1. control reproduction, developement and growth     

2. prepare the body to combat stress                      

3.maintain electrolyte and water balance and blood   pressure  

4. maintain nutrient balance                                  

5. regulate cell metabolism                                   

6. Increase or decrease cellular activity by changing:

plasma membrane permeability, synthesis of protein, enzyme functions, cellular secretion, rate of cellular reproduction

-act on specific target cells/ target organs

-each hormone binds to protein receptors present on cell membrane of its target cell

have ducts to transport their secretion 

-action: extra cellular effect (enzyme on food)

release secretion into blood or lymph vessels 

-action:intracellular effect (hormone in the nucleus or cytoplasm)

hypothalmus

pituitary gland

thyroid gland

parathyroid gland

adrenal gland

pineal gland

thymus gland

pancreas

ovaries and testes

contain cholesterol

lipid soluble 

Ex. Estrogen, Progesterone, testosterone, cortisol

contain amino acids, protein, or glycoprotein

water soluble

Ex. Insulin, Glucagon, GH,PRL, Calcitonin

-hormone does not enter cell

-hormone molecules bind to receptor on the cell membrane

-the cell is initiated to produce cyclic AMP

-hormone enters the cell

-hormone molecules gain access to the nucleus of the cell and form gene- hormone complex that triggers the production of specific proteins

-a neuro-endocrine gland

-does higher brain functions such as control of emotions, temperature, and thirst control

-has endocrine tissues that produce Oxytocin, ADH, FSH,LH,TSH,ACTH, GH, and PRL

stimulate another endocrine gland

-FSH,LH,TSH,ACTH

they target non-endocrine organs

-GH & PRL

anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis) 

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

-target cells are bones and skeletal muscles and adipose tissue

-stimulates cell growth and cell reproduction

-stimulates growth of skeletal system

-oversecretion causes gigantism

-oversecretion after maturity causes acromegaly

-undersecretion results in pituitary dwarfism

-Regulation of GH secretion: GHRH or GHIH from hypothalamus

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Thyrotropin

controls secretion of the thyroid gland

TSH controled by: TRH from the hypothalamus

stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones

-ACTH release is controlled by CRH

causes ovulation of the mature egg and stimulates production of gonadal hormones

-GnRH (hypothalamus) controls Gonadotropin release

stimulates breast development and milk production during lactation

-PRH and PIH control secretion

-connected to the hypothalamus by nerve tracts 

-Serves as a storage site for ADH and Oxytocin produced by the hypothalamus

causes retention of fluid from the renal tubules

(maintains body water balance)

produces thyroid hormone and Calcitonin

-located in front of neck below larynx

-bilobed and connected by an isthmus

follicle cells- produce thyroid hormones

Parafollicular cells- produce Calcitonin

thyroglobulin

stored in follicular spaces

Thyroid gland hormones

Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3)

-require iodine atoms for synthesis

- increase metabolic rate: regulates oxygen consumption and heat production by body cells

-required for normal growth and development

-maturation of the nervous system

lowers blood calcium and phosphorus levels

supports the activity of Osteoblast cells

-four pea sized glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid

-secretes the parathyroid hormone (PTH)

increase the blood calcium level by:

-bone erosion (activates bone breakdown by osteoclast cells)

-intestinal absorption

-the kidneys

Adrenal glands

(Suprarenal glands)

-located on top of each kidney

-two parts: adrenal medulla (inner portion)

                    adrenal cortex (outer portion)      

zona glomerulosa- upper

zona fasciculate-middle

zona reticularis- lower

mineralo-corticoid 

glucocorticoid

ginadocorticoid

-conserve sodium and water in the kidneys

-eliminate excess potassium

-ex. aldosterone

-combat stress

-increase glucose formation

-increase fat and protein breakdown

-supresses inflammatory and immune responses

-ex.cortisol

-sex hormones-androgens (in males) for development of secondary sex characteristics

-ex. testosterone

due to undersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones

(mineral-corticoid,glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids)

-release under conditions of stress

-controlled by sympathetic nerves

-epinephrine & norepinephrine

-elevates blood glucose concentration

-increases heartbeat

-increases respiratory rate

-raise blood pressure 

-both an endocrine and exocrine gland

-located behind the stomach in the abdominal cavity

-secretion of digestive enzyme

-secretion hormones by pancreatic islet cells

produce androgens(testosterone)

Functions: maturation of reproductive organs and developement of secondary sex characteristics

-produce estrogens and progesterone

Functions- development of secondary sex characteristics and uterus and breast development

-the glandular cells are pinealocytes

-secretes serotonin by day, converts to melatonin at night

-peak secretion 1-5 yrs old

Functions: inhibits ovarian functions, controls mentrual cycle, and associated with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

-produces the hormone Thomson

-responsible for T-lymphocyte formation

-located in the mediastinum

-involution after puberty

-hormonal control

-humoral control

-nerve control

-other hormones control some glands

-Ex. Thyroid gland, gonads

-the release of the hormone from the anterior pituitary is controlled releasing or inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus

-other glands respond to the chemical composition of blood

-Ex. Islets of Langerhans, parathyroid gland- the concentration of ions such as calcium of sodium causes the release of parathyroid and calcitonin, aldosterone and insulin

-autonomic nerve regulation

Ex. adrenal medulla-sympathetic nerves coming from the nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla

-a disturbance in the homestatic function of the body

-it threatens ones physical or emotional well-being

-physical: heat,cold,sound,injury,infections,surgery

-psychological: feelings of anger,fear,grief,anxiety

Phases of stress- repsonse to stress

General adaptation syndrome

-alarm phase

-secretart (resistance) phase

-recovery (exhaustion) phase

-hypothalamus                                  

-sympathetic nerve stimulation

-anterior pituitary stimulation

-initial response

-increase in epinephrine and norepinephrine levels

-increase in heart rate & blood pressure

-increase in blood glucose levels (cortisol)

-sodium and H2O retention (aldosterone)

-after a few hours, glycogen reserves gone

-increase in ATCH and cortisol levels

-fat and protein breakdown

-gluconeogenesis(production)

-susceptibility to infection and ulcers

-depressed immune system

-stress that continues until fat reserves are gone

-protein breakdown and muscle wasting

-loss of glucose homeostasis

-hypertension and electrolyte imbalances (loss of K & H)

-hypokalemia and alkalosis leads to death