose or reverse a movement by the prime mover
Term
synergists
Definition
muscles that help the prime mover- they may make the same movement or reduce undesirable movements
Term
fixators
Definition
specialized synergists; they stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that all tension is used to move the insertion
Term
Graded contractions
Definition
controlled contractions
Term
complete tetanus
Definition
when a muscle is in a sustained contraction
Term
three sources for ATP regeneration
Definition
creatine phosphate; aerobic respiration; anaerobic glycolysis
Term
isotonic
Definition
the muscle shortens and movement occurs
Term
isometric
Definition
the muscle contracts, muscle tension increases, but the muscle does not shorten
Term
cross bridges
Definition
projections that are able to link to actin filaments
Term
step 1
Definition
acetylcholine is released into the neuromuscular junction by the axonal terminal
Term
step 2
Definition
acetylcholine diffuses across the neuromuscular junction and binds to receptors on the sarcolemma
Term
step 3
Definition
depolarization occurs, and the action potential is generated
Term
step 4
Definition
the action potential, carried deep into the cell, causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions
Term
step 5
Definition
the calcium ion concentration at the myofilaments increases, the myofilaments slide past one another and the cell shortens
Term
step 6
Definition
as calcium is actively reabsorbed into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, its concentration at the myofilaments decreases
Term
step 7
Definition
the muscle cell relaxes and lengthens
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