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Chapter 8
Endocrine System
85
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/08/2011

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Term
The Endocrine system finctions to maintain :
Definition
Homeostasis in the boby by influencing cellular metabolism
Term
Functions of Endocrine System
Definition

1. control reproduction, developement and growth     

2. prepare the body to combat stress                      

3.maintain electrolyte and water balance and blood   pressure  

4. maintain nutrient balance                                  

5. regulate cell metabolism                                   

6. Increase or decrease cellular activity by changing:

plasma membrane permeability, synthesis of protein, enzyme functions, cellular secretion, rate of cellular reproduction

Term
The endocrine system includes:
Definition
cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones that are scattered in different regions of the body
Term
Hormones
Definition
chemical messangers produced by the endocrine tissues
Term
Endocrine glands have no __.
Definition
ducts, so hormones are transported through the blood and lymphatic vessels
Term
Hormone functions:
Definition

-act on specific target cells/ target organs

-each hormone binds to protein receptors present on cell membrane of its target cell

 

Term
target organ
Definition
organs affected by specific hormones
Term
Exocrine glands 
Definition

have ducts to transport their secretion 

-action: extra cellular effect (enzyme on food)

Term
Endocrine Glands 
Definition

release secretion into blood or lymph vessels 

-action:intracellular effect (hormone in the nucleus or cytoplasm)

Term
Major Endocrine organs
Definition

hypothalmus

pituitary gland

thyroid gland

parathyroid gland

adrenal gland

pineal gland

thymus gland

pancreas

ovaries and testes

Term
Liver cells or tissues secrete
Definition
IGF
Term
cells and tissues in the small intestine secrete
Definition
secretin, CCK
Term
cells and tissues in the placenta secrete
Definition
estrogen, progesterone
Term
cells and tissues in the stomach secrete
Definition
gastrin
Term
cells and tissues in the kidneys secrete 
Definition
EPO, calcitriol
Term
cells and tissues in the heart secrete
Definition
ANF
Term
Steriod hormones
Definition

contain cholesterol

lipid soluble 

Ex. Estrogen, Progesterone, testosterone, cortisol

Term
Non-steroid hormones
Definition

contain amino acids, protein, or glycoprotein

water soluble

Ex. Insulin, Glucagon, GH,PRL, Calcitonin

Term
Water soluble hormones use second messenger systems:
Definition

-hormone does not enter cell

-hormone molecules bind to receptor on the cell membrane

-the cell is initiated to produce cyclic AMP

 

Term
Cyclic AMP(as a second messenger) causes:
Definition
enzyme activation, secretory function, and premeability changes
Term
Lipid-soluble hormones use Direct activation of genes in the nucleus:
Definition

-hormone enters the cell

-hormone molecules gain access to the nucleus of the cell and form gene- hormone complex that triggers the production of specific proteins

Term
Hypothalamus
Definition

-a neuro-endocrine gland

-does higher brain functions such as control of emotions, temperature, and thirst control

-has endocrine tissues that produce Oxytocin, ADH, FSH,LH,TSH,ACTH, GH, and PRL

 

Term
Oxytocin and ADH are sent for storage in the:
Definition
posterior pituitary gland
Term
Seven of the Nine hormones from the hypothalamus control:
Definition
anterior pituitary gland
Term
Anterior Pituitary secretes six hormones:
Definition
FSH,LH,TSH,ACTH,GH, & PRL
Term
Tropic hormones
Definition

stimulate another endocrine gland

-FSH,LH,TSH,ACTH

Term
Non-tropic
Definition

they target non-endocrine organs

-GH & PRL

Term
Pituitary gland
Definition

anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis) 

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Term
Releasing or inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus controls:
Definition
anterior pituitary hormones
Term
Growth Hormone (GH)
Definition

-target cells are bones and skeletal muscles and adipose tissue

-stimulates cell growth and cell reproduction

-stimulates growth of skeletal system

-oversecretion causes gigantism

-oversecretion after maturity causes acromegaly

-undersecretion results in pituitary dwarfism

-Regulation of GH secretion: GHRH or GHIH from hypothalamus

Term

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Thyrotropin

Definition

controls secretion of the thyroid gland

TSH controled by: TRH from the hypothalamus

Term
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Definition

stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones

-ACTH release is controlled by CRH

Term
Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
stimulates maturation of egg cells in the ovary and sperm cells in the testes
Term
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Definition

causes ovulation of the mature egg and stimulates production of gonadal hormones

-GnRH (hypothalamus) controls Gonadotropin release

Term
Prolactin (PRL)
Definition

stimulates breast development and milk production during lactation

-PRH and PIH control secretion

Term
Posterior Pituitary
Definition

-connected to the hypothalamus by nerve tracts 

-Serves as a storage site for ADH and Oxytocin produced by the hypothalamus

Term
Antiduiretic hormone (ADH)
Definition

causes retention of fluid from the renal tubules

(maintains body water balance)

Term
Oxytocin (OT)
Definition
causes contraction of the uterus during childbirth and ejection of milk from the breast
Term
Thyroid gland
Definition

produces thyroid hormone and Calcitonin

-located in front of neck below larynx

-bilobed and connected by an isthmus

Term
Thyroid follicles consist of:
Definition

follicle cells- produce thyroid hormones

Parafollicular cells- produce Calcitonin

Term
Thyroid follicles 
Definition
are hollow spherical structures surround by follicular cells
Term
Colloid 
Definition

thyroglobulin

stored in follicular spaces

Term

Thyroid gland hormones

Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3)

Definition

-require iodine atoms for synthesis

- increase metabolic rate: regulates oxygen consumption and heat production by body cells

