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Chapter 8
joints
65
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
10/22/2012

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Term
Fibrous joint
Definition
Term
Cartilaginous joint
Definition
Term
Synovial
Definition
Term
Articulation (joint)
Definition
site where two or more bones meet
Term
Joint Functions
Definition
Give skeleton mobility
Hold skeleton together
Term
Classification of Joints
Definition
Structural classification relies on the anatomical organization of the joint
Functional classification is based on range of motion of the joint
Term
Synarthroses
Definition
*immovable
Are very strong; no movement
Fibrous or cartilaginous connections
Edges of bones may touch or interlock
Term
Amphiarthroses
Definition
*slightly movable
More movable than synarthrosis
Stronger than freely movable joint
Fibrous or cartilaginous connections
Term
Diarthroses
Definition
freely movable
Term
Four types of synarthrotic joints
Definition
Suture
Synostosis
Gomphosis
Synchondrosis
Term
Two types of amphiarthroses
Definition
syndesmosis: bones connected by ligaments
symphysis: bones separated by fibrous cartilage
Term
Diarthroses (synovial)
Definition
At ends of long bones
Within articular capsules lined with synovial membrane
Widest range of motion vs. other joints
Term
Distinguishing Features of Synovial Joints (6)
Definition
1. Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage
2. Articular (joint) capsule:
Outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue
Inner synovial membrane of loose connective tissue
3. Joint (synovial) cavity: small potential space
4. Synovial fluid:
Viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma + hyaluronic acid
Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
5. Three possible types of reinforcing ligaments:
Capsular (intrinsic)—part of the fibrous capsule
Extracapsular—outside the capsule
Intracapsular—deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
6. Rich nerve and blood vessel supply:
Nerve fibers detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch
Capillary beds produce filtrate for synovial fluid
Term
Bursae
*friction reducing structures of synovial
Definition
Flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes
Contain synovial fluid
Commonly act as “ball bearings” where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
Term
Tendon Sheath
*friction reducing structures of synovial; can limit motion
Definition
Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon
Term
Stabilizing Factors of Synovial Joints
Definition
1. Shapes of articular surfaces (minor role)
2. Ligament number and location (limited role)
3. Muscle tone, which keeps tendons that cross the joint taut *extremely important in reinforcing shoulder and knee joints and arches of the foot
Term
Muscle attachments across a joint: origin vs. insertion
Definition
Origin—attachment to the immovable bone
Insertion—attachment to the movable bone

*Muscle contraction causes the insertion to move toward the origin
*occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal
Term
Nonaxial
Definition
slipping movements only
Term
Uniaxial
Definition
movement in one plane
Term
Biaxial
Definition
movement in two planes
Term
Multiaxial
Definition
movement in or around all three planes
Term
Movements at synovial joints
Definition
1. Gliding
2. Angular movements:
-Flexion, extension, hyperextension
-Abduction, adduction
-Circumduction
3. Rotation
Medial and lateral rotation
Term
Special movements at synovial joints
Definition
Special movements
Supination, pronation
Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion of the foot
Inversion, eversion
Protraction, retraction
Elevation, depression
Opposition
Term
Plane Joint
Definition
nonaxial
-intercarpal joint
Term
Hinge Joint
Definition
uniaxial
-elbow joint
Term
Pivot Joint
Definition
uniaxial
-proximal radioulnar joint
Term
Condyloid joint
Definition
biaxial
-metacarpophalangeal joint
Term
Saddle joint
Definition
biaxial
-carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Term
Ball & Socket joint
Definition
multiaxial
-shoulder joint
Term
Meniscus (articular disk)
Definition
fibrocartilage pad between opposing bones, separates articular spaces
Fat pads: protect articular cartilages
Term
Fat pads
Definition
protect articular cartilages
Term
decreased motion

