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Chapter 8
The Appendicular Skeleton
96
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/05/2017

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Term
What 2 bones make up the pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)?
Definition
The scapula and the clavicle.
Term
Where is the only connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton?
Definition
At the manubrium. The medial anterior end of each clavicle articulates with the manubrium.
Term
What bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
Definition
The upper limbs, lower limbs, pelvic girdle, and pectoral girdle.
Term
What is the acromion?
Definition
A process of the scapula which articulates with the clavicle.
Term
sternoclavicular joint
Definition
Where the sternum articulates with the clavicle.
Term
Scapula
Definition
Shoulder blades. the body forms a broad triangle, with superior, medial, and lateral borders; the angles are called the superior angle, inferior angle, and lateral angle.
Term
Where is the glenoid cavity?
Definition
The lateral angle, or head of the scapula, supports the cup-shaped cavity. The scapula articulates with the humerus at the glenoid cavity.
Term
coracoid process
Definition
superior to the humerus on the scapula
Term
acromion
Definition
articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint
Term
The arm
Definition
Brachium
Term
Humerus
Definition
The only bone in the arm.At the proximal end of the humerus,the round head articulates with the scapula.
Term
greater tubercle
Definition
A rounded projection on the lateral surface of the epiphysis, near the margin of the humeral head. It establishes the lateral contour of the shoulder.
Term
Lesser tubercle.
Definition
A smaller projection that lies on the anterior, medial surface of the epiphysis, separated from the greater tubercle by the intertubercular groove, where a large tendon runs.
Term
Anatomical neck
Definition
Lies between the tubercles and the articular surface of the head; it marks the extent of the joint capsule.
Term
Surgical neck
Definition
Narrower and distal to the anatomical neck, corresponds to the metaphysis of the growing bone.
Term
Deltoid tuberosity
Definition
A large, rough elevation on the lateral surface of the shaft; named after the deltoid muscle that attaches to it
Term
Radial groove
Definition
On the posterior surface of the humerus, where the deltoid tuberosity ends; it marks a path for the radial nerve
Term
Medial and lateral epocondyles
Definition
Processes that develop proximal to an articulation, provide additional surface area for muscle attachment.
Term
What bones does the humerus articulate with?
Definition
The radius and the ulna.
Term
Where does the humerus articulate with the radius and ulna?
Definition
At the condyle, which is separated into 2 articular regions, the trochlea and the capitulum.
Term
What nerve crosses the posterior surface of the medial epochondyle?
Definition
The ulnar nerve.
Term
What is the posteromedial surface of the elbow joint sometimes called?
Definition
The funny bone.
Term
Where is the trochlea?
Definition
On the humerus,from the base of the coronoid fossa on the anterior surface to the olecranon fossa on the posterior surface.
Term
Capitulum
Definition
Is rounded and forms the lateral surface of the condyle.
Term
Radial fossa
Definition
A shallow area superior to the capitulum which accommodates a portion of the radial head
Term
The forearm
Definition
The antebrachium
Term
Olecranon
Definition
The proximal end of the ulna, the point of the elbow.
Term
Trochlear notch
Definition
on the anterior surface of the proximal epiphysis of the ulna, it articulates with the trochlea of the humerus at the elbow joint. The olecranon forms the superior lip of the trochlear notch.
Term
Coronoid process
Definition
Forms the inferior lip of the trochlear notch.
Term
Radial notch
Definition
Lateral to the coronoid process, it accomodates the head of the radius at the proximal radioulnar joint.
Term
Interosseous membrane
Definition
A fibrous sheet that connects the lateral margin of the ulna to the radius.
Term
Where does the ulna end?
Definition
At a disc-shaped ulnar head, or head of the ulna.
Term
Styloid process
Definition
On the posterior, lateral surface of the ulnar head. A triangular cartilage, the articular disc, attaches to the styloid process.
Term
What does the lateral surface of the ulnar head articulate with?