-required for normal growth and development

-maturation of the nervous system

Term
Calcitonin
Definition

lowers blood calcium and phosphorus levels

supports the activity of Osteoblast cells

Term
Myxedema
Definition
hypothyroidism in adults
Term
Goiter
Definition
caused by lack of iodine
Term
Cretinism
Definition
hypothyroidism in children
Term
Grave's disease
Definition
hyperthyroidism
Term
Parathyroid glands
Definition

-four pea sized glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid

-secretes the parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Term
Function of the Parathyroid glands
Definition

increase the blood calcium level by:

-bone erosion (activates bone breakdown by osteoclast cells)

-intestinal absorption

-the kidneys

Term

Adrenal glands

(Suprarenal glands)

Definition

-located on top of each kidney

-two parts: adrenal medulla (inner portion)

                    adrenal cortex (outer portion)      

Term
Zones of the adrenal cortex
Definition

zona glomerulosa- upper

zona fasciculate-middle

zona reticularis- lower

Term
hormones of the adrenal cortex:
Definition

mineralo-corticoid 

glucocorticoid

ginadocorticoid

Term
Mineralo-corticoid
Definition

-conserve sodium and water in the kidneys

-eliminate excess potassium

-ex. aldosterone

Term
Glucocorticoids
Definition

-combat stress

-increase glucose formation

-increase fat and protein breakdown

-supresses inflammatory and immune responses

-ex.cortisol

Term
Gonadocorticoid
Definition

-sex hormones-androgens (in males) for development of secondary sex characteristics

-ex. testosterone

Term
Cushing's syndrome
Definition
due to hypersecretion of cortisol
Term
Addison's disease
Definition

due to undersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones

(mineral-corticoid,glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids)

Term
hormones of the adrenal medulla
Definition

-release under conditions of stress

-controlled by sympathetic nerves

-epinephrine & norepinephrine

Term
Functions of epinephrine & norepinephrine
Definition

-elevates blood glucose concentration

-increases heartbeat

-increases respiratory rate

-raise blood pressure 

Term
Pancreas
Definition

-both an endocrine and exocrine gland

-located behind the stomach in the abdominal cavity

 

Term
Major functions of pancreas
Definition

-secretion of digestive enzyme

-secretion hormones by pancreatic islet cells

Term
Endocrine cells of the pancreas
Definition
alpha and beta cells
Term
alpha cells
Definition
-hormone glucagon- increases blood glucose concentration by breaking glycogen
Term
beta cells
Definition
-hormone insulin- stimulates storage of glucose in the form of glycogen
Term
Diabetes mellitus
Definition
chronic metabolic disorder caused by an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin or high blood sugar
Term
hypoglycemia
Definition
condition that occurs when your blood sugar (glucose) is too low
Term
hyperglycemia
Definition
high blood sugar
Term
Male gonads-Testes
Definition

produce androgens(testosterone)

Functions: maturation of reproductive organs and developement of secondary sex characteristics

Term
Female gonads-ovaries
Definition

-produce estrogens and progesterone

Functions- development of secondary sex characteristics and uterus and breast development

Term
Pineal Gland
Definition

-the glandular cells are pinealocytes

-secretes serotonin by day, converts to melatonin at night

-peak secretion 1-5 yrs old

Functions: inhibits ovarian functions, controls mentrual cycle, and associated with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Term
Thymus gland
Definition

-produces the hormone Thomson

-responsible for T-lymphocyte formation

-located in the mediastinum

-involution after puberty

Term
Placenta
Definition
-secretes estrogen and  progesterone during pregnancy
Term
Endocrine gland secretion is controlled by three different hormonal secretions:
Definition

-hormonal control

-humoral control

-nerve control

Term
hormonal control
Definition

-other hormones control some glands

-Ex. Thyroid gland, gonads

-the release of the hormone from the anterior pituitary is controlled releasing or inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus

Term
humoral control
Definition

-other glands respond to the chemical composition of blood

-Ex. Islets of Langerhans, parathyroid gland- the concentration of ions such as calcium of sodium causes the release of parathyroid and calcitonin, aldosterone and insulin

Term
nerve control
Definition

-autonomic nerve regulation

Ex. adrenal medulla-sympathetic nerves coming from the nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla

 

Term
The negative feedback inhibition 
Definition
when homeostatic concentration is achieved the system turns off and resumes at a later time when the concentration of the hormone in the blood drops below normal level.
Term
Stress
Definition

-a disturbance in the homestatic function of the body

-it threatens ones physical or emotional well-being

Term
Types of stresses 
Definition

-physical: heat,cold,sound,injury,infections,surgery

-psychological: feelings of anger,fear,grief,anxiety

Term

Phases of stress- repsonse to stress

General adaptation syndrome

Definition

-alarm phase

-secretart (resistance) phase

-recovery (exhaustion) phase

 

-hypothalamus                                  

-sympathetic nerve stimulation

-anterior pituitary stimulation

Term
Alarm phase
Definition

-initial response

-increase in epinephrine and norepinephrine levels

-increase in heart rate & blood pressure

-increase in blood glucose levels (cortisol)

-sodium and H2O retention (aldosterone)

Term
Secretary Phase 
Definition

-after a few hours, glycogen reserves gone

-increase in ATCH and cortisol levels

-fat and protein breakdown

-gluconeogenesis(production)

-susceptibility to infection and ulcers

-depressed immune system

Term
Recovery phase
Definition

-stress that continues until fat reserves are gone

-protein breakdown and muscle wasting

-loss of glucose homeostasis

-hypertension and electrolyte imbalances (loss of K & H)

-hypokalemia and alkalosis leads to death

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