more ligaments
Definition
=increased stability

= more stable
Term
Knee joint
Definition
-Largest, most complex joint of body
-At least 12 associated bursae
-Capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons
-Joint capsule is thin and absent anteriorly
-dislocation is rare for the knee joint
Term
Knee joint makeup (3)
Definition
Three joints surrounded by a single joint cavity:
1. Femoropatellar joint: plane joint
Allows gliding motion during knee flexion
2. Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints between the femoral condyles and the C-shaped lateral and medial menisci (semilunar cartilages) of the tibia
*Allow flexion, extension, and some rotation when knee is partly flexed
Term
Ligaments of the knee
Definition
-Help prevent hyperextension
-Prevent anterior-posterior displacement
Term
ACL
Definition
-anterior cruciate ligament
Term
3 C’s of knee
Definition
- collateral ligament
- cruciate ligaments
- cartilages (menisci)
Term
Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
*least stable
Definition
Ball-and-socket joint: head of humerus and glenoid fossa of the scapula
Stability is sacrificed for greater freedom of movement
Term
Reinforcing ligaments of shoulder joint
Definition
Coracohumeral ligament—helps support the weight of the upper limb
Three glenohumeral ligaments—somewhat weak anterior reinforcements
Term
Reinforcing tendons of the shoulder joint
Definition
Reinforcing muscle tendons:
1. Tendon of the long head of biceps:
Travels through the intertubercular groove
Secures the humerus to the glenoid cavity

2. Four rotator cuff tendons encircle the shoulder joint:
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Term
Elbow joint
Definition
Radius and ulna articulate with the humerus
Hinge joint formed mainly by trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus
Flexion and extension only
Term
Elbow joint ligaments
Definition
1. Anular ligament—surrounds head of radius
2. Two capsular ligaments restrict side-to-side movement:
Ulnar collateral ligament
Radial collateral ligament
Term
Hip (Coxal) Joint
*most stable
Definition
Ball-and-socket joint
Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum
Good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket
Acetabular labrum—enhances depth of socket
Hip dislocation rare
extremely stable joint
Term
Reinforcing ligaments of the hip joint
Definition
Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Ligamentum teres
Term
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Definition
Mandibular condyle articulates with the temporal bone
*most easily dislocated (yawning)
Term
Movement of the TMJ
Definition
Hinge—depression and elevation of mandible
Gliding—e.g. side-to-side (lateral excursion) grinding of teeth
Term
Sprain
Definition
The ligaments are stretched or torn
Partial tears slowly repair themselves
Complete ruptures require prompt surgical repair
Term
Cartilage tear
Definition
Due to compression and shear stress
Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind
Cartilage rarely repairs itself
Repaired with arthroscopic surgery
Term
Dislocation (luxation)
Definition
Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
Accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization
Caused by serious falls or playing sports
Term
Bursitis
Definition
An inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction
-Treated with rest and ice and, if severe, anti-inflammatory drugs
Term
Tendonitis
Definition
Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse
Term
Arthritis
Definition
>100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints
Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S.
Term
Symptoms of Arthritis
Definition
pain, stiffness, and swelling of a joint
Term
Acute forms of Arthritis
Definition
caused by bacteria, treated with antibiotics
Term
Chronic forms of Arthritis
Definition
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis
Term
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Definition
Common, irreversible, degenerative (“wear-and-tear”) arthritis; related to age
-More cartilage is destroyed than replaced in badly aligned or overworked joints
Exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement
Term
Treatment of (OA)
Definition
moderate activity, mild pain relievers, capsaicin creams, glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate
Term
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Definition
Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause
Usually arises between age 40 and 50, but may occur at any age; affects 3 times as many women as men
Term
Symptoms of (RA)
Definition
joint pain and swelling (usually bilateral), anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problems
Term
RA explain
Definition
RA begins with synovitis of the affected joint
Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint, release inflammatory chemicals
Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus
Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms, articulating bone ends connect (ankylosis)
Term
RA treatment (3)
Definition
Conservative therapy: aspirin, long-term use of antibiotics, and physical therapy
Progressive treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants
New biological response modifier drugs neutralize inflammatory chemicals
Term
Gouty Arthritis
Definition
Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation
More common in men
Typically affects the joint at the base of the great toe
In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint
Term
Treatment of Arthritis
Definition
drugs, plenty of water, avoidance of alcohol
Term
Lyme Disease
Definition
Caused by bacteria transmitted by the bites of ticks
Symptoms: skin rash, flu-like symptoms, and foggy thinking
May lead to joint pain and arthritis
Treatment: antibiotics
Term
Developmental aspects of joints
Definition
By embryonic week 8, synovial joints resemble adult joints
A joint’s size, shape, and flexibility are modified by use
Advancing years take their toll on joints:
Ligaments and tendons shorten and weaken
Intervertebral discs become more likely to herniate
Most people in their 70s have some degree of OA
Exercise that coaxes joints through their full range of motion is key to postponing joint problems
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