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chapter 8
skeletal system
24
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/26/2009

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Term
axial skeleton
Definition
the 80 bones of the head,
neck, and torso; composed of 74 bones
that form the upright axis of the body and
six tiny middle-ear bones
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
the 126 bones that
form the appendages to the axial skeleton;
the upper and lower extremities
Term
fontanels
Definition
soft spots
Term
paranasal sinuses
Definition
air-filled cavities, lined with mucous membrane
which help warm and moisturize the air entering the respiratory system.
Also the sinuses lighten the mass of bone in the skull and provide
resonance to our voices.
Term
hyoid bone
Definition
U-shaped bone located
just the larynx and below
the mandible. only bone in the body that articulates with no other bone
Term
vetebral column
Definition
– Forms the flexible longitudinal axis of the skeleton
– Consists of 24 vertebrae plus the sacrum and coccyx
Term
• 7 cervical vertebrae
• 12 thoracic vertebrae
• 5 lumbar vertebrae
• Sacrum: in adults, results from the fusion of five separate
vertebrae
• Coccyx: in adults, results from the fusion of four or five separate
vertebrae
Definition
segments of vetebral column
Term
• All vertebrae, except the first, have a flat, rounded body
anteriorly and centrally, a spinous process posteriorly,
and two transverse processes laterally
• All but the sacrum and coccyx have a vertebral foramen
• Second cervical vertebra has an upward projection, the
dens, to allow rotation of the head
• Seventh cervical vertebra has a long, blunt spinous
process
• Each thoracic vertebra has articular facets for the ribs
Definition
characteristics of vertebrae
Term
head, ribs, iliac bones
Definition
Vertebral column as a whole articulated with
Term
upper extremity
Definition
– Consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle,
upper and lower parts of the arm, wrist, and
hand
– Shoulder girdle: scapula & clavicle
Term
clavicle
Definition
forms the only bony joint with the trunk
(axial skel.), the sternoclavicular joint
Term
acromion process
Definition
At its distal end, the clavicle articulates with the
_______________ of the scapula
Term
carpal bones
Definition
Eight small bones that form the wrist
Term
lower extremity
Definition
Consists of the bones of the hip, thigh, lower part of the
leg, ankle, and foot
Term
sacrum and two coxal bones
Definition
Pelvic girdle is composed of the
Term
– Ilium: largest and uppermost (“wing”)
– Ischium: strongest and lowermost (“sitting on it”)
– Pubis: anterior most (2 pubis bones articulate at
the symphysis
Definition
Each coxal bone is composed of three bones that
fuse together:
Term
femur
Definition
longest and heaviest bone in the body
Term
patella
Definition
largest sesamoid bone in the body
Term
tibia
Definition
• The larger, stronger, and more medially and
superficially located of the two leg bones
• Articulates proximally with the femur to form the
knee joint
• Articulates distally with the fibula and talus
Term
fibula
Definition
• The smaller, more laterally and deeply placed of
the two leg bones
• Articulates with the tibia
Term
spring arches
Definition
Foot bones are held together to form
Term
bunions
Definition
1st metatarsophylangeal joint
damaged/deformed
Term
talipes equinovarus
Definition
club foot, caused by "womb room" or genetics
Term
Clinical View: Phycomelia
Definition
can be genetic, but is often environmentally induced by
exposure to teratogens such as thalidomide which in the 1950s was used
to treat pregnant mothers’ morning sickness, but was never tested for
detrimental effects on the embryo. Limb bud formation is altered/arrested.
Current use of thalidomide includes anti-cancer,
lupus, AIDS, but NEVER during pregnancy in USA.
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