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Chapter 8
ap euro
94
History
11th Grade
12/10/2008

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Term
Ancients and Moderns
Definition
intellectual dispute
-ancients said works of greeks and romans had never been surpassed
-moderns believed the present was the most developed time
Term
First Cause
Definition
MODERNS viewed god as a first cause of the physical universe instead of a 'father'
Term
Watchmaker
Definition
details of the physical universe compared to that of a watch; so complex and detailed
looked at god as the "watchmaker"
Term
pietism
Definition
movement which stressed ordinary people to have inner spiritual experiences instead of those taught in doctrines
Term
John Wesley
Definition
part of a group within the church of england that did good works and preached religion?
Term
F.A. Mesmer
Definition
austrian physcian; early teachings of hypnotism
Term
freemasonry
Definition
secretive englightening movements; had occult like knowledge; not acceptable to preach the principles of enlightenment
Term
philosophe
Definition
french for philosopher
Term
encyclopedie
Definition
series of books by denis diderot about science, history, technology, and knowledge
Term
Denis Diderot
Definition
edited the encyclopedie in Paris in mid-18th century
first enlightened, secular encyclopedia
Term
"Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"
Definition
Edward Gibbons book attacking christianity (believed christianity was the fall of the roman empire)
Term
Montesquieu
Definition
(1689-1755) French philosopher; wrote "spirit of laws" in 1748 believed in order to ensure liberty of people, power of government needed to be divided into three branches
each branch should have power to check or limit the power of the other two thus no branc could become a threat to liberty
BASIS FOR US CONSTITUTION
Term
Voltaire
Definition
1694-1778: French philosophical wrote about the freedom of thought and first to write a secular world history
most famous and admired by england brought them scientific and philosophical achievement before the rest of europe
less concerned with political freedom, government was purely a means of englihtening
"Ecrasez l'infame"
crush the infamous thing
Term
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Definition
1712-1778:
wrote the SOCIAL CONTRACT in 1762; man of feeling often contradicted himself
believed govt should be ruled with the consent of people
people should be soveriegn
believed liberty and justice should thrive in a state where the general will of the people was all powerful...
Term
The Spirit of Laws
Definition
written by montesquieu said that forms of govt varied according to climate and circumstances/valued seperation and balance of powers
Term
Social Contract
Definition
1762 rosseau said state of nature was brutish believed in a social and political contract between the people and their ruler
Term
General Will
Definition
contract where people put their individual wills together and general will had the final decision?
Term
physiocrat
Definition
sometimes critically called "economists"
Term
Adam Smith
Definition
French physiocrat whose goal was to increase the national wealth by reducing barriers such as trading taxes..
Term
"Wealth of Nations"
Definition
written by Adam Smith
Term
"invisible hand"
Definition
would result in the highest welfare if self interested and enlightened people interacted mutually
Term
taille
Definition
land tax generallly only paid by peasants
Term
vingtieme
Definition
put a 5% tax on income from all forms of property - land, manorial rights, and commercial investments
Term
Maupeou
Definition
during Louis XV's reign; did away with the old parlements and set up new ones. Attempted to make laws and judicial procedures; more uniform, less corrupt, and judges less privileged
Term
Maupeou parlements
Definition
judges had no property rights..
Term
Turgot
Definition
early Louis XVI; advocated free trade within france and the absolutism of the corvee. attempted to reform taxation and establish religious toleration
Term
corvee
Definition
labor as a tax
Term
Joseph II
Definition
son of Maria Theresa, pure repsentative of the enlightenment
Term
Febrontanism
Definition
urged more national independence from rome for german catholic prelates
Term
revolutionary emperor
Definition
joseph ii's position
Term
Old Fritz
Definition
frederick the greats nickname; wrote memoirs and histories rehabillitating prussia
Term
Catherine II (The Great)
Definition
german, ruled Russia "enlightened despot" reforms on serfdom and torture
Term
Legislative Commission
Definition
consultative assembly by Catherine the Great in 1767
Term
Emelian Pugachev
Definition
former soldier, considered himself to be the true czar; led a rebellion
Term
Pugachev's Rebellion
Definition
wanted to end serfdom and taxes and military conscription; gathered serfs and peasants but betrayed by some of his followers
Term
Eastern Question
Definition
what would happen of the polish turkish tract, which stretched through asia minor syria and plestine into egypt
Term
"Greek Project"
Definition
answer to the eastern question; members of the greek orthodox church were to replace muslims throughout the middle east
Term
Odessa
Definition
seaport on the north coast of the black Sea
Term
Alexander I
Definition
grandson of catherine of the great; trained by catherine to be ruler; defeated napoleon bonaparte, preached peace, and suffer from international divisions
Term
Atlantic Revolution
Definition
1760's-1748? age of the democratic revolution; one great revolutionary wave by western civillization?
Term
commonwealthman
Definition
eccentric 18th century english men that loved the puritan revolution (english civil war) when an attempt was made at a republic
Term
Major John Cartwright
Definition
reform leader in great britain
Term
Edmund Burke
Definition
1729-1797; founder of philosophical conservatism
said..