Definition
The distal end of the radius;forms the distal radioulnar joint.
Term
Radius
Definition
The lateral bone of the antebrachium (forearm).
Term
Radial head
Definition
Disc-shaped, it articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. A narrow neck extends from the radial head to the radial tuberosity.
Term
Radial tuberosity
Definition
Marks the attachment site of the biceps brachii muscle, a large muscle on the anterior surface of the arm.
Term
Ulnar notch
Definition
On the medial surface of the distal end of the radius, the site of articulation with the head of the ulna.
Term
What does the distal end of the radius articulate with?
Definition
The bones of the wrist.
Term
The carpus (wrist).
Definition
8 carpal bones, 4 proximal carpal bones and 4 distal carpal bones, form 2 rows.
Term
Proximal carpal bones
Definition
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform.
Term
Scaphoid bone
Definition
The proximal carpal bone on the lateral border of the wrist. Closest to the styloid process of the radius. Articulates with the radius.
Term
Lunate bone
Definition
Comma shaped proximal carpal, lies medial to the scaphoid bone; articulates with the radius.
Term
Triquetrum bone
Definition
A proximal carpal bone that lies medial to the lunate bone; it articulates with the articular disc that separates the ulnar head from the wrist.
Term
Pisiform bone
Definition
A proximal carpal bone, small and pea-shaped, lies anterior to the triquetrum.
Term
Distal carpal bones
Definition
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.
Term
Trapezium bone
Definition
A distal carpal bone, is the lateral bone of the distal row. Its proximal surface articulates with the scaphoid bone.
Term
Trapezoid bone
Definition
A wedge-shaped distal carpal bone, it lies medial to the trapezium, and articulates on the proximal side with the scaphoid bone.
Term
Capitate bone
Definition
A distal carpal bone, it is the largest carpal bone. It sits between the trapezoid and the hamate.
Term
Hamate bone
Definition
The medial distal carpal bone.
Term
Metacarpal bones
Definition
Articulate with the distal carpal bones and support the hand.They are identified by Roman numerals I-V, beginning with the lateral metacarpal bone which articulates with the trapezium.
Term
What do the metacarpal bones articulate with?
Definition
The proximal phalanges (finger bones).
Term
The pollex
Definition
The 1st phalanx, or thumb. it has 2 phalanges, proximal and distal.
Term
Each of the 4 fingers, except the thumb, have how many phalanges?
Definition
Each has 3, the proximal, middle, and distal phalanges.
Term
What bones are in the pelvic girdle?
Definition
The paired hip bones (coxal or pelvic bones)
Term
The hip is made up of the fusion of what 3 bones?
Definition
The ischium, ilium, and pubis.
Term
Ilia
Definition
Have a strong articulation with the auricular surfaces of the sacrum, attaching the pelvic girdle to the axial skeleton.
Term
Pubic symphosis
Definition
Anteriorly, the medial surfaces of the hip bones are connected by a pad of fibrocartilage at a joint called the pubic symphosis.
Term
Acetabulum
Definition
A concave socket that articulates with the head of the femur on the lateral surface of each hip bone.
Term
acetabular notch
Definition
A ridge of bone forms the lateral and superior margins of the acetabulum; the anterior and inferior portion of the ridge is incomplete, leaving a gap called the acetabular notch.
Term
What does the ischium form?
Definition
It forms the posterior, inferior portion of the acetabulum.
Term
Ischial tuberosity
Definition
A roughened projection located at the posterior and lateral edge of the ischium. When you are sitting, the ischial tuberosities bear your body's weight.
Term
What does the iliac fossa do?
Definition
It helps support the abdominal organs and provides additional area for muscle attachment.
Term
What do the pubic ramus and ischial ramus encircle?
Definition
The obturator foramen. This space is closed by a sheet of collagen fibers whose inner and outer surfaces provide a firm base for the attachment of muscles of the hip.