-the land owning interest in a society should govern
-a parliamentary body should be independant and responsible, not mathermatically respresented
-a representative in a parliamentary body should follow their own best judgement of the country's interest.
Term
Highlanders
Definition
not ruled by any gov't (northern scotlanders)
Term
United Irish
Definition
rose against england in 1798 to become an independant republic
Term
Act of Union of 1801
Definition
created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Term
virtual representation
Definition
men without vote, such as those in collonies, were virtually represented by members of parliament in england
Term
Treaty of Paris 1783
Definition
british recognized america as independent
Term
federalism
Definition
division of authority between national government and state government
Term
old regime
Definition
line of bourbon kings, ended with Louis XVI?
Term
modern society
Definition
france after the old regime
Term
eminent property
Definition
lesser landowners in a manor owned their land so they could buy sell or lease it
Term
feudal reaction
Definition
fighting off changes of the revolution
Term
repudiation
Definition
a sign of progress in the interim of the well to do classes (main government creditors)
Term
Calonne
Definition
successor of Louis XVI, placed a general tax on all land owners without exemption
king dismissed him and appointed his successor "lomenie de brienne"
confiscated some property rights of the church
Term
Lomenie de Brienne
Definition
sucessor of Calonne after louis xvi dismisses caloonnne, archbishop of Taulouse; pushed for same programs as Calonne and was rejected by parlements
Term
Abbe Sieyes
Definition
launched famous pamphlet "what is the third estate" in January 1789
Term
What is The Third Estate?
Definition
declared that the nobility was useless and should be abolished
Term
Oath of the Tennis Court
Definition
swore and signed on June 20, 1789 by members of National Assembly
Term
Bastille
Definition
attacked stronghold built in the middle ages
Term
Great Fear
Definition
spred over the country in 1789 (panic in the wake of travellers, postal carriers, and others)
Term
night of August 4
Definition
national assembly meeting in which a small group of debutiies prepared a surprise move in choosing an evening session from which many would be absent
serfdom and servitudes were ended
tax privileges were given up
declared that fuedalism was abolished
Term
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Definition
issued on august 26 1789 to affirm principles of the new state
Term
The Rights of Man
Definition
book by thomas paine to defend the french revolution
Term
Jacobin club
Definition
used club as a caucus to discuss their policies and lay their plans
Term
flight to varrennnes
Definition
Louis XVI attempted to escape from the kingdom and seek help from foreign countries
Term
department
Definition
name for the new gov't of france after the revolution
Term
assignats
Definition
negotiable instruments to buy parcels of former church lands
Term
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Definition
setup a french national church, parish priests and bishiops elected
Term
refractory clergy
Definition
counterrevolutionary aspects of the church
one of two new churches in france
Term
Girondins
Definition
less radical than jacobins, wanted to end the violence in the revolution
Term
Reflections on the revolution in france
Definition
written in 1790 by edmund burke, predicted anarchy and dictatorship for france
Term
Gustavus III
Definition
king of sweden offered to lead a monarchist crusade
Term
Count of Artois
Definition
king gustavus iii's brother led emigres with louis xvi and marie antoinette
Term
emigres
Definition
at first nobles, settled in various parts of europe and preached holy wars
Term
William Pitt
Definition
british prime minister
Term
Leopold II
Definition
the hapsburg emperor, brother of marie antoinette
Term
Declaration of Pillnitz
Definition
leopold would take military steps to restore order in france if all the other powers would join in
Term
Francis II
Definition
successor of the emperor Leopold II, more inclined to yield to the clamors of the old aristocracy
Term
Brunswick manifesto
Definition
july 25, declared that if any harm befell the french king/queen the austro-prussian forces would exact the most severe retribution from the inhabitants of the city
Term
Paris Commune
Definition
revolutionary municiplal gov't forced the abrogation of the constitution
Term
September Massacres
Definition
volunteers wanting to dispose of enemies in paris took 1,100 people (priests and counterrevolutionaries) and killed them
Term
cannonade of valmy
Definition
an artillery battle on september 29, won by disorganized french armies
Term
mountain
Definition
group of the legislative assembly who preferred to sit in the highest seats; extreme jacobins
Term
maximillian robespierre
Definition
jacobin leader, misunderstood as either a dictator / fanatic or an ideliast and a visionary
Term
The Incorruptible
Definition
robespierre was free of bribery and graft
Term
virtue
Definition
unselfish public spirit and civil zeal
Term
commitee of public safety
Definition
group of 12 members of the program of convention who were reelected every month to catch counterrevolutrionaries and kill them
Term
Reign of Terror
Definition
set up by the commitee of public safety,struck those against the republic/suspected of hostile activities
Term
guillotine
Definition
where victims of the reign of terror were sent
Term
levee en masse
Definition
commitee proclaimed/called on the ablebodied men to rally colors of the revolution *redwhiteblue*
Term
Lavoisier
Definition
father of modern chemistry, guillentined in 1794 because he had been involved in the "cult of reason"
Term
Thermidorian Reaction
Definition
terror subsided after the fall of robespierre; which stunned the country
Term
nouveaux riches
Definition
made money by wartime gov't contracts or profits
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