Term
Auricular surface
Definition
Posteriorly, the auricular surface of the ilium articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.
Term
iliac tuberosity
Definition
A roughened area superior to the auricular surface where ligaments arise to stabilize the sacroiliac joint.
Term
What bones are in the pelvis?
Definition
2 hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx.
Term
True pelvis
Definition
Encloses the pelvic cavity;the bony edge of the true pelvis is called the pelvic brim (linea terminalus). The enclosed space is the pelvic inlet.
Term
False pelvis
Definition
Consists of the expanded, blade-like portions of each ilium superior to the pelvic brim.
Term
Pelvic outlet
Definition
The opening bounded by the coccyx, ischial tuberosities, and the inferior border of the pubic symphysis.
Term
Perineum
Definition
The surface region bordered by the inferior edges of the pelvis. Perineal muscles form the floor of the pelvic cavity and support the organs in the true pelvis.
Term
Relaxin
Definition
A hormone produced during pregnancy that loosens the pubic symphysis and the sacroiliac ligaments to allow movement between the hip bones that can increase the size of the pelvic inlet and outlet.
Term
What does the lower limb consist of?
Definition
The femur, patella, tibia, and fibula.
Term
Femur
Definition
The longest and heaviest bone in the body. Articulates with the hip bone at the hip joint and the tibia of the leg at the knee joint.The femoral head articulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum.
Term
Fovea capitis
Definition
Where the ligament attaches the acetabulum to the femur; a small pit in the center of the femoral head.
Term
Patella
Definition
the kneecap. A large sesamoid bone that forms within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris
Term
Patellar ligament
Definition
Connects the apex of the patella to the tibia.
Term
quadriceps femoris
Definition
A group of muscles that extend (straighten) the knee.
Term
When do the patellae ossify?
Definition
They are cartilagenous at birth and start to ossify after the person begins walking, usually at age 2 or 3, and ends around the time of puberty.
Term
Runner's knee
Definition
patellofemoral stress, caused by improper tracking of the patella (it shifts laterally). Running on hard or slanted surfaces and inadequate arch support are often responsible.
Term
Tibia
Definition
The large medial bone of the leg (shinbone).
Term
Intercondylar eminence
Definition
a ridge that separates the condyles.
Term
Tibial tuberosity
Definition
On the anterior surface of the tibia, it marks the attachment of the patellar ligament.
Term
Medial malleolus
Definition
a large process where the medial border ends at the ankle. The medial bump at the ankle.
Term
What does the tibia articulate with?
Definition
The medial and lateral tibial condyles articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur at the proximal end of the tibia.
Term
Fibula
Definition
A slender bone that parallels the lateral border of the tibia.
Term
What does the head of the fibula articulate with?
Definition
The tibia.
Term
Interosseous membrane
Definition
The membrane that binds the tibia to the fibula
Term
What are the 7 tarsus (ankle) bones?
Definition
Talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, and 3 cuneiform bones (medial, intermediate, and lateral).
Term
Talus
Definition
A large bone that transmits the weight of the body from the tibia towards the toes. It articulates with the tibia.
Term
Calcaneus
Definition
the largest of the tarsal bones (heel bone)
Term
cuboid bones
Definition
articulate with the anterior surface of the calcaneus.
Term
Navicular bone
Definition
Anterior to the talus on the medial side of the ankle. It articulates with the talus and the cuneiform bones.
Term
Cuneiform bones
Definition
Articulate with the anterior surface of the navicular proximally, and distally with the metatarsal bones. The lateral cuneiform also articulates with the medial surface of the cuboid.
Term
Metatarsal bones
Definition
Five long bones that form the distal portion of the foot,or metatarsus. Identified by Roman numerals I-V. Proximally, metatarsal bones I-III articulate with the 3 cuneiform bones. Bones IV and V articulate with the cuboid
Term
Hallux
Definition
Great toe, has 2 phalanges (proximal and distal)
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